街巷：行走在建筑间

街道的魔力在于琐碎生活与灵光闪现的交织。

——丽贝卡·索尔尼特

街道不是一块场地，而是一个容器。它无法孤立存在，而是与周边环境不可分割。换句话说，街道几乎是周边房子的集合。街道是母体：城市的客厅、肥沃的土壤，以及孕育生命的温床。它的活力既源于正确的建筑，也源于合适的人群。

——伯纳德·鲁道夫斯基

早在为高速交通工具建造大尺度的街道之前，人们穿行的都是步行尺度的通道。窄街与巷道常常是狭窄又曲折的，它们为日常生活和户外活动提供人体尺度的千变万化的空间。即便是在城市中，当地建筑以地方材料建造的立面，也很少超过两三层的高度，它们同样塑造出了街坊邻里。在车行交通所要求的宽阔笔直、缺乏尺度感又千篇一律的街道出现之前，砖或石头，这些符合人体尺度的材料装点着路面，为人行道带来亲和力。建筑外墙面与街面共同界定着村庄或邻里的尺度，街道建筑的特色也由街道呈现。正立面的门窗往往开敞着，其装修表明建筑的功能特征是商务、店铺或居住。窄街连通着更窄的巷道，巷道通向各家各户，或者不同层级的街道，又或者更次一级的巷道。

在中世纪，有些文化地区的住宅在一层饲养家畜，上层给人居住。作为公共服务和社群集会点，旅店、商铺以及酒馆的入口，将居住层的活动带到了街道上。随着村落的有机扩张，其中的建筑布局体现了地方秩序：公共的、市民的和宗教用的高大建筑位居制高点，商铺和住宅则依照地形和水体，如小溪与河流的轮廓布置。街道的形状遵循人们自然移动的路线，合理按照地形延展以最大程度地避免出现陡坡。垂直于主要流线的巷道则常常通过踏步和阶梯来联系整个城镇的高处和低处。街道常常蜿蜒曲折，这使得街景不断变换，同时也一定程度抵挡了强风的冲击。

意大利评论家和建筑史学家布鲁诺 · 赛维在他极富启发性的著作《建筑鉴赏方法》中提出了“建筑作为空间”的概念。在我自己的工作室和理论研讨课上，则使用了“建成环境”这个现行的建筑学定义。这些概念共同定义了街道建筑的主要设计理念。一方面，街道是一个容器，一个供人流穿过的“空”间。同时，它也是一个建成的背景，其墙面和地面由建筑材料构成，其长度不固定，天花板则是广阔的天空。它是一个户外的“房间”，一个人们日常生活的舞台。

让法比感到安全的是，叫赵玉墨的女人，永远不会爱上他。她那含意万千的凝视是她的技巧，是她用来为自己换便利的，由此他更加恨她。他糊涂了，若是她死心塌地真心诚意地爱他，他不就完结了吗?难道他不该感激她只和他玩技巧?

与所有建造物相似，街道的尺度由以下因素决定：街道两侧墙面之间的距离，立面的高度，墙体材料和门洞的尺寸，墙面和路面材料的尺度，是否有踏步或高差，以及建筑的风格和细部工艺。这些建筑上的考量所建立的人性化的尺度与亲和力，在塑造街道特点的同时，还提升了街道空间的舒适度，使其成为人们的驻足之地。

从实验仿真结果可以看出，无论是正弦叠加的信号、含有高斯噪声的信号，还是形态有明显差别的信号，此方法都可以很好地进行信号的分解。信号分量的整体趋势不会发生变化，通过希尔伯特变换，可以计算出符合信号原始特征的瞬时频率等参数。

对于许多人来说，街道是每天都会体验到的最为重要的户外公共建筑。从功能上讲，街道是行人通往工作地点、当地商铺、集市、公园或城市广场必经的社区空间。街道还承载了联系各家各户、建立社群身份认同、决定邻里范围的社会意义。从个人层面上看，对许多居民来说，街道提供了在自宅之外最为亲密的建筑体验。当他们走出家门，地面的建筑材料便引导他们进入户外的步行空间。自然的石材、人造的砖块或手工切割的卵石，这些尺度宜人的材料迎接着人们进入邻里社区。当人们在街道中行走，建筑的细节、窗、门、阳台，以及长椅、街道镶边和门廊，都成为熟悉的标识，塑造地方身份，并且提供舒适感。街道由此成为一个人的私人领域。就像费尔南多 · 佩索阿诗中所写：“行走在街道上，我的生活似乎成为了她的生活。……我与街道之间再无分别，除了她是街道，而我是一个灵魂。”

加德满都河谷里的巴克塔普尔古城的历史可以追溯到12世纪，它是当时马拉王朝的都城。作为“信徒之城”，它的主要公共空间是杜巴广场，那里遍布着精美的神龛与古庙。然而，使这座美丽的中世纪城市更具吸引力和亲和力的却是它的街道。得益于当地砖铺地的材料特性，街道呈现出一种温暖柔和的色调。作为被联合国教科文组织选定为世界遗产地的条件之一，机动车只能在其旁边宽阔的大道上行驶，以保护这里街道生活和日常活动的独特风貌。

– Rebecca Solnit

‘The street is not an area, but a volume.It cannot exist in a vacuum; it is inseparable from its environment. In other words, it is no better than the company of houses it keeps.The street is the matrix: urban chamber, fertile soil, and breeding ground. Its viability depends as much on the right kind of architecture as the right kind of humanity.’

– Bernard Rudofsky

Walking on the streets, my life feels to me like the life they have.… There is no difference between me and the streets,save they being streets and I a soul.

In medieval times, depending upon the cultural area of the world, the ground level housed animals, with living quarters for the building residents situated above. Entries to services and social gathering points, taverns, shops and pubs, brought first floor activities to the street. As villages expanded organically, the first buildings were situated honoring vernacular principles: public, civic and religious edifices on highest ground with shops and residences following the contours of the land and water features such as creeks or rivers. The shapes of the streets conformed to the natural movement of the people, flowing logically with the topography to minimise steep inclines. Alleyways, perpendicular to the flow, often required steps or staircases to link the upper and lower levels of the town.Streets often twisted and curved, creating ever-changing vistas and reducing the impact of strong winds.

这种保护与建立模式在各个传统高校中经常可以见到。有的社团组织最初由自觉性较高的学生自发成立，随着影响范围的扩大，最终发展成校级社团和组织。也有的组织直接有学校率先领导成立，直接由学校安排部署和管理，目标任务更加明确，精神建设更加凸显。

Similar to all built architecture, the scale of the street is determined by the interval between its defining walls; the height of the façades; the size and building materials of the wall and door openings; the scale of the materials employed to build its walls and road surface; the existence of steps or staircases; and the style and craft details of the architecture. These architectural considerations establish the human scale and the intimacy that results in the character of the street. They also determine the comfort level of the space that can become then a place for people, a neighbourhood.

Mexico is a nation of colour, fiesta and celebration. Its history is one of volatile political campaigns, brutal wars and revolution. Similarly, its religious background is one of passion, packed with intense beliefs, colour and ritual. Fusing views from their indigenous past with religious tenants of the Catholic Church, Mexicans celebrate in the streets and churchyards. In Taxco, weathered paper cutouts are draped across the street in celebration of the ‘Day of the Dead’, Mexico’s most significant religious holy day. Similar decorations link colourful façades on a colonial street in San Miguel de Allende, Mexico’s centre for historic crafts and modern arts.

Long before streets and avenues were built for high-speed auto traffic, people flowed through passageways built at pedestrian scale. Lanes and alleyways, often narrow and twisting, provided ever-changing human scale environments appropriate for daily life and outdoor movement. Even in urban areas, vernacular building façades,seldom more than two or three stories in height, characterised neighbourhoods built of local, natural materials. Before wide, arrow straight streets with scaleless, homogeneous surfaces demanded by auto traffic, these same human scale materials, brick or stone,graced the walking surfaces and offered intimacy to the passageways. Building walls and street surfaces blended to reinforce the village or neighbourhood scale. Streets took on the character of the architecture that defined them. Façade elevations provided doorways and windows, usually punched openings,often detailed to suggest business, shop or residential features appropriate for their use.Narrow streets opened onto even narrower alleys leading to homes or different level streets or alleyways beyond.

In his inspirational manuscript Saper Vedere L’Archiettura, Italian critic and architectural historian Bruno Zevi established the concept of ‘architecture as space’. In my own design studio and theory seminar, I have used the working definition of architecture as the‘built environment’. Together, these concepts define the parameters of major design principles demonstrated in the architecture of the street. On one hand, the street is a volume,an empty space through which people flow.Conversely, it is a built setting, its walls and floor surface constructed of architectural materials; its length left open; its ceiling, the open sky. It is an outdoor ‘room’, a stage set for daily human life.

Biography: James Warf i eld, Professor Emeritus at the School of Architecture, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (Illinois 61802)

 

 

 

 

希腊诸岛石头铺就的窄街显然是风土世界里最为美丽的风景之一。在米科诺斯岛，铺地的每一块石头都以同样的白色涂料勾边，这种涂料还用于粉刷和保护墙面。如今，当地人用一种更加耐久的现代涂料取代了原先的白石灰饰面，但这一他们引以为豪的传统仍在继续，渲染着一种与深蓝的爱琴海天空相协调的古朴环境，创造出享誉世界的优雅的“地中海建筑”。

The narrow, stone paved streets of the Greek islands are clearly among the most picturesque of the vernacular world. On the island of Mykonos, each stone paver is characteristically outlined with the same white paint that protects the stuccoed walls. Originally lime-based whitewash, the surfaces are painted today with a more durable modern paint product, but the proud tradition continues, rendering a pristine environment that blends with the deep blue Aegean sky to create an elegance recognized throughout the world as ‘Mediterranean architecture’.

 

希腊基克拉迪群岛的当地居民为他们“拥有”洁净的环境而自豪。为迎接东正教复活节的到来，每座岛屿的所有户外表面——墙面、街道、踏步、护墙和屋顶，都会被粉刷一新。根据教会习俗，节日期间，希腊人会回到他们的出生地，与家人共同庆祝这一神圣时刻。尽管这些建筑表面经过一个旅游季的考验会留下痕迹，或者由于地中海对面撒哈拉沙漠的沙暴而留下凹坑和红色的污渍，但是每年春天的复活节，街道都会焕然一新。

VMware虚拟机的创建和部署操作十分简单，并且创建方式多样。一般分为创建单个虚拟机、用模板创建虚拟机、克隆虚拟机。在部署虚拟机的初期阶段，我们主要选择通过单虚拟机的方式进行创建，创建的过程中可根据实际需求选择不同的操作系统和硬件配置。如果基于已创建和配置好的单台虚拟机，我们也可以将此虚拟机克隆为模板，利用模板虚拟机创建出许多与之配置相同的虚拟机，为批量创建部署提供快捷通道。VMware还提供运用开放虚拟化格式（Open Virtualization Format，OVF）和开放虚拟化设备（Open Virtualization Appliance，OVA）模板的方式进行创建和部署。

[8]参见田士永：《物权行为理论研究——以中国法和德国法中所有权变动的比较为中心》，北京：中国政法大学出版社，2002年，第248页。

The local residents of the Greek Cyclades take great pride in ‘owning’ their immaculate environment. Throughout the islands, every outdoor surface—walls, streets, steps, parapets and rooftops—is newly painted in anticipation of the Orthodox Easter season when, according to church custom, Greeks return to their birthplace to celebrate that sacred time with family. While the architectural surfaces may be scarred from a season of tourism or pitted and stained red by sandstorms from the Sahara across the Mediterranean, each spring at Easter time, streets shine.

 

在伊斯坦布尔一处安静的居住区，街道生活集中在住宅楼沿街一层的小商铺中。当地人每天就在政治标语和晾晒的衣服组成的顶棚下喝早茶、聊天。女人们购物，孩子们上学，男人们在街边的椅子上看报。临街的小商铺为日常需要提供服务：咖啡厅、面包房、杂货店、书店、五金店与政治总部和专业办公楼混在一起，创造出真正以街道为中心的邻里气氛。

In a quiet residential neighbourhood in Istanbul, daily life on the street consists of small retail shops at street level with housing above.Under a canopy of political banners and laundry hung to dry, locals continue their daily routine of morning tea and casual conversation.Women shop and children walk to school. Chairs are moved into the streets where men read the daily news. Small scale storefronts provide homes for the needs and services of everyday life: cafés, bakeries, grocery shops, bookstores and hardware sales mix with political headquarters and professional offices to create an atmosphere of true neighbourhood centred on the street.

 

 

因此，凡是涉及国防军工型号研制任务的企业，绝不可能上消费互联网，也不太可能上工业互联网。同时，按照有关部门的规定，涉密企业不能开展与云有关的业务活动，即使是企业私有云也不行。

做足主题性报道重在挖掘特色主题，拓展延伸主题内容。当前正在开展的教育实践活动，同样要求采编人员坚持群众路线、践行“四民”要旨。因此，采编人员应该多深入基层、深入一线，与广大群众交心谈心。

For many people, the street is the most signif i cant outdoor public architecture that they experience on a daily basis. Functionally, it is the community space through which pedestrians move to their workplace, to local shops,to the public market, the municipal park or the town plaza. Socially, the street links residences and defines community identity of the neighbourhood. At the personal level, the street provides the most intimate architectural experience that many residents have outside their own home. As they leave their front door, the architectural material of street surface is their introduction to the outdoor pedestrian environment. It is the natural stone or man-made brick or hand cut cobblestone that is the personal scale material that welcomes them to the neighbourhood. As they move through the street, local building details, windows, entries, balconies, benches,street curbs and door stoops are all familiar landmarks that render the locality identity and give it a sense of comfort. The street becomes one’s personal domain. As Fernando Pessoa wrote:

 

16世纪，当西班牙征服者进入墨西哥时，他们发现了一个有着2 000年以上历史的先进文明。它的文化充满了纪念性仪式，还有大量色彩丰富的壁画和精美的石雕。几个世纪以来，本土的建筑和艺术成就与西班牙的文化结合了起来，艺术浸透着墨西哥人生活的每个角落。塔斯科是殖民时期的银器中心，一条普通的小巷中优雅的卵石路面反映出当地建造者高超的艺术造诣和细致的工艺。

同时，从实际的角度来看，随机退化系统的不完全维修通常只能被限制为有限次。当系统的维修次数超过一定限度时，系统的可靠性会大幅降低，使得维修频率逐渐提高，此时进行替换维修是一种更为合理的选择。然而，目前考虑这种情况的研究较少，并且相关工作仅考虑针对最小维修次数受限的维修决策[19-20]。

When the Spanish conquistadors entered Mexico in the 16th century, they discovered an advanced civilisation over 2 000 years old. It was a culture filled with monumental ceremonial centres, of lavish, colourful murals and finely crafted stone sculptures. Over the centuries,those indigenous accomplishments in art and architecture were blended with Spanish counterparts. Art permeated every aspect of Mexican life. In a simple side street in Taxco, a colonial silver center, an elegant cobblestone surface reflects the attentive art and craftsmanship of a vernacular builder.

 

 

风土建筑形式的本质反映的是其创造者的生活方式。在哈尼齐奥岛上，墨西哥村民们在内陆湖帕茨夸罗湖清澈的湖水中捕鱼。村庄的房屋用简朴的泥砖砌成，白色灰泥抹面，粘土瓦覆顶。值得一提的是由渔网组成的通往湖面的“街道”。每天，渔民们回到家都会晾晒渔网，这便形成了从高处通往湖面的廊道，以及各家各户的工作场地。男人们出门捕鱼时将网取下，“街道”即随之消失，女人们便可自由地在各户之间和水边穿行。

2018年秋季，第一批零零后大学高职生迈入了高校大门。2000年前后出生的青年人处在国家社会经济与科学文化发展迅速，社会物质生活水平有着很大提高的社会。良好的生活环境和社会条件使他们的成长道路相对平坦和顺利。然而，地区发展的不平衡性、激烈的社会竞争和来自学校、社会和家庭的压力，也使得新一代高职生的心理健康问题在不同领域显现出来，对这些新生以后进入社会是否能够承受找工作带来的各种压力、能够面对挫折，以及遇到挫折后应该怎样对待问题及处理的方式方法都是值得思考的问题[1]。因此，有必要了解他们的心理健康问题，分析产生的原因，并采取相应的措施，这是做好新形势下高职生心理健康教育工作的重要环节。

Vernacular architecture, in its most fundamental form, reflects the life and livelihood of the people who created it. On the island of Janitzio, Mexican villagers fish the fresh waters of the vast inland Lake Patzcuaro. The houses of the village consist of simple adobe structures with whitewashed stucco walls and clay tile roofs. What makes the village noteworthy are the net formed ‘streets’ which lead to the lake.Each day, when the fishermen are home, the fishing nets are hung to dry, establishing both corridors from the high ground to the water and private work yards for the homes. When the men leave to fish, the nets come down, the ‘streets’ disappear, and the women mingle freely in the space between homes and at water’s edge.

 

‘The magic of the street is the mingling of the errand and the epiphany.’

The ancient city of Bhaktapur dates from the 12th century when it served as the capital of the Malla Kingdom in the Valley of Kathmandu. Known as the ‘City of Devotees’, its main public space, Durbar Square, is filled with elaborate religious shrines and historic temples. It is the streets, however, that render this beautiful medieval city its charm and welcoming character. Paved and lined with the local brick, their materiality offers warmth and gentle color. As a condition of its designation as a UNESCO World Heritage site, its traffic is limited on the wide streets, preserving the special qualities of street life and daily activity.

 

 

2015年，尼泊尔发生了一次7.9级的地震，古都巴克塔普尔遭到毁灭性打击。这场灾难使古城失去了许多历史建筑和庙宇，幸而有砖街组成的路网成为重建的基础。购物区和居住区温柔流动的窄街与人行廊道，以及街道两旁具有美妙比例的砖石立面，共同为接下来的保护措施指明了方向。当地砖材的及时供给也为商铺、店面和沿街市场货摊的修复提供了帮助。

墨西哥是一个充满色彩、狂欢和庆典的国家，尽管它的历史充满了动荡的政治运动和残酷的战争与起义。与此相似的是，它的宗教背景也饱含激情，充满了热烈的信仰、色彩与仪式。墨西哥人将他们本土过去的宗教观念与外来的天主教派相融合，在街道和教堂庭院中举行庆典。在塔斯科的“亡灵节”上，剪纸组成的条幅跨过街道上空，以此庆祝这个墨西哥最为重要的宗教圣日。圣米格尔 · 德 · 阿连德是墨西哥传统手工艺和现代艺术的中心，在这里的一条殖民时期街道上，类似的装饰物将五颜六色的街道立面连接起来。

In 2015, a 7.9 magnitude earthquake hit Nepal, devastating the ancient capital Bhaktapur. While many historic buildings and temples were lost, the city’s network of brick streets provided a basis for rebuilding. The gently flowing lanes and pedestrian corridors of the shopping district and local neighbourhoods, as well as the beautifully scaled masonry façades that define the streets, gave direction and order to preservation efforts that were to follow. The immediate availability of locally made brick aided in the restoration of shops, storefronts and streetside market stalls.

 

 

在世界的许多地方，生土材料是最基本的建材，有时是用模制或压实的泥土，有时甚至是直接挖取的泥土。在西班牙瓜迪克斯，房间是挖入土中形成的，再加上一个土坯砖砌的立面。出了家门爬上屋顶是人行道，这条土“街”上还有下面人家白色的女儿墙和烟囱。在非洲，另一条土路经过用泥抹面的清真寺围墙，为行人、自行车和推车提供通行之便。这条土街正是将马里的莫普提老城与尼日尔河连通的主干道。

教师不但要注重专业知识的学习和技能操作的规范化，还要注重自身素质的提高。首先，教师需具有较好的英文能力，以语言作为桥梁，协助学生与患者进行病情交流、促进互动，提升学生在教学中的参与度，增加对教学查房的兴趣。在进行留学生教学前，教师需进行英语能力培训，获得留学生授课资格证书。其次，教师需要有教学责任心，悉心准备教学内容，认真备课。查房前，教师选择合适病例，事先与患者进行充分沟通，在尊重隐私的前提下使其配合教学工作。高素质、责任心强、教学水平优良的教师队伍是临床教学的基础，这样才能在科室形成良好的教学风气和育人环境。

In many parts of the world, construction materials are fundamental, relying heavily on molded or packed earth, or at times simple excavation. In the Spanish community of Guadix, home interiors consist of caves carved into the ground with mud brick constructed façades added. Pedestrian pathways lead from doorways up and over the rooftops, and earthen ‘streets’ flow past the whitewashed parapets and chimneys of residences below. In Africa, another earthen street passes by the mud plastered walls of a neighbourhood mosque providing for pedestrian movement, bicycles and carts. This clay street is the major corridor linking Mali’s Old Mopti to the Niger River.

 

 

伯纳德 · 鲁道夫斯基在《人民的街道》中写道，“街道几乎是周边房子的集合” 。街道的尺度和特色不仅取决于它的长度和宽度，还取决于塑造街道的那些墙面的材料、质感与颜色，以及沿街的门窗洞口，阳台和立面，还有人行道、台阶与踏步，所有这些都赋予了街道特征和人性化尺度。在土耳其阿马西亚的城市街道和中国贵州一座侗寨的入口，孩子们在家附近的街道上玩耍都会感到安全和舒适。这些街道对他们而言是家在户外的延伸，也是与朋友和玩伴联系的纽带。

总而言之,复杂胫骨平台粉碎性骨折合并三柱损伤患者临床中推介使用前后联合双切口三钢板固定方案治疗,效果突出,恢复速度快。

In Streets for People, Bernard Rudofsky writes that a street ‘is no better than the houses it keeps’. The scale and character of the street is determined not only by its length and width, but also by the materiality and textures and colours of the walls which shape it; by its doorways and window openings; by it’s balconies and façades; and by its sidewalks, steps and staircases; all of which give it identity and human scale.In both an urban street in Amasya, Turkey, and a Dong minority town entry in China’s Guizhou Province, children feel safe and comfortable in their neighbourhood streets. They are the outdoor extensions of their family home and their link to friends and playmates.

 

 

 

 

在中国海岛上的茶湾村，一位渔民用村里的水泵取水。和许多其他中国村镇一样，村里的窄街呈网格状布局。街道走向与南海海岸垂直，这样岛礁顶上的岗哨看见鱼群时，渔民们就可以直接找到他们的渔船。在世界的另一头，葡萄牙崖边小镇纳扎雷，一位渔民行走在类似的直路上。在那里，瞭望台的守卫看到鱼群时会敲钟示意，渔民们便会涌向大西洋。

In the island Chinese village of Chawan, a fisherman collects water from the community pump. The narrow village street follows a grid plan, as in many Chinese settlements. Its streets are perpendicular to the shore of the South China Sea, allowing fishermen direct access to their fishing boats when the clifftop sentinel sights a school of fish. On the other side of the world, a Portuguese fishermen walks a similar arrow straight street in the hillside town of Nazare. There, fishermen flow to the Atlantic when the watchmen on the overlook rings a bell indicating fish sighted.

 

800余年来，中国的丽江古镇都是一个商贸集散中心，将云南、西藏和四川与丝绸之路相连。随着时间的流逝，它融合了汉族、白族和西藏各民族的艺术、建筑、规划、社会和文化生活，儒释道三教也在此和谐共存。它独具吸引力的建筑群由两层的瓦顶木构住宅组成，这些住宅由石头铺砌的主干道和狭窄的巷道组成的简单的路网相连。因为地形陡峭，街道经过了精心的设计；不仅如此，这些街道还容纳了一个复杂的水利系统，将天然泉水与镇上的水井和人工水道相连。

China’s Old Town of Lijiang has for over 800 years served as a trade centre and distribution hub linking Yunnan, Tibet and Sichuan to the Silk Road. It has over time combined the art, architecture, town planning, social and cultural life of the Han, Bai and Tibetan peoples as well as a harmonious coexistence of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. It’s attractive building complexes, consisting of two-story, tile roofed, timber framed houses, are linked by a simple network of stone paved arterials and narrow connecting alleyways. Sensitively designed for the steep topography, the streets also allow for a sophisticated water system linking natural springs to neighbourhood wells and canals.