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君临天下之嚻

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Research on the construction safety management of Civil EngineeringIn recent years, the construction accident in civil engineering in our country often This not only caused casualties, also caused great loss of national property, and resulting in a very bad social Therefore, in our country, the construction units in the civil engineering construction projects, shouldstrengthen the construction safety management, all aspects ofsecurity control for engineering, to prevent dangerous accidentsin the end it The cause of the civil engineering constructionaccidents are in many In order to enhance security,should be combined with the characteristics of construction projects and the enterprise's internal and external conditions, the rational allocation of production factors, optimization of management In order to realize the construction safetymanagement, construction units should establish a safety management system of a project, it should be carried out from the following aspects:A construction safety consciousness, cultivate the modern safety science theory, occurrence of unsafe human behavior To implement safety management, it should becombined with psychology, behavioral science to strengthen the education and training of employees in production safety,improve the consciousness of safe production, so as to guide the safety production behavior of For the construction enterprises should strengthen safety awareness and educationproject personnel, developing the regular safety education to the construction personnel involved in the project, and to carry outsecurity Three level education to the new participate in the work of the operating personnel; often transform types of employees, should be safety training for new types of work, makeoperation personnel matters needing attention can be familiar with the safe operation of In order to make safe productionconsciousness win support among the people, enterprisemanagement personnel but also in engineering project, using a variety of promotional tools to start a variety of education,cultivate the construction personnel safety Andin the management of enterprises, the production safety systemthought Leaders at all levels and enterprises in issuing the project production task, should also carry out safety Such as the production safety requirements to the construction personnel, so conducive to safe thought into the production of management, let each employee has consciously in the psychological sense of Two, the establishment of management system for safety in production in addition to strengthen production safety education and awareness of construction project staff, should alsoestablish a safety management system, protect the system from the construction enterprise safety in production In order toavoid the frequent occurrence of sudden accident, the construction enterprise should according to the project, to develop a comprehensive, the system of safety management,and invest the necessary manpower and funds to ensure the implementation of the Ensure the production safetyconstruction from the system implementation, the project section of construction enterprises should establish the safety inspectionsystem, and regularly to the project construction of the security Make a clear record of project construction process,record the dangerous post, and regularly check the Self evaluation and construction team every week to organize asafety activities, the project department to make regular safetyevaluation for project Construction enterprises in theconstruction of civil engineering, in order to establish a safety management system, need to make corresponding technical measures for safety management system, a comprehensivescientific standard for Therefore, the safety work of construction enterprise project technical measures should be prior to commencement of As for engineering and technical measures should be strict examination and approval, the approval before If the design changes during construction, corresponding safety technical measures should be coordinated with the adjustment,will The safety technical measures enacted personnel andparticipation, should fully understand the project as the construction scheme, construction environment, the actualoperation has, and combined with relevant laws and regulations or the security policy to establish safety technical measures,which can ensure the safety In civil engineering construction of large, corresponding safety technical measuresshould be formulated more comprehensive and more specific,must be carried out through the whole process of construction,and mainly covers to other engineering To establish the system of safety management, construction enterprises should also be strict safety As before the construction of the project, technical personnel should to the technical measures for the construction Such as technical personnel issue written materials relatedto the construction personnel, and the implementation of safety technical measures of construction workers to regularly check;when technicians found construction personnel in violation oftechnical measure behavior, to give timely When theconstruction personnel technical mistakes when amended and supplemented In order to ensure the safety ofconstruction enterprises to implement, should take theseinspection of production safety measures the formation of rules and regulations, require employees to strictly abide by, so to ensure safety production At the same time, the construction enterprises can also follow the specific constructiondevelopment situation, formulate a set of safety technical measures linked to reward and punishment system, to strictly abide by the department or individual production safety, strictsecurity checks to reward, and if there are penalties for violations of the At the same time should have a goodproduction safety supervision work, and sent to the specialized production safety supervision When there is potential safety hazard factors in project development, should be timely analysis and inspection and make treatment immediately, so thatthe safety management to implement, implement the specificsystem, ensure the feasibility of production The range ofcivil engineering projects involved in the construction processmore widely, because the factors which affect the engineering safety But in the construction process, the occurrence of safety accidents is often unexpected, with occasional andunexpected These come unexpectedly accidents, serious damage often caused casualties and Three, strengthen the safety production and environment management in civil engineering construction process,environment is an important factor influencing the construction So in order to guarantee safety in production, enterprises should be to strengthen the management of construction As in the construction site, the unnecessary equipment and surplus materials, should be timely In the pile construction materials in order to keep the construction site, the patency of the road accident, ensure to timely rescue, this is to protect the safety measures to And construction enterprises shouldstrictly abide by the rules and regulations, which occurred on theconstruction site of the waste, garbage bag, cement, waste materials and other items should be clear, it can keep the siteclean, to create a civilized construction environment for safe Create a safe production environment construction enterprises, should also be reflected in the risk disposal of For some such as the construction of Electricity,dangerous equipment, cloth rod is used, should by the competent department of enterprise safety approval approval,the approval before they can be put into use And in the process of construction of civil engineering, a comprehensive analysis of the conditions of construction Some of the effects of environmental factors of the quality of construction, totake timely measures, and to conduct a comprehensivespecification, so that can realize the safe construction quality engineering to create good
172 评论

龙龙1004

外文翻译3000字是指借鉴的外文资料翻译成中文大概有3000字左右,但不同种类的外文文献需要不同数量的词汇去解释,一般比较复杂的文献翻译文字较多,而简单的文献可以使用较少的词汇去进行描述。一般论文中的外文文献可以去学校图书馆电子资源库或者在网页上根据关键词获取相应的文献资料,注意网站翻译的正文需要人工进行润色,使其整体阅读更加流畅。

338 评论

大财891088

Do not know you are now sub-professional or not, there is no favorite direction? But what direction is not very important, the key is to watch your hobbies and If you want to engage in design work, then my suggestion is study section, but a little better than schools, as after graduation in order to find a better design institute, incidentally, in a large design institute in the future will be to make money, oh (of course also very hard, huh, huh, there is no such thing as a free supper of them) If you want to work, it should learn many things point construction, especially as the construction of organizational design, over budget, such as construction management curriculum should be the awareness of many of the study point, because in ordinary schools after graduating from the undergraduate students could not enter the basic design are homes (unless there is either very, very good relations), more than九成are into the construction business, first choice for large enterprise infrastructure units (equivalent to Party), a relatively easy job, a lot of extra Followed by the construction of large-scale enterprises, fresh graduates can take part in a large-scale projects, will benefit, but in the construction business is very hard, did not want to do a good job Sunday, rest days and holidays ready, but there is not regular overtime preparation (usually no overtime Oh); again are real estate development companies, if they can into a large company (such as the top 30) is also good, but now very depressed real estate, it is estimated that there is a section of a time can缓过来 Finally, when the supervision, not recommended for fresh graduates go when supervision, because in China, supervision is a freak, not really learn new graduation At School during put好就行learn basic knowledge and useful qualification certificates have to have work experience, job experience, Do not need certification, basic In addition to looking for a job is a little bit with four English and computer 2 (the threshold of a lot of city), is the English have six titles when test useful (useless 4), all other spending "bought" by the all useless, does not recommend the The most crucial is that the solid foundation of knowledge! ! Benefit for life! Finally recommend a look at this article, very good!不知道你现在专业或没有,有没有喜欢的方向?但是方向是非常重要的,关键是看你的爱好和兴趣。如果你想从事设计工作,我的建议是考研的,但一个更好的学校,毕业后为了找到一个更好的设计研究所,顺便说一句,在一个大型设计院在未来会赚钱,哦(当然也很辛苦,嗯,嗯,有没有免费的晚餐,他们)。如果你要工作,要学习很多东西点建设,特别是施工组织设计,预算,如建设管理课程应该是认识的许多研究的重点,因为在普通学校毕业后的学生不能进入基础设计院(除非有任何非常,非常好的关系),超过九成是施工企业的第一选择,大型企业的基础设施的单位(相当于党),一个相对简单的工作,很多额外的钱。其次是施工的大型企业,应届毕业生可以参加一个大型项目,将受益,但在施工企业很难,不想做一个好工作,星期日休息日和节假日,准备好了,但不是经常加班制(通常没有加班费哦);再次是房地产开发公司,如果他们能够成为一个大型公司(如30)也不错,但现在非常低迷的房地产,据估计,有一段时间可以缓过来。最后,当监管,不建议应届毕业生去当监督,因为在中国,监督是一个怪物,没有真正学到新毕业的事情。在校期间把好就行学基本知识和有用的资格证有工作经验,工作经验,不需要认证,基本没用。除了找工作有点四英语和计算机2(阈值的许多城市),是英国有六条有用(无用的4),所有其他支出“买”的一切无用的,不建议测试。最关键的是,扎实的基础知识!终身受益!最后,推荐看看这篇文章,很好!

115 评论

荔枝爱苹果

1钢筋混凝土 素混凝土是由水泥、水、细骨料、粗骨料(碎石或;卵石)、空气,通常还有其他外加剂等经过凝固硬化而成。将可塑的混凝土拌合物注入到模板内,并将其捣实,然后进行养护,以加速水泥与水的水化反应,最后获得硬化的混凝土。其最终制成品具有较高的抗压强度和较低的抗拉强度。其抗拉强度约为抗压强度的十分之一。因此,截面的受拉区必须配置抗拉钢筋和抗剪钢筋以增加钢筋混凝土构件中较弱的受拉区的强度。 由于钢筋混凝土截面在均质性上与标准的木材或钢的截面存在着差异,因此,需要对结构设计的基本原理进行修改。将钢筋混凝土这种非均质截面的两种组成部分按一定比例适当布置,可以最好的利用这两种材料。这一要求是可以达到的。因混凝土由配料搅拌成湿拌合物,经过振捣并凝固硬化,可以做成任何一种需要的形状。如果拌制混凝土的各种材料配合比恰当,则混凝土制成品的强度较高,经久耐用,配置钢筋后,可以作为任何结构体系的主要构件。 浇筑混凝土所需要的技术取决于即将浇筑的构件类型,诸如:柱、梁、墙、板、基础,大体积混凝土水坝或者继续延长已浇筑完毕并且已经凝固的混凝土等。对于梁、柱、墙等构件,当模板清理干净后应该在其上涂油,钢筋表面的锈及其他有害物质也应该被清除干净。浇筑基础前,应将坑底土夯实并用水浸湿6英寸,以免土壤从新浇的混凝土中吸收水分。一般情况下,除使用混凝土泵浇筑外,混凝土都应在水平方向分层浇筑,并使用插入式或表面式高频电动振捣器捣实。必须记住,过分的振捣将导致骨料离析和混凝土泌浆等现象,因而是有害的。 水泥的水化作用发生在有水分存在,而且气温在50°F以上的条件下。为了保证水泥的水化作用得以进行,必须具备上述条件。如果干燥过快则会出现表面裂缝,这将有损与混凝土的强度,同时也会影响到水泥水化作用的充分进行。 设计钢筋混凝土构件时显然需要处理大量的参数,诸如宽度、高度等几何尺寸,配筋的面积,钢筋的应变和混凝土的应变,钢筋的应力等等。因此,在选择混凝土截面时需要进行试算并作调整,根据施工现场条件、混凝土原材料的供应情况、业主提出的特殊要求、对建筑和净空高度的要求、所用的设计规范以及建筑物周围环境条件等最后确定截面。钢筋混凝土通常是现场浇注的合成材料,它与在工厂中制造的标准的钢结构梁、柱等不同,因此对于上面所提到的一系列因素必须予以考虑。 对结构体系的各个部位均需选定试算截面并进行验算,以确定该截面的名义强度是否足以承受所作用的计算荷载。由于经常需要进行多次试算,才能求出所需的 3 截面,因此设计时第一次采用的数值将导致一系列的试算与调整工作。 选择混凝土截面时,采用试算与调整过程可以使复核与设计结合在一起。因此,当试算截面选定后,每次设计都是对截面进行复核。手册、图表和微型计算机以及专用程序的使用,使这种设计方法更为简捷有效,而传统的方法则是把钢筋混凝土的复核与单纯的设计分别进行处理。 2土方工程 由于和土木工程中任何其他工种的施工方法与费用相比较,土方挖运的施工方法与费用的变化都要快得多,因此对于有事业心的人来说,土方工程是一个可以大有作为的领域。在1935年,目前采用的利用轮胎式机械设备进行土方挖运的方法大多数还没有出现。那是大部分土方是采用窄轨铁路运输,在这目前来说是很少采用的。当时主要的开挖方式是使用正铲、反铲、拉铲或抓斗等挖土机,尽管这些机械目前仍然在广泛应用,但是它们只不过是目前所采用的许多方法中的一小部分。因此,一个工程师为了使自己在土方挖运设备方面的知识跟得上时代的发展,他应当花费一些时间去研究现代的机械。一般说来,有关挖土机、装载机和运输机械的唯一可靠而又最新的资料可以从制造厂商处获得。 土方工程或土方挖运工程指的是把地表面过高处的土壤挖去(挖方),并把它倾卸到地表面过低的其他地方(填方)。为了降低土方工程费用,填方量应该等于挖方量,而且挖方地点应该尽可能靠近土方量相等的填方地点,以减少运输量和填方的二次搬运。土方设计这项工作落到了从事道路设计的工程师的身上,因为土方工程的设计比其他任何工作更能决定工程造价是否低廉。根据现有的地图和标高,道路工程师应在设计绘图室中的工作也并不是徒劳的。它将帮助他在最短的时间内获得最好的方案。 费用最低的运土方法是用同一台机械直接挖方取土并且卸土作为填方。这并不是经常可以做到的,但是如果能够做到则是很理想的,因为这样做既快捷又省钱。拉铲挖土机。推土机和正铲挖土机都能做到这点。拉铲挖土机的工作半径最大。推土机所推运的图的数量最多,只是运输距离很短。拉铲挖土机的缺点是只能挖比它本身低的土,不能施加压力挖入压实的土壤内,不能在陡坡上挖土,而且挖。卸都不准确。 正铲挖土机介于推土机和拉铲挖土机的之间,其作用半径大于推土机,但小于拉铲挖土机。正铲挖土机能挖取竖直陡峭的工作面,这种方式对推土机司机来说是危险的,而对拉铲挖土机则是不可能的。每种机械设备应该进行最适合它的性能的作业。正铲挖土机不能挖比其停机平面低很多的土,而深挖坚实的土壤时,反铲挖土机最适用,但其卸料半径比起装有正铲的同一挖土机的卸料半径则要小很多。在比较平坦的场地开挖,如果用拉铲或正铲挖土机运输距离太远时,则装有轮胎式的斗式铲运机就是比不可少的。它能在比较平的地面上挖较深的土(但只能挖机械本身下面的土),需要时可以将土运至几百米远,然后卸土并在卸土的过程中把土大致铲平。在挖掘硬土时,人们发现在开挖场地经常用一辆助推拖拉机(轮式或履带式),对返回挖土的铲运机进行助推这种施工方法是经济的。一旦铲运机装满,助推拖拉机就回到开挖的地点去帮助下一台铲运机。 斗式铲运机通常是功率非常大的机械,许多厂家制造的铲运机铲斗容量为8 m³,满载时可达10 m³。最大的自行式铲运机铲斗容量为19立方米(满载时为25 m³),由430马力的牵引发动机驱动。 翻斗机可能是使用最为普遍的轮胎式运输设备,因为它们还可以被用来送混凝土或者其他建筑材料。翻斗车的车斗位于大橡胶轮胎车轮前轴的上方,尽管铰接式翻斗车的卸料方向有很多种,但大多数车斗是向前翻转的。最小的翻斗车的容量大约为5立方米,而最大的标准型翻斗车的容量大约为5m³。特殊型式的翻斗车包括容量为4 m³的自装式翻斗车,和容量约为5 m³的铰接式翻斗车。必须记住翻斗车与自卸卡车之间的区别。翻斗车车斗向前倾翻而司机坐在后方卸载,因此有时被称为后卸卡车。 3结构的安全度 规范的主要目的是提供一般性的设计原理和计算方法,以便验算结构的安全度。就目前的趋势而言,安全系数与所使用的材料性质及其组织情况无关,通常把它定义为发生破坏的条件与结构可预料的最不利的工作条件之比值。这个比值还与结构的破坏概率(危险率)成反比。 破坏不仅仅指结构的整体破坏,而且还指结构不能正常的使用,或者,用更为确切的话来说,把破坏看成是结构已经达到不能继续承担其设计荷载的“极限状态”。通常有两种类型的极限状态,即: (1)强度极限状态,它相当于结构能够达到的最大承载能力。其例子包括结构的局部屈曲和整体不稳定性;某此界面失效,随后结构转变为机构;疲劳破坏;引起结构几何形状显著变化的弹性变形或塑性变形或徐变;结构对交变荷载、火灾和爆炸的敏感性。 (2)使用极限状态,它对应着结构的使用功能和耐久性。器例子包括结构失稳之前的过大变形和位移;早期开裂或过大的裂缝;较大的振动和腐蚀。 根据不同的安全度条件,可以把结构验算所采用的计算方法分成: (1)确定性的方法,在这种方法中,把主要参数看作非随机参数。 (2)概率方法,在这种方法中,主要参数被认为是随机参数。此外,根据安全系数的不同用途,可以把结构的计算方法分为: (1)容许应力法,在这种方法中,把结构承受最大荷载时计算得到的应力与经过按规定的安全系数进行折减后的材料强度作比较。 (2)极限状态法,在这种方法中,结构的工作状态是以其最大强度为依据来衡量的。由理论分析确定的这一最大强度应不小于结构承受计算荷载所算得的强度(极限状态)。计算荷载等于分别乘以荷载系数的活载与恒载之和。 把对应于不乘以荷载系数的活载和恒载的工作(使用)条件的应力与规定值(使用极限状态)相比较。根据前两种方法和后两种方法的四种可能组合,我们可以得到一些实用的计算方法。通常采用下面两种计算方法: 确定性的方法,这种方法采用容许应力。 概率方法,这种方法采用极限状态。 至少在理论上,概率法的主要优点是可以科学的考虑所有随机安全系数,然后将这些随机安全系数组合成确定的安全系数。概率法取决于: 1 Reinforced Concrete Plain concrete is formed from a hardened mixture of cement ,water ,fine aggregate, coarse aggregate (crushed stone or gravel),air, and often other The plastic mix is placed and consolidated in the formwork, then cured to facilitate the acceleration of the chemical hydration reaction lf the cement/water mix, resulting in hardened The finished product has high compressive strength, and low resistance to tension, such that its tensile strength is approximately one tenth lf its compressive Consequently, tensile and shear reinforcement in the tensile regions of sections has to be provided to compensate for the weak tension regions in the reinforced concrete It is this deviation in the composition of a reinforces concrete section from the homogeneity of 答题实属不易,请楼主谅解,求采纳~

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