摩托车的违章记录
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On the improvement of the current status of urban bus transport Paper Keywords: organization; planning Abstract: Urban traffic system is the urban system is an important subsystem, the city depends on the survival and development of transport, the rapid development of urban traffic and promote The bus transport in urban traffic is an important part of the city, it should speed up the development of urban bus transport in order to promote the rapid development of Passenger traffic from the city traffic can be classified as public transport and private transport system of the At present, China's urban public transport characteristics are: the city public transport lanes with low coverage and low levels due to management, and other vehicles occupied by frequent public transport bus lanes caused by the low operating Urban road unreasonable, so that local public transportation system utilization Aging of the city bus a high degree of scheduling and organization of the Should speed up the development of urban transport system, the full development of urban transportation convenient, fast, large Therefore the following aspects should be the improvement of the urban bus transportation 1 city bus transport lines Urban public transport routes should be in line the city's main traffic flow, public transport in cities should be divided into the main lines and feeder The main line linking the main passenger terminal and transportation hub, more than millions of people in big cities, the focus on passenger traffic hub should be set up quickly direct public transport Generally by means of surveys to obtain data on a straight-line access to integrated planning and overall planning should be coordinated with the City to carry The use of lanes, the best rationale for a dedicated lane so that other lane segregation, isolation can be used with dedicated lanes and is equipped with monitoring 2 urban public traffic density lines Urban public transport motor vehicles are usually lines of planning density, in the city center 3 ~ 4km/km2, peri-urban areas of 2 ~ 5km/km2, the distance between the Route 600 ~ 1000m, walking no more than 4 ~ 6min appropriate, the Town urban bus to the length of line should be advised as to the length of 8 ~ Would cause long lines of passengers waiting a long time and bus time arrival rate of a series of drawbacks such as 3 bus scheduling and organization Vehicle Scheduling optimization is to determine the normal and efficient public transport operation of the important Changes based on passenger flow and the specific operating conditions and other regulations, various models of vehicles and road traffic organization, such as passenger flow during peak hours to focus on the trunk of the vehicle with high-capacity organizations Station or shuttle bus from the train, in the flow large and narrow streets, small turning radius and the flow concentration of the body block with short In addition, they can employ intelligent management For example: public transport vehicle automatic threshold control system (collectively referred to international AVMcautomatic vehicle monitoring system), it can dispatch room in between efficient information access, effective communication links between the two (GIS) The main vehicles used by the GPS scheduling, dynamic target tracking and data collection on traffic flow, GIS geographic information used in traffic management and visualization of dynamic traffic information In addition, you can use variable message board information, broadcasting, on-street public phone, public computer network terminal, which has been in the way of public transport users on the roadside, bus stations or bus stops and on the platform, access to real-time information on bus travel 4 Coordination of bus and taxi operations management Door-to-door taxi service for passengers with a higher level of public Utilization rate of its high energy consumption and less than a bus, air pollution is serious, complete the volume occupied by units of time and space resources, such as road defects, it should be based on the level of urban development and the actual needs of the taxi industry to strengthen the management and operation management, so that the coordinated development of the 5 vehicle technologies to improve China's passenger capacity by bus at a small (60-90 passenger), and medium-sized (90-130 passengers) and large articulated vehicles (130-180 passengers) should be based on actual passenger traffic to the deployment of appropriate models to resources to reduce the rate of empty It shall also meet the passenger demand on the city bus traveling comfort and convenience of passengers getting on or off The development of an independent suspension type, dedicated low-floor bus chassis and city buses, so bus and channel height of the pedal in order to reduce the vehicle center of gravity high over the estate to the requirements of It should also be a timely replacement of vehicles, the general public the best service life of 5 to 6 Extended active duty bus noise, and exhaust, and mechanical failure more than a series of shortcomings, with the scientific and technological development, many countries have also developed a number of the outcome of the application of modern high-tech For example: the invention of the next generation of Japan's "middle-distance inter-city bus transport system of " Germany developed a city with public passenger transport vehicles, new cars can be run along the fixed-line and the traditional advantages of the bus and tram 6 Public Transport Priority Development Strategy Urban public transport as the road space point with the demand, low environmental pollution, energy consumption should be small, giving priority to the development of traffic, in addition to China's cities are mostly intensive, therefore, to public transport systems and other forms of secondary form of transport in our country the structure of urban passenger transport natural direction of Commonly used way of public transportation there are two types of priority: Set according to the actual situation dedicated bus lane or bus lane Intersection of the first; junction bus priority measures on the main bus phase-specific, dedicated bus lane entrance, as well as other special bus priority measures in line with the City bus transportation is the main urban transport system is to communicate all aspects of the social production of an important part of urban development is the decision an important foundation for the development of one, so to speed up the development of the city 【【题目你可以翻译为论改善我国目前城市公共汽车交通现状，希望可以帮助你】】
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communications and transportation
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Introduction：Computational model for analyzing the stability of continuously welded rail track on raising speed railway is developed by means of the finite element method in this paper, in which track panel including rails, ties, rail fastenings and ballast resistances as a whole system, and non-linear deformation behavior of rails under temperature stress are Based on the model, numerical computational formulas are induced and Influences of the lateral resistances of the ballast, invalid ties and curved track radius as well as initial flexural deformations on the stability of continuously welded rail track are 简介：计算模型分析高速铁路的提高是通过在这个文件，有限元方法开发了无缝线路的稳定性，其中包括铁路轨道面板，领带，铁路扣件和整个系统的镇流器电阻，和非钢轨下的线性变形行为被认为是温度应力。基于该模型，数值计算公式，诱导和编程。镇流器的，无效的联系与曲线轨道的横向阻力的影响半径以及对无缝线路稳定性的初始弯曲变形进行了研究。
轮胎是汽车的重要部件之一，它直接与路面接触，和汽车悬架共同来缓和汽车行驶时所受到的冲击，汽车轮胎保证汽车有良好的乘座舒适性和行驶平顺性；保证车轮和路面有良好的附着性，提高汽车的牵引性、制动性和通过性；承受着汽车的重量，轮胎在汽车上所起的重要作用越来越受到人们的重视。 很早以前轮胎是用木头、铁等材料制成，第一个空心轮子是1845年英国人罗伯特·汤姆逊发明的，他提出用压缩空气充入弹性囊，以缓和运动时的振动与冲击。尽管当时的轮胎是用皮革和涂胶帆布制成，然而这种轮胎已经显示出滚动阻力小的优点。根据这一原理，1888年约翰·邓录普制成了橡胶空心轮胎，随后托马斯又制造了带有气门开关的橡胶空心轮胎，可惜的是因为内层没有帆布，而不能保持一定的断面形状和断面宽。 1895年随着汽车的出现，充气轮胎得到广泛的发展，首批汽车轮胎样品是1895年在法国出现的，这是由平纹帆布制成的单管式轮胎，虽有胎面胶而无花纹。直到1908年至1912年间，轮胎才有了显著的变化，即胎面胶上有了提高使用性能的花纹，从而开拓了轮胎胎面花纹的历史，并增加了轮胎的断面宽度，允许采用较低的内压，以保证获得较好的缓冲性能。 1892年英国的伯利密尔发明了帘布，1910年用于生产，这一成就除改进了轮胎质量，扩大了轮胎品种外，还使外胎具备了模制的可能性。随着对轮胎质量要求的提高，帘布质量也得到改进，棉帘布由人造丝代替，50年代末人造丝又被强力性能更好、耐热性能更高的尼龙、聚酯帘线所代替，而且钢丝帘线随着子午线轮胎的发展，具有很强的竞争力。 1904年马特创造了炭黑补强橡胶，大规模用于补强胎面胶是在轮胎采用帘布之后，因为在这之前，帆布比胎面在轮胎使用中损坏得还要快，炭黑在胶料中的用量增长很快，30年代每100份生胶中使用的炭黑也不过20份左右，这时主要在胎面上采用炭黑，胎体不用，现在已达50份以上。胎面中掺用炭黑以前，轮胎大约只行驶6000km就磨光了，掺用炭黑后，轮胎的行驶里程很快就得到显著的提高。现在一组货车轮胎大约可行驶10万km，在好的路面上，甚至可达20万km。 1913-1926年，因发明了帘线和炭黑轮胎技术，为轮胎工业发展奠定了基础。轮胎外缘的标准化，制汽车轮胎造工艺的逐渐完善，生产速度比以前提高了，轮胎的产量与日俱增。 随着汽车工业的发展，轮胎技术一直不断地改进与提高，如20年代初至30年代中期轿车胎由低压轮胎过渡到超低压轮胎；40年代开始轮胎逐步向宽轮辋过渡；40年代末无内胎轮胎的出现；50年代末低断面轮胎问世等等。许多新技术的出现都莫过于1948年法国米西林公司首创的子午线结构轮胎，这种轮胎由于使用寿命和使用性能的显著提高，特别是在行驶中可以节省燃料，而被誉为轮胎工业的革命，在这里简略介绍一下当今发展的主要几种轮胎特征。 子午线轮胎：这种轮胎的特点是帘布层帘线排列的方向与轮胎的子午断面一致(即胎冠角为零度)，由于帘线的这样排列，使帝线的强度能得到充分利用，子午线轮胎的帘布层数一般比普通的斜线胎约可减少40—50％。帘线在圆周方向只靠橡胶来联系。 子午线轮胎与普通斜线胎相比，具有弹性大，耐磨性好，可使轮胎使用寿命提高30—50％，滚动阻力小，可降低汽车油耗8％左右，附着性能好，缓冲性能好，承载能力大，不易穿刺等优点。缺点是：胎侧易裂口，由于侧面变形大，导致汽车侧向稳定性差，制造技术要求及成本高。 无内胎轮胎：无内胎轮胎与一般的轮胎不同之处在于没有内胎，空气直接压入外胎中，因此轮胎与轮辋间需有很好的密封。 无内胎轮胎在外观上和结构上与有内胎轮胎近似，所不同的是无内胎轮胎内壁上附加了一层厚约2—3mm的专门用来封气的橡胶密封层，它是用硫化的方法粘附上去的，当轮胎穿孔后，由于其本身处于压缩状态而紧裹着穿刺物，故能长期不漏气，即使将穿刺物拔出，也能暂时保持胎内气压。 无内胎轮胎胎圈上有若干道同心的环形槽，在胎内气压作用下，槽纹能可靠地使胎圈压紧在轮辋边缘上保证密封。安装无内胎轮胎的轮辋是不漏气的，它有着倾斜的底部和平匀的漆层。气门嘴直按固定在轮辋上，其间垫以密封用的橡胶衬垫。 无内胎轮胎有气密性好，散热好，结构简单，质量轻等优点。缺点是途中修理较为困难。宽断面轮汽车轮胎胎：随着汽车车速的提高，要求降低整车重心，改善操纵性能，这就要求提高轮胎的侧向稳定性和对路面的附着性能，以确保高速状态下的行车安全，这样低断面轮胎的出现就成为必然趋势。轮胎的断面高(H)与断面宽(B)的比值(H／B)是代表轮胎结构特征的重要参数，称之为轮胎的高宽比，也有人称之为扁平比。从上世纪20年代开始，轿车轮胎的外径减小了25％，轮辋直径减小了35％，轮胎和轮辋的宽度增加了将近一倍，轮胎的高宽比不断减小，轿车达0．5，赛车达0．4，特别是宽宽的轮胎与高级轿车匹配，更为美观大方。 汽车轮胎生产发展的历史表明，前50年主要是解决如何提高轮胎的使用寿命问题，近年来，由于汽车制造和交通运输部门对轮胎的要求日益苛刻，轮胎研究的重点转到轮胎行驶性能、安全性能、舒适性能和经济性能上来，总之，轮胎的发展总趋势是“三化”，即子午线化、无内胎化、低断面化。目前，轿车轮胎已实现了这“三化”，货车轮胎正在向这个方面发展。Car tire is one of the important parts, which contacts directly with the road, and vehicle suspension work together to ease the car driving by when the impact of car tires to ensure good ride comfort and ride comfort; to ensure the wheel and road good adhesion, to improve vehicle traction, braking and passing ability; bear the weight of the car, tire in the car on the important role played by more and more Long before the tire is made of wood, iron and other materials, the first hollow wheel is the 1845 British inventor Robert Thomson, and his flexible bag filled with compressed air in order to ease the movement of the vibration and Although at the time of the tire is made of canvas with leather and glue, however, have shown that tire rolling resistance According to this theory, John Dunlop in 1888 made of hollow rubber tires, and then Thomas has created a hollow with a rubber tire valve switch, a pity because there is no inner canvas, can not maintain a certain cross sectional shape and cross section width With the emergence of motor vehicles in 1895, the development of pneumatic tires widely, the first tire sample is emerging in France in 1895, which is made by the plain canvas of single-tube tires, although no pattern tread Until 1908 to 1912, the tires have a significant change, that is, tread on the pattern has been to improve performance, thus opening up the history of the tire tread, and increase the tire section width, allowing a lower The internal pressure in order to guarantee access to good 1892 British invented the cord Burley Mill, 1910 for the production, this achievement addition to improving the quality of the tire to expand the variety of tires, but also to tire with the possibility of With the improvement of the quality requirements of the tire, improved quality cord, cotton cord replaced by the artificial silk, rayon late 50's strong performance has been better, higher heat resistance of nylon, polyester cord replaced, and With the radial tire steel cord of development, and highly 1904, Matt created a carbon black reinforced rubber, large-scale reinforced tread compound for use in tire cord after because before this, canvas than the damaged tread in the tire much quicker, carbon black the amount of compound growth soon, 30 years of raw rubber per 100 parts of carbon black used in 20, but also about this time mainly in the tread on the use of carbon black, matrix do not, and now has reached 50 or Mixed with carbon black before the tread of the tire running only about 6000km on the finish, and mixed with carbon black, the tire mileage soon be significantly Now a group of truck tires can run about 100 000 km, in good roads, and even up to 200 000 1913-1926, the invention of the cord and carbon black for tire technology, tire laid the foundation for industrial Standardization of the outer edge of the tire, tire manufacturing process of the system gradually improved, production increased faster than before, increasing the output of With the development of auto industry, tire technology has been constantly improving and improving, such as 20 in the early to mid 30 tire passenger car tire by the transition to ultra low-voltage low tire; of 40 years and gradually began to tire rim to the width of the transition; 40 late Tubeless The emergence of the tire; 50 low profile tires came late and so Many new technologies are none other than the French in 1948, Mixi Lin pioneered the radial structure of the tire, this tire life and performance as a significant increase, especially in driving can save fuel, while hailed as a revolutionary tire industry , a brief introduction about the current development of the main features of several Radial Tire: The tire is characterized ply tire cord arranged in the direction of the radial cross section with the same (that is, fetal crown angle of zero), such as cord arrangement, so that the strength of God line to get full use of radial tires The cord layers generally higher than normal slash tires about 40-50% can be Cord in the circumferential direction to contact the rubber Radial tires compared to ordinary slash tires, great elasticity, abrasion resistance, can increase 30-50% tire life, rolling resistance, it can reduce vehicle fuel consumption and 8%, good adhesion, good cushioning properties, carrying capacity, the advantages of easy to Disadvantages are: sidewall easy to rip, as the side distortion, leading to poor vehicle lateral stability, manufacturing requirements and Tubeless tire: tubeless tires and tire general difference is that there is no inner tube, air pressure directly into the tire, so tire and rim between the need to have a good Tubeless tire in appearance and structure of the tire with a tube approximation, the difference is that tubeless tires attached to the inner walls of 2-3mm thick layer of special rubber seal used to seal gas layer, which is curing methods adhesion up, when the tire perforation, due to compression of its own in the state of Jin Guo a puncture things, so that the long term do not leak, even if the puncture object pulled out, can temporarily maintain the air pressure inside the Tubeless tire on a number of Road concentric ring groove in the tire under internal pressure, grooves can be reliably pressed to bead the edge of the rim to ensure Installed tubeless tire rim is not leak, it has tilted the bottom of the peaceful absorption of Valve fixed directly on the rim, during which sealed with a rubber mat Tubeless tires have good air tightness, heat a good, simple structure, light weight and so Is more difficult way to fix Wheel car tire section width: With the increase in vehicle speed, to lower vehicle center of gravity, improving handling performance, which requires to improve stability and lateral tire adhesion on the road to ensure traffic safety under high speed, The emergence of such low profile tires, has become an inevitable Tire cross section (H) and section width (B) ratio (H / B) represents the tire structure, an important parameter, called the aspect ratio tire, which was also described than From the last century 20's, car tires outside diameter decreased by 25%, reducing the rim diameter of 35%, tires and rims, nearly doubling the width of the tire aspect ratio continuously decreased, cars up to 5, racing up to 4, in particular The wide tires and high-level car matches the more Car tire production history of the development shows that the first 50 years mainly to resolve the issue of how to improve the life of the tire, in recent years, automotive and transportation sector increasingly demanding on the tires, tire to tire of the key driving performance, safety performance, comfort and economic performance up, in short, the general trend of development of the tire is "three", that is, of Meridian, tubeless, low profile At present, the car tire has achieved this "c" and truck tires are to development in this
Traffic engineering practice teaching 交通工程实践教学研究
Geotechnical engineering; 交通工程
the research of highway engineering practice education
屈服事件：骑自行车的人或司机以一个可受控制的方式屈服是为了避免与其他路人发生冲突。
In the 1960s because the Europe and America industrially advanced country the economical swift growth, compact car sharp growth, caused the municipal transportation to support stops up, to alleviate the municipal transportation to support stops up proposed the public transportation first municipal transportation developmental strategy, according to the above, the European and American some city's transportation supported stops up obtained certain Afterward, in our country, facing urbanized, motorization challenge, as well as urban development, the people realize the transportation question to become gradually restrict the urban development the primary Therefore, many transportation workers and the urban government start to pay great attention to give priority to the mass transit, realizes the urban land intensification use and the sustainable development, avoids walking the Western developed country again by the compact car journey old route This article in absorbs the domestic and foreign many scholar research results in the foundation, how discussed initially to establish the urban public transportation first general system's first, this article introduced from the background and the concept the public transportation first connotation and the measure, let the reader be able first to have a rational understanding to the public Next, the comprehensive elaboration implementation public transportation first strategy policy, from the high place macroscopic has grasped to realize the urban public transportation first general system, government's guidance and support Third, the concrete public transportation first measure from the spot, the line, surface angle embarking, by the road section, the road intersection, the network will divide into the chapter, has discussed the road section public transportation first general measure, the street intersection public transportation first general measure, the public transportation priority network plan method , In the road section public transportation first general measure, mainly introduced the public transportation special-purpose road's classification and the establishment In the street intersection measure, has studied the spatial first measure and the time preference measure separately, namely the public transportation special-purpose enters the tastes and the road intersection public transportation priority signal But in the network planning method, elaborated for everybody establishes a public transportation priority network the Finally, this article urban Lanzhou which is at by the author is an example, has analyzed this city existing mass transit question, and proposed this city should establish a complete public transportation first general system's
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