欧洲文化的论文摘要

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Abstract: America’s history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and After that, American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long It was not until America’s independence, did Americans realized that they need national literature strongly, and American literature began to The Civil War was a watershed in the history, after which American literature entered a period of full Romantics, which emphasized individualism and intuition and Tnscendentalism represented by Emerson came out into This was an exciting period in the history of American Like the flowers of spring, there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same They have given depth and strength to American literature, and accelerated the forming of High R But due to the influence of Civil War, the American society was in a turbulent The writings about local life, critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were After The First World War, Americans were at a loss postwar, and the Modern American literature Keywords: National Literature, Romanism, Transcendentalism, Local Color, Realism, Modern literature 摘要：从殖民地时期起，欧洲殖民者和清教徒翻开了美国文学史的第一页。这往后很长一段时期，美国文学一直都受到欧洲文化的很大影响。一直到美国独立后，美国人强烈地感觉到了民族文学的需要，美国的民族文学开始发展。南北战争是美国文学史上一个分水岭，战后美国文学进入了一个全盛时期，产生了强调个性主义和直觉的早期浪漫主义，和以爱默生为代表的超验主义文学。爱默生的时代是美国前所未有的文学变动时代，产生了一大批优秀的作家和作品。他们突出地给予了当时美国文学以深度和力量，也促进了罗曼主义高潮的来临。但是由于战争的影响，社会动荡不安，这时的作品更注重于揭示社会的阴暗面，同时美国的民族文学进一步发展，创作出许多带有本土色彩和批判现实主义的作品。一战后，美国人陷入战后的茫然，美国也开始进入了现代文学阶段。关键词：民族文学，浪漫主义，超验主义，本土色彩，现实主义，现代文学 American is a multi-national Just like a big container, which put in various kinds of Different cultures, that can not only be co-existed but also form a sharp contrast, mixed together, It makes American literature style has a flavor of distinct and various aesthetic Many writers come from lower level, which makes American literature has the rich flavor of life and local Furthermore, many new styles of literature in the world are oriented in America since 20th The process of American literature can be divided into following main periods: Colony and Puritan literature; early national literature; latter national literature and Modern America’s history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and After that, American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long It was not until America’s independence, did Americans realize that they need national literature strongly, and American literature began to The Civil War was a watershed in the history, after which American literature entered a period of full Romantics, which emphasized individualism and intuition，and Tnscendentalism represented by Emerson came out into This was an exciting period in the history of American Like the flowers of spring, there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same They have given depth and strength to American literature, and accelerated the forming of High R But due to the influence if Civil War, the American society was in a turbulent The writings about local life, critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were After The First World War, Americans were at a loss postwar, and the Modern American literature Colonial and early American literature (1) Travelers and Explorers When the European explorers first came to this new continent, the native Indians who probably got here from Asia about fifteen thousand years ago were still in origin, and they even had no written language, “The traditional literature was originally transmitted almost entirely by word of mouth, and therefore belongs to the category of oral literature,” (Wu Dingbo, 1) As time past, more and more travelers and explorers swarmed They wrote a lot of diaries、letters, and travel accounts to describe the new land as second E No wander somebody said that the earliest American literature were the travel accounts written by European Among the most remained were Captain John Smith’s True Relation of Virginia (1608), and Description of New England (1616) Although most of the Indian history was preserved in tales and songs, they had thoughts about life and They loved the natural world around them deeply, and they believed that when a person was dead, he would give back what had borrowed while he was alive to This kind of philosophy had influenced later or even modern American It’s interesting that when we look at the literature of the Puritans, the Transcendentalists, the Naturalists, and even the Moderns, when we read Anne Bradstreet, Emily Dickinson, Stephen Crane, and Ernest Hemingway, we can find similar (2) Pilgrim settlements Several years later, another group of settlers also arrived in the New W This group was looking for the Jamestown However , because of bad navigation, they landed in M They were also coming to the New World with dreams of success, but their goal was different from the Jamestown They wanted to start a new world governed by the B They were called Puritans because they wanted to live a better life by making themselves They first arrived on the Mayflower and settled in P This is the group we are usually thinking about when we talk about the "first A"The clearest history of their journey to the New World can be found in History of Plymouth Plantation (1608) written by William Bradford, who was also one of the Mayflower The History of Plymouth Plantation is a Puritan book in the best “It’s loosely annalistic, but a direct and simple style gives charm, as a sincere faith in Puritanism gives purity, to the entire ” (W P Trent, 1997) The Puritans had several kinds of By far the most common form is the writing related to Biblical teachings, or sermons, that the church leaders The Puritans believed that they were in the New World because God had brought them there for a special They thought that by studying the Bible they could learn more about this way of So they were very strict to their life, and they didn’t allow any kind of entertainment even in That’s way Wu Dingbo said in his book “Literature of the New England Settlement is mainly a literary expression of the Puritan idealism” and “The literature of the colonial settlement served either God or colonial expansion or ” (Wu Dingbo, 4) Another important form of writing from this period is the These books, like Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation, are important because they tell us about life at the time of the P People also wrote many But a lot of works were hidden and lost because people often considered poetry to be an inferior form of writing and not totally acceptable to Puritan One of the most significant poets from this period was Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672) Her poems in Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up In America (1650) reflected the con concerns of women who came to settle in the colonies, and in all her poems, however, she shows her strong belief in G 18th century—the Age of reason (1) The Age of reason In the 18th century, people believed in man’s own nature and the power of human With Franklin as its spokesman, the 18th century America experienced an age of Words had never been so useful and so important in human People wrote a lot of political Numerous pamphlets and printings were These works agitated revolutionary people not only in America but also around the Among the most renowned was the work Common Sense (1776) of Thomas Paine (1737-1809) It’s the ringing call for the decoration of He also wrote Crisis (1774-1783) and The Age of Reason (1794-1796), according to Wu, “He thought that religion should be based on rational, reasonable ” (Wu Dingbo, 12) The pamphlets helped complete the debate that resulted in America's separation from E And of course for all the Americans, the most important document from this period was a single sheet of paper called The Declaration of Independence (1776), mainly written by Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin F Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790), the most distinguished person and giant in American history, he wrote and worked for American independence hardly and had made so many great efforts to America that he has been called "The First A" a world-renowned scientist, diplomat, philosopher, and He perfected the smooth, clear, short sentences of the Puritan plain His Autobiography encourages hard work and emphasizes the importance of Another work that is well known is Poor Richard's Almanack, and many of the sentences have become popular During this time writers thought that the truth should be relied on Bible, churchmen, authorities, or practice and (2) Early National Literature During the period of American Revolution War, American national literature came into Since before the war, American people have already had the awareness of national independence, so they wrote many political writings revolutionary The war helped the first important American prose writers and poets grow up both culturally and Furthermore, the independence of nation led to the independence of national From this moment on, American people began to understand of meaning of being a real ”American“ 放不下了，后面还有，在下面的网站里。满意拿分

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玖兰卅麻

科研成果曾获得四川省政府、四川省历史学会和四川大学等不同级别的奖励共10项1．《论意大利文艺复兴的文化基础》载《历史研究》1993年5期，《人大复印报刊资料·世界史》1994年2期转载。2．《文艺复兴前南意大利的文化基础及其流向》载《四川大学学报》1991年1期，《高等学校文科学报文摘》1991年3期摘要转载。3．《君士坦丁堡陷落与意大利文艺复兴关系置辩》载《四川大学学报》1988年2期，《人大复印报刊资料·世界史》1988年2期。4．《君士坦丁译著地辩正》载《世界历史》1988年2期。5．“The cultural Basis of the Italian Renaissance ”载“Social Sciences in China ”（《中国社会科学》英文版）1995 年4期。6．《粮食农业对整个社会经济结构的影响——中世纪中国和印度社会和经济的发展》载《四川大学学报》1991年4期，《人大复印报刊资料·世界史》1992年1期转载；《高等学校文科学报文摘》1992年2期摘要转载。7．《中国造纸术对8—11世纪阿拉伯帝国的影响》载《四川大学学报》1994年1期，《北京大学学报》1994年4期摘要转载。8．《华瓷运销欧洲的途径、方式及其特征》载《四川大学学报》1997年2期，《高等学校文科学报文摘》1997年5期摘要转载。9．《欧洲掌握中国造瓷技术的曲折历程》载《社会科学研究》2000年2期。10．《华瓷西传对欧洲的影响》载《四川大学学报》2001年3期，《高等学校文科学报文摘》2001年7期摘要转载。11．《中世纪末近代初期欧洲华瓷藏风考》载《社会科学研究》1997年5期。12．主编《夕阳下的金字塔——追踪古埃及文明》重庆出版社2001年1月版。13．合译J．W．汤普逊：《中世纪晚期欧洲经济社会史》，商务印书馆1992年版。14．受四川大学出版社之托整理、修订卢剑波先生旧译稿J．马策克：《捷克胡司派运动史》四川大学出版社1989年版。15．合作编写《中国文化》（本人撰写中外文化交流部分）教材一部，重庆大学出版社2001年5月版。孙锦泉、徐波、侯树栋：《欧洲文艺复兴史·史学卷》，人民出版社2010年版。此外，还先后为四川省电视大学编写《世界古代、中世纪史》教材一套，《世界古代史世纪史参考资料》一部。

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生鱼旺旺

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mini灵灵

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