这些纪念碑沿着生命的尽头可能占用的探测器,并将使他能够检查并重新分,总建筑面积内“补偿”的距离从调查的股份水平位置的实际点的建设,通常都会被三英尺,为遏制和水槽十英尺的地下管线的安全
这些是竣工测量，它们通常来检查承包商的工程质量，定位他们的位置(水管线,下水道,等),将用于未来的日常维护,变化以及新的建设
测绘工程专业 = professional surveying and mapping engineering
RTK技术的出现使施工放样有了突破性的发展，不但克服了传统放样法和坐标放样法的缺点，而且具有观测时间短，精度高、无须通视、现场给出精确坐标等优点。经现场检测，在距离参考站约3公里处，平面定位误差小于5cm，高程误差小于10cm。GPS接收机只要1~3min就能进入RTK工作状态，在此状态下1min内即可得到厘米级的点位精度。RTK技术特别适合道路等大批量设计点位的放样工作，尤其是道路边桩，征地范围线,工程测量等放样。无须沿途布设图根控制点，从而减少施工控制网的布设密度，节约经费，节省时间。由于其无须通视等优点和可以单人作业更显示出其优越性。The RTK technology's appearance enabled the construction lofting to have the unprecedented development, not only has overcome the traditional lofting law and the coordinate lofting method shortcoming, moreover had the hour of observation to be short, the precision high, did not need the intervisibility, the scene to give merits and so on precise After the scene examination, in stands the approximately 3 kilometers from the reference place, the plane position error is smaller than 5cm, the vertical error is smaller than So long as the GPS receiver 1~3min can enter the RTK active status, in 1min then obtains the centimeter level spot position precision under this Mass design position's and so on RTK technology the especially qualify path setting-out works, nearby the path the pile, solicits Land the Fan contour particularly, loftings and so on engineering Does not need to build the chart root control point along the way, thus the reduced construction control net's build density, saves the funds, saving of Because it does not need merits and so on intervisibility and may the single work demonstrate its 谢谢采纳
两相误差分析一个SeptentrioPolaRxS被用来分析锁相环性能的影响下一个电离层闪烁的事件。电离层闪烁的事件是怀著收集试验数据的方法在一个典型的低纬度站在扰动条件。实验数据包括原料的强度和相位在PRNs针对给定的瞬间。闪烁指数计算和后置处
如果从要求不严格，我觉得能用中文文献使用谷歌翻译成英文，然后把中文文献做适当改动就好，毕竟外文文献比较难查询，岩研图书馆有大量中英文文献资源，您可以前来咨询
Techniques of layout: In construction layout measurement, the data necessary to establish the direction and distance from a control point to locate a construction point can be entered into the instrument via the keyboard or directly from an office Then the surveyor guides the person holding the prism along the line of computed direction until the distance to the point to accomplish this A very popular technique called free station permits the surveyor to set up the total station at any convenient position and then to determine the coordinates and elevation of that instrument position by sighting previously coordinated reference After the instrument has been set up over this instrument position (a control point) and properly oriented, angles or azimuths from the control point and distances to each layout point may be Now many total stations have such functions that the coordinates and elevations of the layout point may be uploaded into the total station, the instrument’s display shows the left/right, forward/back, and up/down movements needed to place the prism in each of the desired As-built surveys: When the construction surveying has been completed, a final survey is The final survey includes cross sections and locations that are used for final payments to the contractor and for the completion of an as-built These are the as-built surveys and they are used to check the contractor’s work and show locations of structures and their components (water line, sewer, ), which will be needed for future maintenance, changes, and new 技术的规划:在施工布置测量、必要的资料建立的方向和距离从一个控制点定位建设重点可以进入到仪器通过键盘输入或直接从办公室的电脑。然后测量员引导的人持有棱镜沿着这条线的方向,直到这个距离计算点,来完成这个目标。一个很受欢迎的技术被称为自由站允许测量建立了全站仪在任何方便的情况,然后再决定坐标及标高器械的位置以前协调参考站观光。当仪表已超过该仪器的位置(一个控制点)和适当的导向、角或azimuths从控制点和点的距离,可能表示每一个布局。现在许多总广播站等功能,坐标点和海拔的布局可以上传全站仪的仪器、仪表的显示器显示向左/右拐,向前/回来,及上下运动需要把棱镜在每一个理想的位置。竣工调查:当施工测量已经完成,最后进行了调查。最后的调查和地点包括断面所使用的最后付款给承包商和完成一个竣工图。这是调查和他们一旦用来检查承包商的工作和显示的位置及其组件结构(流水线,下水道,等),还需要今后的维护、变更和崭新的建筑。
Surveying and Mapping Engineering
测绘工程专业 = professional surveying and mapping engineering
这些是竣工测量，它们通常来检查承包商的工程质量，定位他们的位置(水管线,下水道,等),将用于未来的日常维护,变化以及新的建设
我猜测这篇文章原来是用翻译软件翻译成的英文，而今再翻译为中文时候，很难。“最小二乘法”的英文应该是： least square method，结果这里用的似乎是：Minimum two multiplications 最少二乘法广泛应用于测量平差。最小二乘法运用的（要素）包括平差、波和估计。环境因素的鱼眼平差模型限制条件称为生成误差模型。它组合了各种经典的和现代的误差模型。 测量错误的主要优点是用误差限理论研究误差极限，用理论模型误差的研究，主要包括：平稳误差的边界模型误差……
英文版的一个华盛顿特区的文件要不
你参考了什么就如实写下来不就行了，只要格式按参考资料的模板
功夫
我有。发给你。