居民是人口密度最大的一洲。城市人口约占全洲人口的6 4 % ，在各洲中次于大洋洲和北美洲，居第三位。欧洲的人口分布以西部最密，莱茵河中游谷地、巴黎盆地、比利时东部和泰晤士河下游每平方千米均在2 0 0 人以上，欧洲绝大部分居民是白种人( 欧罗巴人种) 。居民分属下列语系：印欧语系，属此语系的居民占全洲总人口的9 5 % ，包括斯拉夫、日耳曼、拉丁、阿尔巴尼亚、希腊、凯尔特语族的民族；乌拉尔语系，包括芬兰、乌戈尔、萨莫耶语族的民族。 居民多信天主教、基督教新教和东正教等。位于意大利首都罗马市西北角的城中之国梵蒂冈，是世界天主教中心。经济概况欧洲是资本主义经济发展最早的一洲，工业生产水平和农业机械化程度均较高。生产总值在世界各洲中居首位，其中工业生产总值占的比重很大。大多数国家粮食自给不足。西欧工业发展程度较高的国家主要为德国、法国、英国，其次为比利时、荷兰和瑞士等。德国、法国和英国的工业生产在世界工业生产中均居前列。 欧洲农业为次要生产部门。农牧结合和集约化水平高为重要特点。主要种植麦类、玉米、马铃薯、蔬菜、瓜果、甜菜、向日葵、亚麻等，小麦产量约占世界总产量的50％，大麦、燕麦约占60％以上。园艺业发达，主产葡萄和苹果。畜牧业以饲养猪、牛、绵羊为主。欧洲经济发达，发展水平居各洲之首。工业、交通、商贸、金融保险在世界占有举足轻重的地位，科学技术的许多领域处于世界领先地位。欧洲对人类发展史做出过重大贡献。现欧洲绝大多数国家进入发达国家行列，其中北欧、西欧和中欧一些国家发展水平较高。欧洲对人类历史所做的贡献，包括先进人物不断地向世界思想宝库输送先进的思想；也包括一批又一批革命家推动社会进步的重大社会创举；也包括大批科学家在科技领域的重大发现、发明和创造；还包括一大批作家、诗人、音乐家向世界文学艺术殿堂提供了辉煌灿烂的文学艺术珍品。有许多地区已被开辟为动物保卫区。
二、轴心时代的变革 轴心时代是二十年代带哲学家雅斯贝尔斯在他的《历史的起源与目标》里提出的概念。他说，从公元前600年左右一直到公元之交的600年时间以内，在旧大陆的三个文明地区，不约而同地出现了一批伟大的人物。三大文明就是指西方、印度和中国。而这些伟大的人物对自己的文明所产生的影响，是其后没有任何人可以望其项背的，他们基本奠定了这三种文化的精神脊梁。比如说西方的苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里斯多德一直到后来的耶酥都出现在这段时间，印度的佛教创始人释迦摹尼，中国的孔子孟子老子庄子等诸子百家全部都是出现在这个时代。所以这个时代被称为“轴心时代”。 我认为，就这个概念的提出来说，是雅斯贝尔斯的一个伟大的创举，但是比较遗憾的是有两个问题他没有阐述清楚。第一是为什么会出现这种近乎奇迹的情况？第二是在这个时代中西方文化究竟发生了怎样的变化？ 关于这两个问题，我在一本书里谈到：首先看中国，它的变革是经历了一个三步曲的过程。轴心时代来临之前的商代，中国和其他原始文明一样，都是一种亲代文化，都带有很浓郁的迷信色彩。我们最早的甲骨文就是一种专门用于占卜的宗教文字，为祭祀所用。西方学术界有一种观点，就是文明最早产生于寺庙之中，庙就是最早的城市中心。“尊神祀鬼”是殷商人的特点。帝是他们崇拜的最高神，帝在甲骨文里是代表一种花蕊，象征着生生不息的本根，也就是对生殖的崇拜。 周朝取代商代，不仅仅是政权的更替，更为主要是宗教的变化。周人不再相信自然神，天成为至高神，天和周人没有任何的血缘关系，他是一个普遍意义上的神。那么他根据什么来保佑人们呢？是根据德，“皇天无亲，唯德是辅”所以，周代呢就把德看作是取得天命的一个核心。而周代的“德”还不是指内心的道德，而是指外在的礼仪。“遵礼守法”是为德，“非礼枉法则无德”，所以周朝是一个非常讲究礼仪的朝代。“遵礼敬德”是周人的一个显著特点，所以从这一点上可以看到他们的精神内核的变化。 接下去是先秦的孔子孟子们所进行的儒家思想的变革。变革的最重要的就是把外在的礼仪规范转化成为一种内心的道德自觉——仁。这个变化是中国轴心时代发生的最重要的变化。所以孔子一生当中都在谈一个字“仁”，这是儒家思想的一个核心概念。“仁”是“礼”的基础，人首先要有内在之仁，才会有外在之礼。所以“礼蹦乐坏”的实质是人心不古，人心不仁。所以，表面上看孔子好像是一个守旧派，面对“礼蹦乐坏”感到很悲哀，而事实上他是一个革新派，他不是要恢复周礼，而是要把周礼的外在之礼建立在内心之仁的基础上。尽管对“仁”有很多种理解，我们认为最为经典的就是“仁者爱人”，就是爱人之心。后来，我们又把它进一步理解为“忠恕之道”也就是“己所不欲，勿施于人”，“己欲欲欲人，己欲达达人”啊！说到底也就是仁爱之心。 到了孟子，对此又有了系统化的解释，他认为“仁”就是“亲亲”嘛。就是每个人都爱自己的亲人。所谓“老吾老以及人之老，幼吾幼以及人之幼”，由此推出一个社会的泛爱关系，然后，他提出“恻隐之心，仁也；羞恶之心，义也；恭敬之心，礼也；是非之心，智也；”“仁义礼智“之心是与生俱来的。因此，一个人只要去向自己本性发掘，就一定能把自己本性中的美好善良的东西发掘出来，成为一个善人和圣人。因此，只要每个人都“修身、齐家”就能“治国、平天下”，最后达到一个大同的理想世界。 这就是轴心时代，中国文化完成的一个重大变革，这个变革决定了中国文化的基本精神，是注重现世的人自我的道德修养，而不太关注外在的上帝鬼神之类的东西。也就是说，中国儒家把大同社会的理想最后落实到每个人的修身养性的工夫之上。 同样，西方文化在这个时候也发生了很大的变化，通过希腊文化、到罗马文化以及基督教文化，它是一个超越的过程，而不是内敛的过程。到最后，中国文化强调一切从内心做起，西方文化强调一切由外在的上帝决定即上帝决定论。中世纪有一句名言：没有任何一只麻雀从树上掉下来，不是出于上帝的特殊意志。（笑）中国文化强调内心的修炼，“内盛外王，成己成物 ”，由内向外。所以，这就是中西方文化在“轴心时代”发生的根本变化。 三、中西文化的基本精神 中国完成了由外向内的收敛的过程以后，所有的知识分子就开始在内心的道德上下工夫了。因此，从这个时候开始，中国人特别是儒家的知识分子对外在的宗教逐渐淡漠起来，他们更多是注重自己内心的道德自觉，而不是外在的上帝决定论。所以从这个角度讲，中国文化比西方文化更具有人文主义的色彩，而不是神本主义。 但是，中国人对六合之外的东西是不太谈的，采取“存而不论”的态度。儒家知识分子对鬼神一贯采取“敬而远之”的态度。推崇父母在世的时候尽孝，君主在世的时候尽忠，讲究的是现世的人与人之间的关系的道德标准，而不讲究彼岸的那些东西。其实这个思想在周公旦的时候就说的非常清楚了：“圣人以神道设教，而天下归”，也就是说，说的是鬼神，其实是用鬼神来推行道德教化，是劝告你此生此世好好的做善事。孔子也始终对鬼神之事不感兴趣，“子不语怪力乱神”之事，“六合之外，存而不论”。孔子的很多话语都表明了他是一个彻底的无神论者。一次他的一个弟子问他“人死后，有知也？无知也？”，孔子的回答可谓充分表现了他的大智慧：“吾欲言有知，又恐孝子贤孙妨生送死；吾欲言无知，又恐不孝子孙弃而不葬；至于死后有知无知，死后自知之”。（大笑）也就是说，论鬼神的目的是为了起到教化人从善的，无论多么高深玄奥的东西，都必须以现实的行为准则为落脚点，从善、积德，方能“修身、齐家、治国、平天下”，这就是中国文化的基本内涵，是一种协调的现实精神。在西方，学术界称它是一种伦理文化。 西方文化主要是以基督教文化为主，它是一种超越的浪漫精神。它不断地超越现实，对六合之外的事情更为关注。这个问题前面已经讲了很多，在此只是做一个总结。下面讲第四个问题
中西方文化对比——中西方小说的比较 一、中西方小说的发展史 中西方的小说，都是以神话传说为其渊源的。古时候，科学不发达，出于对大自然的敬畏，劳动人民想象出了许多主宰世间的“神”，对神人格化的描写，就是神话；将人神化的描写，就是传说。中国的盘古开天地的故事，三皇五帝的故事，西方的希腊神话，罗马神话，北欧神话等都是其中的典型作品。 东西方最初的小说，是与历史紧密相连的，是作为史料的补充记载事件的。中国先秦散文中的寓言故事，汉代史书中的人物传记，魏晋南北朝的志怪、志人小说；西方古巴比伦的《吉加美士史诗》，古希腊的《荷马史诗》《伊索寓言》等都属于这一类小说，这类小说已具有小说讲求虚构的特点，但仍不是文人的创作，是直接从民间搜集记录下来的，所以这类小说情节比较简单，文笔比较粗糙。班固所说的“街谈巷语，道听途说者之造”是对这类小说准确、形象的评价。 中国的小说是到唐代才脱离历史记录而成为文学创作的。唐代的文化有了很大的发展，文人的思想也更加开阔，这时传奇应运而生，李朝威的《柳毅传》、白居易的《长恨歌》、陈鸿的《长恨歌传》等，都是依照传说创造而成的。唐代小说多为虚构想象而讲求文采，不仅仅是历史性质的东西了，但作为史的志怪志人小说也并没停止。传奇小说到宋代就逐渐衰落了，随之而兴起的话本，经过文人加工就变成了许多话本小说和演义小说，如《三国演义》《水浒传》《西游记》等。这类小说是文人采用民间创作而再创作的，以描绘精彩动人的情节场面和塑造生动活跃的人物性格见长，有明显的说书人的语言风格。由这里再发展，便成为文人的独立创作而不再加民间的东西来加工了，这一类代表作是《金瓶梅》，它开辟一条写平凡人和生活的道路，是现实主义文学得到了长足的发展，而后的《红楼梦》更是把中国古代现实主义小说推到了顶峰。“五四”以后，中国小说家开始借鉴西方小说的写作手法，逐步走出了一条新路。 西方小说，则是在“文艺复兴”后快速的发展、成熟起来的。中世纪的西方小说发展近乎停滞，14世纪末的“文艺复兴”推翻了教会对文学的控制后，15世纪末西方出现了提倡思想自由和个性解放，以描写现实生活和刻画各阶层的人物形象为内容的人文主义小说，这类小说是为配合当时欧洲反封建而产生的，同时它也定下了西方小说以记叙凡人凡事为主的基调。意大利 伽丘的《十日谈》，西班牙塞万提斯的《堂吉诃德》等是这类小说的代表作品。随之出现是古典主义小说，其主张用典雅的民族规范语言去写作，这种小说在17世纪的法国发展得最完备。代表作为注 高乃依的《熙德》，古典主义小说的的兴起使西方小说语言得到了一次大幅的提高。18世纪开始流行以宣传科学知识，启蒙大众意识为目的的启蒙主义小说，其中比较著名的有德国歌德的《浮士德》，英国笛福的《鲁滨逊飘流记》，斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》等，这类小说的出现是为了给当时的资产阶级革命大造舆论。19世纪，浪漫主义小说，现实主义小说和批判现实主义小说交替占据小说领域的主导地位。浪漫主义小说如法国雨果的《巴黎圣母院》、歌德的《少年维特之烦恼》等，富于想象、构思奇特、语言奔放、感情炽烈。现实小说则着力反映生活的本质，描绘典型人物和典型生活现象，英国的狄更斯、法国的都德为这类小说的代表作家。批判现实主义小说着力暴露封建制度的腐朽没落和资本主义社会的黑暗，深刻批判现实的罪恶，法国巴尔扎克和莫泊桑，英国的夏洛蒂、勃朗特，。俄国的托尔斯泰、陀斯妥耶夫斯基，美国的马克·吐温等一大批作家的作品都属于这一类。时值今日，这三类小说仍是西方文坛最主要的三类小说。 东西方小说发展史就大致如此。 二、中西方小说的特点 除了小说的基本特点外，中西方小说还具有如下各自的特点： 1、中国传统小说注意人物行动、语言和细节的描写，在矛盾冲突中展示人物形象，但性格单一，少变化，缺乏主体感。西方小说则多注重人物的心理描写，强调挖掘人物内心的潜意识，善于写出丰满、变化、主体感强的人物性格。再《林教头风雪山神庙》中只有通过人物的对话及动作引出矛盾冲突，但安娜·卡列尼娜卧轨前的一系列矛盾却只用他的心理描写就能够表达清楚；林黛玉在吟诗作对中表现她的才气，而保尔用内心独白表明他的理想；张飞只具有忠勇这一性格特点，但简·爱的性格却是由勇敢、坚强、热情、善良等许多性格揉和而成的。总之，在人物描写方面中西方各有特色。 2、中国小说较之西方小说情节更加曲折，故事更为完整。情节曲折、故事完整是中国小说独特的艺术传统。魏晋南北朝的志人志怪小说就具有曲折生动的特点。唐传奇中许多名篇的布局，异常宏伟，严谨而巧妙，故事情节发展富于戏剧性。明清的长篇小说内容参差错落，波澜起伏，错落有致，结构缜密，浑然一体。如《红楼梦》，处处设伏，回回转折，写尽贾府故事。西方于情节方面出众的作品虽也不少，但终不能与中国小说相比较。 3、中国小说语言简练生动，西方小说内容丰富翔实。中国小说吸收了民间艺人语言，同时继承了古代散文的优良传统，常常寥寥数语便能勾勒出事件、人物。西方小说中包含着作者广博知识，涉及社会许多方面，因而内容丰富翔实，人们可以从中获得许多领域的知识。恩格斯就曾说过他在巴尔扎克小说中获得有关的19世纪法国国内的状况比他从任何报告中获得的都多。中西方小说有这样不同的特点，也与中西方的美学观念不同有一定关系。 4、中西方小说都曾受封建统治文化的压迫摧残。封建文化使得中国小说发展极为艰难，明清人士更以写小说为耻辱，以致许多伟大的作家生活、创作条件都无法保障，许多伟大的作品不知道作者是谁。封建文化使得西方小说在几乎整个中世纪中发展极端缓慢，许多有才华文学家被迫为教会服务，写一些宗教性质的枯燥空洞的文章。 三、中西方小说未来的发展前景 清朝末年，中西方已开始系统的认识对方，中西方小说的优点也不断地被对方借鉴。当然，由于历史原因，中方借鉴的多一些。直到今天，中西方的小说家们仍不懈的努力研究者两方小说中的艺术魅力，虽然语言的不同对相互的艺术鉴赏有一定的影响，但美是相通的。我们有理由相信，在不久的将来，中西方小说艺术最终会取长补短，融为一体，共同发展，到达新的艺术高峰
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European political map Europe is the abbreviation of Europa continent, "Europa," a word it is said that initially from Phoenicia language "Erie cloth" a word that means "" sunset place" or "western land" The European average terrain height is 330 m, give priority to with plain terrain, the south, stands a series of mountains, the floorboard of the Alps, including mont blanc elevation 4807 meters, mont blanc is the French territory, become the highest peak in Western E Thanks to the European populated, plenty of Is the longest river in the volga river, is 3690 kilometers long, and the second is the Danube river, 2850 kilometers, is the world's most river flows through the Europe is a permanent population in the state of a tropical climate not only state, at the same time, frigid climate accounts for the area is not large also, so mild climate, precipitation distribution is Most of the maritime climate temperate, also have a Mediterranean climate, temperate continental climate, polar climate and mountain plateau climate and Among them the most typical temperate oceanic Remember to give points , thank U
Abstract: America’s history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and After that, American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long It was not until America’s independence, did Americans realized that they need national literature strongly, and American literature began to The Civil War was a watershed in the history, after which American literature entered a period of full Romantics, which emphasized individualism and intuition and Tnscendentalism represented by Emerson came out into This was an exciting period in the history of American Like the flowers of spring, there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same They have given depth and strength to American literature, and accelerated the forming of High R But due to the influence of Civil War, the American society was in a turbulent The writings about local life, critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were After The First World War, Americans were at a loss postwar, and the Modern American literature Keywords: National Literature, Romanism, Transcendentalism, Local Color, Realism, Modern literature 摘要： 从殖民地时期起，欧洲殖民者和清教徒翻开了美国文学史的第一页。 这往后很长一段时期， 美国文学一直都受到欧洲文化的很大 影响 。一直到美国独立后，美国人强烈地感觉到了民族文学的需要，美国的民族文学开始 发展 。 南北战争是美国文学史上一个分水岭， 战后美国文学进入了一个全盛时期，产生了强调个性主义和直觉的早期浪漫主义，和以爱默生为代表的超验主义文学。爱默生的 时代 是美国前所未有的文学变动时代，产生了一大批优秀的作家和作品。 他们突出地给予了当时美国文学以深度和力量，也促进了罗曼主义高潮的来临。但是由于战争的影响， 社会 动荡不安，这时的作品更注重于揭示社会的阴暗面， 同时美国的民族文学进一步发展，创作出许多带有本土色彩和批判现实主义的作品。 一战后，美国人陷入战后的茫然， 美国也开始进入了 现代 文学阶段。 关键词： 民族文学， 浪漫主义， 超验主义， 本土色彩， 现实主义， 现代文学 American is a multi-national Just like a big container, which put in various kinds of Different cultures, that can not only be co-existed but also form a sharp contrast, mixed together, It makes American literature style has a flavor of distinct and various aesthetic Many writers come from lower level, which makes American literature has the rich flavor of life and local Furthermore, many new styles of literature in the world are oriented in America since 20th The process of American literature can be divided into following main periods: Colony and Puritan literature; early national literature; latter national literature and Modern America’s history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and After that, American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long It was not until America’s independence, did Americans realize that they need national literature strongly, and American literature began to The Civil War was a watershed in the history, after which American literature entered a period of full Romantics, which emphasized individualism and intuition，and Tnscendentalism represented by Emerson came out into This was an exciting period in the history of American Like the flowers of spring, there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same They have given depth and strength to American literature, and accelerated the forming of High R But due to the influence if Civil War, the American society was in a turbulent The writings about local life, critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were After The First World War, Americans were at a loss postwar, and the Modern American literature Colonial and early American literature (1) Travelers and Explorers When the European explorers first came to this new continent, the native Indians who probably got here from Asia about fifteen thousand years ago were still in origin, and they even had no written language, “The traditional literature was originally transmitted almost entirely by word of mouth, and therefore belongs to the category of oral literature,” (Wu Dingbo, 1) As time past, more and more travelers and explorers swarmed They wrote a lot of diaries、letters, and travel accounts to describe the new land as second E No wander somebody said that the earliest American literature were the travel accounts written by European Among the most remained were Captain John Smith’s True Relation of Virginia (1608), and Description of New England (1616) Although most of the Indian history was preserved in tales and songs, they had thoughts about life and They loved the natural world around them deeply, and they believed that when a person was dead, he would give back what had borrowed while he was alive to This kind of philosophy had influenced later or even modern American It’s interesting that when we look at the literature of the Puritans, the Transcendentalists, the Naturalists, and even the Moderns, when we read Anne Bradstreet, Emily Dickinson, Stephen Crane, and Ernest Hemingway, we can find similar (2) Pilgrim settlements Several years later, another group of settlers also arrived in the New W This group was looking for the Jamestown However , because of bad navigation, they landed in M They were also coming to the New World with dreams of success, but their goal was different from the Jamestown They wanted to start a new world governed by the B They were called Puritans because they wanted to live a better life by making themselves They first arrived on the Mayflower and settled in P This is the group we are usually thinking about when we talk about the "first A"The clearest history of their journey to the New World can be found in History of Plymouth Plantation (1608) written by William Bradford, who was also one of the Mayflower The History of Plymouth Plantation is a Puritan book in the best “It’s loosely annalistic, but a direct and simple style gives charm, as a sincere faith in Puritanism gives purity, to the entire ” (W P Trent, 1997) The Puritans had several kinds of By far the most common form is the writing related to Biblical teachings, or sermons, that the church leaders The Puritans believed that they were in the New World because God had brought them there for a special They thought that by studying the Bible they could learn more about this way of So they were very strict to their life, and they didn’t allow any kind of entertainment even in That’s way Wu Dingbo said in his book “Literature of the New England Settlement is mainly a literary expression of the Puritan idealism” and “The literature of the colonial settlement served either God or colonial expansion or ” (Wu Dingbo, 4) Another important form of writing from this period is the These books, like Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation, are important because they tell us about life at the time of the P People also wrote many But a lot of works were hidden and lost because people often considered poetry to be an inferior form of writing and not totally acceptable to Puritan One of the most significant poets from this period was Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672) Her poems in Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up In America (1650) reflected the con concerns of women who came to settle in the colonies, and in all her poems, however, she shows her strong belief in G 18th century—the Age of reason (1) The Age of reason In the 18th century, people believed in man’s own nature and the power of human With Franklin as its spokesman, the 18th century America experienced an age of Words had never been so useful and so important in human People wrote a lot of political Numerous pamphlets and printings were These works agitated revolutionary people not only in America but also around the Among the most renowned was the work Common Sense (1776) of Thomas Paine (1737-1809) It’s the ringing call for the decoration of He also wrote Crisis (1774-1783) and The Age of Reason (1794-1796), according to Wu, “He thought that religion should be based on rational, reasonable ” (Wu Dingbo, 12) The pamphlets helped complete the debate that resulted in America's separation from E And of course for all the Americans, the most important document from this period was a single sheet of paper called The Declaration of Independence (1776), mainly written by Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin F Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790), the most distinguished person and giant in American history, he wrote and worked for American independence hardly and had made so many great efforts to America that he has been called "The First A" a world-renowned scientist, diplomat, philosopher, and He perfected the smooth, clear, short sentences of the Puritan plain His Autobiography encourages hard work and emphasizes the importance of Another work that is well known is Poor Richard's Almanack, and many of the sentences have become popular During this time writers thought that the truth should be relied on Bible, churchmen, authorities, or practice and (2) Early National Literature During the period of American Revolution War, American national literature came into Since before the war, American people have already had the awareness of national independence, so they wrote many political writings revolutionary The war helped the first important American prose writers and poets grow up both culturally and Furthermore, the independence of nation led to the independence of national From this moment on, American people began to understand of meaning of being a real ”American“ 放不下了，后面还有，在下面的网站里。满意拿分
建议参看路威教授的文明与野蛮开卷警语:文明是一袭百衲衣
1 十八、十九世纪奥斯曼帝国与欧洲文化交往研究 西北大学 2009 2 欧洲体育文化研究 北京体育大学 2006 3 论阿拉伯伊斯兰文化对欧洲文化的影响 上海外国语大学 2007 4 跨文化旅游视角下的赴藏区欧洲游客消费行为研究 西北师范大学 2009 5 欧洲一体化进程中的文化认同 上海师范大学 2009 6 欧洲一体化进程中政治文化因素的影响研究 西北大学 2010 7 跨文化视野下出境旅游行为研究 四川师范大学 2008 8 近现代文化艺术思潮影响下的欧洲城市景观艺术设计 江南大学 2007 9 浅析欧洲一体化进程中的欧洲文化认同 吉林大学 2008 10 论欧洲一体化进程中的政治文化认同 上海外国语大学 2007 ……东西农家，提供国内外论文、专利、电子图书检索服务。
修改好了。给分！
Abstract: America’s history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and After that, American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long It was not until America’s independence, did Americans realized that they need national literature strongly, and American literature began to The Civil War was a watershed in the history, after which American literature entered a period of full Romantics, which emphasized individualism and intuition and Tnscendentalism represented by Emerson came out into This was an exciting period in the history of American Like the flowers of spring, there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same They have given depth and strength to American literature, and accelerated the forming of High R But due to the influence of Civil War, the American society was in a turbulent The writings about local life, critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were After The First World War, Americans were at a loss postwar, and the Modern American literature Keywords: National Literature, Romanism, Transcendentalism, Local Color, Realism, Modern literature 摘要： 从殖民地时期起，欧洲殖民者和清教徒翻开了美国文学史的第一页。 这往后很长一段时期， 美国文学一直都受到欧洲文化的很大 影响 。一直到美国独立后，美国人强烈地感觉到了民族文学的需要，美国的民族文学开始 发展 。 南北战争是美国文学史上一个分水岭， 战后美国文学进入了一个全盛时期，产生了强调个性主义和直觉的早期浪漫主义，和以爱默生为代表的超验主义文学。爱默生的 时代 是美国前所未有的文学变动时代，产生了一大批优秀的作家和作品。 他们突出地给予了当时美国文学以深度和力量，也促进了罗曼主义高潮的来临。但是由于战争的影响， 社会 动荡不安，这时的作品更注重于揭示社会的阴暗面， 同时美国的民族文学进一步发展，创作出许多带有本土色彩和批判现实主义的作品。 一战后，美国人陷入战后的茫然， 美国也开始进入了 现代 文学阶段。 关键词： 民族文学， 浪漫主义， 超验主义， 本土色彩， 现实主义， 现代文学 American is a multi-national Just like a big container, which put in various kinds of Different cultures, that can not only be co-existed but also form a sharp contrast, mixed together, It makes American literature style has a flavor of distinct and various aesthetic Many writers come from lower level, which makes American literature has the rich flavor of life and local Furthermore, many new styles of literature in the world are oriented in America since 20th The process of American literature can be divided into following main periods: Colony and Puritan literature; early national literature; latter national literature and Modern America’s history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and After that, American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long It was not until America’s independence, did Americans realize that they need national literature strongly, and American literature began to The Civil War was a watershed in the history, after which American literature entered a period of full Romantics, which emphasized individualism and intuition，and Tnscendentalism represented by Emerson came out into This was an exciting period in the history of American Like the flowers of spring, there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same They have given depth and strength to American literature, and accelerated the forming of High R But due to the influence if Civil War, the American society was in a turbulent The writings about local life, critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were After The First World War, Americans were at a loss postwar, and the Modern American literature Colonial and early American literature (1) Travelers and Explorers When the European explorers first came to this new continent, the native Indians who probably got here from Asia about fifteen thousand years ago were still in origin, and they even had no written language, “The traditional literature was originally transmitted almost entirely by word of mouth, and therefore belongs to the category of oral literature,” (Wu Dingbo, 1) As time past, more and more travelers and explorers swarmed They wrote a lot of diaries、letters, and travel accounts to describe the new land as second E No wander somebody said that the earliest American literature were the travel accounts written by European Among the most remained were Captain John Smith’s True Relation of Virginia (1608), and Description of New England (1616) Although most of the Indian history was preserved in tales and songs, they had thoughts about life and They loved the natural world around them deeply, and they believed that when a person was dead, he would give back what had borrowed while he was alive to This kind of philosophy had influenced later or even modern American It’s interesting that when we look at the literature of the Puritans, the Transcendentalists, the Naturalists, and even the Moderns, when we read Anne Bradstreet, Emily Dickinson, Stephen Crane, and Ernest Hemingway, we can find similar (2) Pilgrim settlements Several years later, another group of settlers also arrived in the New W This group was looking for the Jamestown However , because of bad navigation, they landed in M They were also coming to the New World with dreams of success, but their goal was different from the Jamestown They wanted to start a new world governed by the B They were called Puritans because they wanted to live a better life by making themselves They first arrived on the Mayflower and settled in P This is the group we are usually thinking about when we talk about the "first A"The clearest history of their journey to the New World can be found in History of Plymouth Plantation (1608) written by William Bradford, who was also one of the Mayflower The History of Plymouth Plantation is a Puritan book in the best “It’s loosely annalistic, but a direct and simple style gives charm, as a sincere faith in Puritanism gives purity, to the entire ” (W P Trent, 1997) The Puritans had several kinds of By far the most common form is the writing related to Biblical teachings, or sermons, that the church leaders The Puritans believed that they were in the New World because God had brought them there for a special They thought that by studying the Bible they could learn more about this way of So they were very strict to their life, and they didn’t allow any kind of entertainment even in That’s way Wu Dingbo said in his book “Literature of the New England Settlement is mainly a literary expression of the Puritan idealism” and “The literature of the colonial settlement served either God or colonial expansion or ” (Wu Dingbo, 4) Another important form of writing from this period is the These books, like Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation, are important because they tell us about life at the time of the P People also wrote many But a lot of works were hidden and lost because people often considered poetry to be an inferior form of writing and not totally acceptable to Puritan One of the most significant poets from this period was Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672) Her poems in Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up In America (1650) reflected the con concerns of women who came to settle in the colonies, and in all her poems, however, she shows her strong belief in G 18th century—the Age of reason (1) The Age of reason In the 18th century, people believed in man’s own nature and the power of human With Franklin as its spokesman, the 18th century America experienced an age of Words had never been so useful and so important in human People wrote a lot of political Numerous pamphlets and printings were These works agitated revolutionary people not only in America but also around the Among the most renowned was the work Common Sense (1776) of Thomas Paine (1737-1809) It’s the ringing call for the decoration of He also wrote Crisis (1774-1783) and The Age of Reason (1794-1796), according to Wu, “He thought that religion should be based on rational, reasonable ” (Wu Dingbo, 12) The pamphlets helped complete the debate that resulted in America's separation from E And of course for all the Americans, the most important document from this period was a single sheet of paper called The Declaration of Independence (1776), mainly written by Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin F Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790), the most distinguished person and giant in American history, he wrote and worked for American independence hardly and had made so many great efforts to America that he has been called "The First A" a world-renowned scientist, diplomat, philosopher, and He perfected the smooth, clear, short sentences of the Puritan plain His Autobiography encourages hard work and emphasizes the importance of Another work that is well known is Poor Richard's Almanack, and many of the sentences have become popular During this time writers thought that the truth should be relied on Bible, churchmen, authorities, or practice and (2) Early National Literature During the period of American Revolution War, American national literature came into Since before the war, American people have already had the awareness of national independence, so they wrote many political writings revolutionary The war helped the first important American prose writers and poets grow up both culturally and Furthermore, the independence of nation led to the independence of national From this moment on, American people began to understand of meaning of being a real ”American“ 放不下了，后面还有，在下面的网站里。满意拿分
我是外语学院的，我们经常搞这些，记得上铺写过这么一篇，给分吧，我晚上问问
我给你发了一篇，你看行不行
参考看看 钱钟书的牛津大学的毕业论文 貌似关于欧洲眼中的中国文化
你就写这三个人：贝多芬，肖邦，李斯特，网上一拉就行而且这三个大师很有名气的。
《大地之歌》，取自马勒同名交响乐
已发送，查收
Abstract: America’s history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and After that, American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long It was not until America’s independence, did Americans realized that they need national literature strongly, and American literature began to The Civil War was a watershed in the history, after which American literature entered a period of full Romantics, which emphasized individualism and intuition and Tnscendentalism represented by Emerson came out into This was an exciting period in the history of American Like the flowers of spring, there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same They have given depth and strength to American literature, and accelerated the forming of High R But due to the influence of Civil War, the American society was in a turbulent The writings about local life, critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were After The First World War, Americans were at a loss postwar, and the Modern American literature Keywords: National Literature, Romanism, Transcendentalism, Local Color, Realism, Modern literature 摘要： 从殖民地时期起，欧洲殖民者和清教徒翻开了美国文学史的第一页。 这往后很长一段时期， 美国文学一直都受到欧洲文化的很大 影响 。一直到美国独立后，美国人强烈地感觉到了民族文学的需要，美国的民族文学开始 发展 。 南北战争是美国文学史上一个分水岭， 战后美国文学进入了一个全盛时期，产生了强调个性主义和直觉的早期浪漫主义，和以爱默生为代表的超验主义文学。爱默生的 时代 是美国前所未有的文学变动时代，产生了一大批优秀的作家和作品。 他们突出地给予了当时美国文学以深度和力量，也促进了罗曼主义高潮的来临。但是由于战争的影响， 社会 动荡不安，这时的作品更注重于揭示社会的阴暗面， 同时美国的民族文学进一步发展，创作出许多带有本土色彩和批判现实主义的作品。 一战后，美国人陷入战后的茫然， 美国也开始进入了 现代 文学阶段。 关键词： 民族文学， 浪漫主义， 超验主义， 本土色彩， 现实主义， 现代文学 American is a multi-national Just like a big container, which put in various kinds of Different cultures, that can not only be co-existed but also form a sharp contrast, mixed together, It makes American literature style has a flavor of distinct and various aesthetic Many writers come from lower level, which makes American literature has the rich flavor of life and local Furthermore, many new styles of literature in the world are oriented in America since 20th The process of American literature can be divided into following main periods: Colony and Puritan literature; early national literature; latter national literature and Modern America’s history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and After that, American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long It was not until America’s independence, did Americans realize that they need national literature strongly, and American literature began to The Civil War was a watershed in the history, after which American literature entered a period of full Romantics, which emphasized individualism and intuition，and Tnscendentalism represented by Emerson came out into This was an exciting period in the history of American Like the flowers of spring, there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same They have given depth and strength to American literature, and accelerated the forming of High R But due to the influence if Civil War, the American society was in a turbulent The writings about local life, critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were After The First World War, Americans were at a loss postwar, and the Modern American literature Colonial and early American literature (1) Travelers and Explorers When the European explorers first came to this new continent, the native Indians who probably got here from Asia about fifteen thousand years ago were still in origin, and they even had no written language, “The traditional literature was originally transmitted almost entirely by word of mouth, and therefore belongs to the category of oral literature,” (Wu Dingbo, 1) As time past, more and more travelers and explorers swarmed They wrote a lot of diaries、letters, and travel accounts to describe the new land as second E No wander somebody said that the earliest American literature were the travel accounts written by European Among the most remained were Captain John Smith’s True Relation of Virginia (1608), and Description of New England (1616) Although most of the Indian history was preserved in tales and songs, they had thoughts about life and They loved the natural world around them deeply, and they believed that when a person was dead, he would give back what had borrowed while he was alive to This kind of philosophy had influenced later or even modern American It’s interesting that when we look at the literature of the Puritans, the Transcendentalists, the Naturalists, and even the Moderns, when we read Anne Bradstreet, Emily Dickinson, Stephen Crane, and Ernest Hemingway, we can find similar (2) Pilgrim settlements Several years later, another group of settlers also arrived in the New W This group was looking for the Jamestown However , because of bad navigation, they landed in M They were also coming to the New World with dreams of success, but their goal was different from the Jamestown They wanted to start a new world governed by the B They were called Puritans because they wanted to live a better life by making themselves They first arrived on the Mayflower and settled in P This is the group we are usually thinking about when we talk about the "first A"The clearest history of their journey to the New World can be found in History of Plymouth Plantation (1608) written by William Bradford, who was also one of the Mayflower The History of Plymouth Plantation is a Puritan book in the best “It’s loosely annalistic, but a direct and simple style gives charm, as a sincere faith in Puritanism gives purity, to the entire ” (W P Trent, 1997) The Puritans had several kinds of By far the most common form is the writing related to Biblical teachings, or sermons, that the church leaders The Puritans believed that they were in the New World because God had brought them there for a special They thought that by studying the Bible they could learn more about this way of So they were very strict to their life, and they didn’t allow any kind of entertainment even in That’s way Wu Dingbo said in his book “Literature of the New England Settlement is mainly a literary expression of the Puritan idealism” and “The literature of the colonial settlement served either God or colonial expansion or ” (Wu Dingbo, 4) Another important form of writing from this period is the These books, like Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation, are important because they tell us about life at the time of the P People also wrote many But a lot of works were hidden and lost because people often considered poetry to be an inferior form of writing and not totally acceptable to Puritan One of the most significant poets from this period was Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672) Her poems in Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up In America (1650) reflected the con concerns of women who came to settle in the colonies, and in all her poems, however, she shows her strong belief in G 18th century—the Age of reason (1) The Age of reason In the 18th century, people believed in man’s own nature and the power of human With Franklin as its spokesman, the 18th century America experienced an age of Words had never been so useful and so important in human People wrote a lot of political Numerous pamphlets and printings were These works agitated revolutionary people not only in America but also around the Among the most renowned was the work Common Sense (1776) of Thomas Paine (1737-1809) It’s the ringing call for the decoration of He also wrote Crisis (1774-1783) and The Age of Reason (1794-1796), according to Wu, “He thought that religion should be based on rational, reasonable ” (Wu Dingbo, 12) The pamphlets helped complete the debate that resulted in America's separation from E And of course for all the Americans, the most important document from this period was a single sheet of paper called The Declaration of Independence (1776), mainly written by Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin F Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790), the most distinguished person and giant in American history, he wrote and worked for American independence hardly and had made so many great efforts to America that he has been called "The First A" a world-renowned scientist, diplomat, philosopher, and He perfected the smooth, clear, short sentences of the Puritan plain His Autobiography encourages hard work and emphasizes the importance of Another work that is well known is Poor Richard's Almanack, and many of the sentences have become popular During this time writers thought that the truth should be relied on Bible, churchmen, authorities, or practice and (2) Early National Literature During the period of American Revolution War, American national literature came into Since before the war, American people have already had the awareness of national independence, so they wrote many political writings revolutionary The war helped the first important American prose writers and poets grow up both culturally and Furthermore, the independence of nation led to the independence of national From this moment on, American people began to understand of meaning of being a real ”American“ 放不下了，后面还有，在下面的网站里。满意拿分