求翻译一篇英文化学文献Quantifying the Cluster of Differentiation 4 Receptor Density on Human T Lymphocytes Using Multiple Reaction Monitoring Mass Spectrometry 多反应监测质量光谱法应用于人类T淋巴细胞量化分化抗原簇4受体密度 ABSTRACT: Cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) is an important glycoprotein containing four extracellular domains, a transmembrane portion and a short intracellular It locates on the surface of various types of immune cells and performs a critical role in multiple cellular functions such as signal amplification and activation of T It is well-known as a clinical cell surface protein marker for study of HIV progression and for defining the T helper cell population in immunological Moreover, CD4 protein has been used as a biological calibrator for quantification of other surface and intracellular However, flow cytometry, the conventional method of quantification of the CD4 density on the T cell surface depends on antibodies and has suffered from variables such as antibody clones, the fluorophore and conjugation chemistries, the fixation conditions, and the flow cytometric quantification methods In this study, we report the development of a highly reproducible nano liquid chromatography−multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry-based quantitative method to quantify the CD4 receptor density in units of copy number per cell on human CD4+ T The method utilizes stable isotope-labeled full-length standard CD4 as an internal standard to measure endogenous CD4 directly, without the use of The development of the mass spectrometry-based approach of CD4 protein quantification is important as a complementary strategy to validate the analysis from the cytometry-based conventional It also provides new support for quantitative understanding and advanced characterization of CD4 on CD4+ T 摘要：集群分化4(CD4)是一种重要的糖蛋白，它包含四个胞外区域,横跨膜的部分和短的细胞内尾巴。它位于各种类型免疫细胞的表面，在多种细胞功能中扮演重要角色，像细胞信号放大和激活的T细胞。众所周知的是作为研究艾滋病病程的临床细胞表面蛋白标记和在免疫学应用程序中定义辅助T细胞数量。除此之外，CD4细胞蛋白质也已被用作其他表面和胞内蛋白量化的生物校准器。但是，流式细胞，传统量化CD4 T细胞表面密度的方法取决于抗体和并且会受到像抗体克隆、荧光团和结合化学、固定条件以及以前流式细胞定量方法等变量带来的改变。在这项研究中，我们报道一种人类CD4 + T细胞中量化CD4受体密度在每个细胞的拷贝数的高度可再生的纳米液相色谱 - 多反应监测质谱为基础的定量方法的发展。该方法利用稳定同位素标记的全长标准CD4作为内部标准来直接衡量内源性CD4，而不需要使用抗体。 以CD4质谱为基础的蛋白定量方法的发展，作为一个重要的补充战略来验证分析以流式细胞仪为基础的传统方法。它还提供了定量的理解和CD4在CD4 + T细胞上高级鉴定的新支持。 Cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) is a glycoprotein that locates on the surface of immune cells such as T helper cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic As a coreceptor, CD4 amplifies the signal generated by the T cell receptor, which is essential for activation of many molecules involved in the signaling cascade of an activated T In human T lymphocytes, CD4 receptor protein is encoded by the CD4 gene1and has four distinct extracellular domains (D1 to D4), a transmembrane portion, and a short intracellular 2The use of antihuman CD4 monoclonal antibodies generated against the four extracellular domains has been widely used to define T helper cells in Although the number of CD4+ T cells decreases in the progression of HIV-1 viral infection deriving from the gp120 viral protein binding to the CD4 receptor, Poncelet et reported that the surface CD4 density still remained constant on T helper cells of HIV-1 infected 3Since then, multiyear research has supported the theory that CD4 expression/density can be used as a biological calibrator for quantification of other surface and intracellular 4 分化4 （ CD4）的集群是一种糖蛋白，位于免疫细胞如T辅助细胞，单核细胞，巨噬细胞和树突状细胞的表面。作为一个辅助受体，CD4放大由T细胞受体产生的信号，它对很多分子的活化作用很重要包括信号级联激活T细胞。人类T淋巴细胞， CD4的受体蛋白质是由编码CD4 基因并且有四个不同的胞外结构域（D1到D4） ，跨膜部分和短的胞内尾巴。利用抗人CD4单克隆抗体在4各细胞外结构域的繁殖，已被广泛地被用于在免疫表型上定义辅助性T细胞。尽管CD4 + T细胞的数目在HIV -1病毒感染中减少，HIV -1病毒感染来源于病毒的gp120蛋白结合到CD4受体，蓬斯莱等。报告说，表面CD4的密度在艾滋病毒感染者的T辅助细胞上仍保持不变。从此以后，多年的研究支持了CD4表达/密度可用作生物校准器用于其它表面和细胞内蛋白质量化的这一理论。 Quantitative multicolor flow cytometry incorporating anti- bodies and a fluorescence detection method has played a critical role in clinical diagnostics and Though the ultimate objective of quantitative flow cytometry is to measure the number of antigens or ligand binding sites associated with a cell, the task is carried out by measuring the number of antibodies bound per cell (ABC) It is critically important to produce biological cell reference materials that bear well-characterized protein markers such as CD4 for the trans-formation of a calibrated linear fluorescence intensity scale of a flow cytometer channel to a biologically meaningful ABC 7The quality of the cytometric measurements is affected by variables such as antibody clones, the fluorophore and conjugation chemistries, the fixation conditions, and the flow cytometric quantification methods 4,8−11Hence, in addition to characterizing candidate reference cell preparations that use antibody-based cytometric methods,12it is necessary to develop a complementary approach to validate the absolute quantification of reference marker proteins such as CD4 without the use of 定量多色流式细胞结合体和荧光检测方法在临床诊断和免疫治疗中起到了至关重要的作用。虽然定量流式细胞仪最终目标是测量抗原或与细胞结合配体结合位点的数目，该任务的完成是通过测量每个细胞（ ABC）抗体结合的数目。这对于
有效的销售车辆 当一位抵押银行家将发现革新和可信的方法岁月把重要的概念对Over讲清的你的这把钥匙， Seroka & 同事有效使用多种销售车辆帮助抵押交织有机金属 结构关于一定期 最小表面有 特别大的毛孔 Banglin陈，1 M Eddaoudi，1 S T海德，2 M O '基夫，3 O M Yaghi1 * Interpenetration(catenation)早就被在稳定和多孔的晶体结构的成就方面认为为一种主要的妨碍。 非常多孔和结构上稳定的网络的设计的一个策略利用metalorganic 可以被在一个三重定期的最小P的几何学表面上装配产生是准确认为交织的更贯通的结构的组成部分。 我们使用4，49，40苯1，3，5 triyl-tribenzoic酸(H3BTB)， 铜(II)硝酸盐， 以及N， 准备Cu3(BTB)2(H2O)3z的N9-dimethylformamide(DMF)(DMF)9(H2O)2(MOF-14)， 其结构显示被相互加强的一对交织的有机金属的结构。 那些结构包含非常大毛孔，4埃在内直径，在方面哪个大量 气体和有机溶剂的数量可能可逆是sorbed。 连锁，或者catenation，在分子上 水平已经捕获科学家的想象 因为为建造的它的潜能 复杂的生物学和合成组件。 很多有机的(1，2)和DNA(3，4)catenanes 由于连结的macrocyclic 分子现在已经被描述。 第一个例子 连结的蛋白质中，戒指最近被报告 在HK97噬菌体的capsid里； 在这里 材料，72枚戒指被连锁形成A 用一种被比作"链子的方式关闭表面 邮件"(5)。 有贯通的定期结构 网(1，6)也catenated在方面 一张网的连接通过的感觉 另一个的戒指，反之亦然。 这 结构的特征被广泛地相信有A 对尺寸和可接近的负的影响 在多微孔的材料(7)里的毛孔。 这里， 我们鉴定一类型净价在哪个顶点 落在上一定期最小表面，和为 interpenetration更恰当的 考虑交织，以便结构 形成一个无限的定期锁子甲。 作为A 这个设计原则的样品，我们描述 综合，结构和sorption 一种多孔的有机金属的结构的特性 (MOF)有任何的最大的毛孔 这样的一种化合物的稳定的事件报告 到目前为止
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求翻译一篇英文化学文献Quantifying the Cluster of Differentiation 4 Receptor Density on Human T Lymphocytes Using Multiple Reaction Monitoring Mass Spectrometry 多反应监测质量光谱法应用于人类T淋巴细胞量化分化抗原簇4受体密度 ABSTRACT: Cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) is an important glycoprotein containing four extracellular domains, a transmembrane portion and a short intracellular It locates on the surface of various types of immune cells and performs a critical role in multiple cellular functions such as signal amplification and activation of T It is well-known as a clinical cell surface protein marker for study of HIV progression and for defining the T helper cell population in immunological Moreover, CD4 protein has been used as a biological calibrator for quantification of other surface and intracellular However, flow cytometry, the conventional method of quantification of the CD4 density on the T cell surface depends on antibodies and has suffered from variables such as antibody clones, the fluorophore and conjugation chemistries, the fixation conditions, and the flow cytometric quantification methods In this study, we report the development of a highly reproducible nano liquid chromatography−multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry-based quantitative method to quantify the CD4 receptor density in units of copy number per cell on human CD4+ T The method utilizes stable isotope-labeled full-length standard CD4 as an internal standard to measure endogenous CD4 directly, without the use of The development of the mass spectrometry-based approach of CD4 protein quantification is important as a complementary strategy to validate the analysis from the cytometry-based conventional It also provides new support for quantitative understanding and advanced characterization of CD4 on CD4+ T 摘要：集群分化4(CD4)是一种重要的糖蛋白，它包含四个胞外区域,横跨膜的部分和短的细胞内尾巴。它位于各种类型免疫细胞的表面，在多种细胞功能中扮演重要角色，像细胞信号放大和激活的T细胞。众所周知的是作为研究艾滋病病程的临床细胞表面蛋白标记和在免疫学应用程序中定义辅助T细胞数量。除此之外，CD4细胞蛋白质也已被用作其他表面和胞内蛋白量化的生物校准器。但是，流式细胞，传统量化CD4 T细胞表面密度的方法取决于抗体和并且会受到像抗体克隆、荧光团和结合化学、固定条件以及以前流式细胞定量方法等变量带来的改变。在这项研究中，我们报道一种人类CD4 + T细胞中量化CD4受体密度在每个细胞的拷贝数的高度可再生的纳米液相色谱 - 多反应监测质谱为基础的定量方法的发展。该方法利用稳定同位素标记的全长标准CD4作为内部标准来直接衡量内源性CD4，而不需要使用抗体。 以CD4质谱为基础的蛋白定量方法的发展，作为一个重要的补充战略来验证分析以流式细胞仪为基础的传统方法。它还提供了定量的理解和CD4在CD4 + T细胞上高级鉴定的新支持。 Cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) is a glycoprotein that locates on the surface of immune cells such as T helper cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic As a coreceptor, CD4 amplifies the signal generated by the T cell receptor, which is essential for activation of many molecules involved in the signaling cascade of an activated T In human T lymphocytes, CD4 receptor protein is encoded by the CD4 gene1and has four distinct extracellular domains (D1 to D4), a transmembrane portion, and a short intracellular 2The use of antihuman CD4 monoclonal antibodies generated against the four extracellular domains has been widely used to define T helper cells in Although the number of CD4+ T cells decreases in the progression of HIV-1 viral infection deriving from the gp120 viral protein binding to the CD4 receptor, Poncelet et reported that the surface CD4 density still remained constant on T helper cells of HIV-1 infected 3Since then, multiyear research has supported the theory that CD4 expression/density can be used as a biological calibrator for quantification of other surface and intracellular 4 分化4 （ CD4）的集群是一种糖蛋白，位于免疫细胞如T辅助细胞，单核细胞，巨噬细胞和树突状细胞的表面。作为一个辅助受体，CD4放大由T细胞受体产生的信号，它对很多分子的活化作用很重要包括信号级联激活T细胞。人类T淋巴细胞， CD4的受体蛋白质是由编码CD4 基因并且有四个不同的胞外结构域（D1到D4） ，跨膜部分和短的胞内尾巴。利用抗人CD4单克隆抗体在4各细胞外结构域的繁殖，已被广泛地被用于在免疫表型上定义辅助性T细胞。尽管CD4 + T细胞的数目在HIV -1病毒感染中减少，HIV -1病毒感染来源于病毒的gp120蛋白结合到CD4受体，蓬斯莱等。报告说，表面CD4的密度在艾滋病毒感染者的T辅助细胞上仍保持不变。从此以后，多年的研究支持了CD4表达/密度可用作生物校准器用于其它表面和细胞内蛋白质量化的这一理论。 Quantitative multicolor flow cytometry incorporating anti- bodies and a fluorescence detection method has played a critical role in clinical diagnostics and Though the ultimate objective of quantitative flow cytometry is to measure the number of antigens or ligand binding sites associated with a cell, the task is carried out by measuring the number of antibodies bound per cell (ABC) It is critically important to produce biological cell reference materials that bear well-characterized protein markers such as CD4 for the trans-formation of a calibrated linear fluorescence intensity scale of a flow cytometer channel to a biologically meaningful ABC 7The quality of the cytometric measurements is affected by variables such as antibody clones, the fluorophore and conjugation chemistries, the fixation conditions, and the flow cytometric quantification methods 4,8−11Hence, in addition to characterizing candidate reference cell preparations that use antibody-based cytometric methods,12it is necessary to develop a complementary approach to validate the absolute quantification of reference marker proteins such as CD4 without the use of 定量多色流式细胞结合体和荧光检测方法在临床诊断和免疫治疗中起到了至关重要的作用。虽然定量流式细胞仪最终目标是测量抗原或与细胞结合配体结合位点的数目，该任务的完成是通过测量每个细胞（ ABC）抗体结合的数目。这对于
有效的销售车辆 当一位抵押银行家将发现革新和可信的方法岁月把重要的概念对Over讲清的你的这把钥匙， Seroka & 同事有效使用多种销售车辆帮助抵押交织有机金属 结构关于一定期 最小表面有 特别大的毛孔 Banglin陈，1 M Eddaoudi，1 S T海德，2 M O '基夫，3 O M Yaghi1 * Interpenetration(catenation)早就被在稳定和多孔的晶体结构的成就方面认为为一种主要的妨碍。 非常多孔和结构上稳定的网络的设计的一个策略利用metalorganic 可以被在一个三重定期的最小P的几何学表面上装配产生是准确认为交织的更贯通的结构的组成部分。 我们使用4，49，40苯1，3，5 triyl-tribenzoic酸(H3BTB)， 铜(II)硝酸盐， 以及N， 准备Cu3(BTB)2(H2O)3z的N9-dimethylformamide(DMF)(DMF)9(H2O)2(MOF-14)， 其结构显示被相互加强的一对交织的有机金属的结构。 那些结构包含非常大毛孔，4埃在内直径，在方面哪个大量 气体和有机溶剂的数量可能可逆是sorbed。 连锁，或者catenation，在分子上 水平已经捕获科学家的想象 因为为建造的它的潜能 复杂的生物学和合成组件。 很多有机的(1，2)和DNA(3，4)catenanes 由于连结的macrocyclic 分子现在已经被描述。 第一个例子 连结的蛋白质中，戒指最近被报告 在HK97噬菌体的capsid里； 在这里 材料，72枚戒指被连锁形成A 用一种被比作"链子的方式关闭表面 邮件"(5)。 有贯通的定期结构 网(1，6)也catenated在方面 一张网的连接通过的感觉 另一个的戒指，反之亦然。 这 结构的特征被广泛地相信有A 对尺寸和可接近的负的影响 在多微孔的材料(7)里的毛孔。 这里， 我们鉴定一类型净价在哪个顶点 落在上一定期最小表面，和为 interpenetration更恰当的 考虑交织，以便结构 形成一个无限的定期锁子甲。 作为A 这个设计原则的样品，我们描述 综合，结构和sorption 一种多孔的有机金属的结构的特性 (MOF)有任何的最大的毛孔 这样的一种化合物的稳定的事件报告 到目前为止
1。溶胶凝胶（SG）的方法L05Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2阴极材料的方法合成了柠檬酸溶胶凝胶[下列方式31]研究。李（醋酸）•2H2O的，锰（醋酸）2•4H2O的化学计量的数额，镍（醋酸）2•4H2O的，和Co（醋酸）2•4H2Owere溶解于蒸馏水。柠檬酸作为螯合剂。溶液的pH值调整为0氢氧化铵。解决的办法是在70-80◦C的加热，直到得到一个透明溶胶。由此产生的干凝胶前驱体在120◦C的空气中4小时和8小时后与分解为450◦C以除去水中的有机物含量。被分解的粉末球磨（斯佩克斯阿8000混合机/米尔）为2小时不锈钢球，在850◦C的空气中烧结12小时地面加热和冷却的粉率分别为4◦◦C和最小煤粉浓度2 - 1，分别。2。共沉淀（CP）方法L05Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2阴极材料采用共沉淀法从镍钴氢氧化物前驱体法合成Mnmixed [17,24]。易制毒化学（Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3）（OH）2的制备化学计量比溶解的镍量（醋酸）2•4H2O的，钴（醋酸）2•4H2O的和Mn（CH3COO）2•4H2O的蒸馏水中（阳离子比镍：公司：锰= 1:1:1）和金属醋酸盐的总浓度为2mol L - 1的。在水溶液中，加入氢氧化锂（1米）/氨水（3M公司）随着继续搅拌沉淀。解决的办法是保持在50◦C和24小时的pH值控制在10-11。绿色褐色混合氢氧化物沉淀。经过滤，洗涤，干燥的氢氧化precipitatewas C的24小时，在120◦清除吸附的水。然后，得到的前驱体与LiOH的需要混合使用量球磨机（斯佩克斯阿8000混合机/米尔）和粉末压成颗粒。最初的颗粒加热到400◦C的6小时，然后在空气中磨光。微丸被翻拍，随后在900◦在空气中12 h的amuffle C烧结炉。加热速度最小煤粉浓度固定为4◦- 1和降温的速度是固定最小煤粉浓度为2◦- 1
求翻译一篇英文化学文献Quantifying the Cluster of Differentiation 4 Receptor Density on Human T Lymphocytes Using Multiple Reaction Monitoring Mass Spectrometry 多反应监测质量光谱法应用于人类T淋巴细胞量化分化抗原簇4受体密度 ABSTRACT: Cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) is an important glycoprotein containing four extracellular domains, a transmembrane portion and a short intracellular It locates on the surface of various types of immune cells and performs a critical role in multiple cellular functions such as signal amplification and activation of T It is well-known as a clinical cell surface protein marker for study of HIV progression and for defining the T helper cell population in immunological Moreover, CD4 protein has been used as a biological calibrator for quantification of other surface and intracellular However, flow cytometry, the conventional method of quantification of the CD4 density on the T cell surface depends on antibodies and has suffered from variables such as antibody clones, the fluorophore and conjugation chemistries, the fixation conditions, and the flow cytometric quantification methods In this study, we report the development of a highly reproducible nano liquid chromatography−multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry-based quantitative method to quantify the CD4 receptor density in units of copy number per cell on human CD4+ T The method utilizes stable isotope-labeled full-length standard CD4 as an internal standard to measure endogenous CD4 directly, without the use of The development of the mass spectrometry-based approach of CD4 protein quantification is important as a complementary strategy to validate the analysis from the cytometry-based conventional It also provides new support for quantitative understanding and advanced characterization of CD4 on CD4+ T 摘要：集群分化4(CD4)是一种重要的糖蛋白，它包含四个胞外区域,横跨膜的部分和短的细胞内尾巴。它位于各种类型免疫细胞的表面，在多种细胞功能中扮演重要角色，像细胞信号放大和激活的T细胞。众所周知的是作为研究艾滋病病程的临床细胞表面蛋白标记和在免疫学应用程序中定义辅助T细胞数量。除此之外，CD4细胞蛋白质也已被用作其他表面和胞内蛋白量化的生物校准器。但是，流式细胞，传统量化CD4 T细胞表面密度的方法取决于抗体和并且会受到像抗体克隆、荧光团和结合化学、固定条件以及以前流式细胞定量方法等变量带来的改变。在这项研究中，我们报道一种人类CD4 + T细胞中量化CD4受体密度在每个细胞的拷贝数的高度可再生的纳米液相色谱 - 多反应监测质谱为基础的定量方法的发展。该方法利用稳定同位素标记的全长标准CD4作为内部标准来直接衡量内源性CD4，而不需要使用抗体。 以CD4质谱为基础的蛋白定量方法的发展，作为一个重要的补充战略来验证分析以流式细胞仪为基础的传统方法。它还提供了定量的理解和CD4在CD4 + T细胞上高级鉴定的新支持。 Cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) is a glycoprotein that locates on the surface of immune cells such as T helper cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic As a coreceptor, CD4 amplifies the signal generated by the T cell receptor, which is essential for activation of many molecules involved in the signaling cascade of an activated T In human T lymphocytes, CD4 receptor protein is encoded by the CD4 gene1and has four distinct extracellular domains (D1 to D4), a transmembrane portion, and a short intracellular 2The use of antihuman CD4 monoclonal antibodies generated against the four extracellular domains has been widely used to define T helper cells in Although the number of CD4+ T cells decreases in the progression of HIV-1 viral infection deriving from the gp120 viral protein binding to the CD4 receptor, Poncelet et reported that the surface CD4 density still remained constant on T helper cells of HIV-1 infected 3Since then, multiyear research has supported the theory that CD4 expression/density can be used as a biological calibrator for quantification of other surface and intracellular 4 分化4 （ CD4）的集群是一种糖蛋白，位于免疫细胞如T辅助细胞，单核细胞，巨噬细胞和树突状细胞的表面。作为一个辅助受体，CD4放大由T细胞受体产生的信号，它对很多分子的活化作用很重要包括信号级联激活T细胞。人类T淋巴细胞， CD4的受体蛋白质是由编码CD4 基因并且有四个不同的胞外结构域（D1到D4） ，跨膜部分和短的胞内尾巴。利用抗人CD4单克隆抗体在4各细胞外结构域的繁殖，已被广泛地被用于在免疫表型上定义辅助性T细胞。尽管CD4 + T细胞的数目在HIV -1病毒感染中减少，HIV -1病毒感染来源于病毒的gp120蛋白结合到CD4受体，蓬斯莱等。报告说，表面CD4的密度在艾滋病毒感染者的T辅助细胞上仍保持不变。从此以后，多年的研究支持了CD4表达/密度可用作生物校准器用于其它表面和细胞内蛋白质量化的这一理论。 Quantitative multicolor flow cytometry incorporating anti- bodies and a fluorescence detection method has played a critical role in clinical diagnostics and Though the ultimate objective of quantitative flow cytometry is to measure the number of antigens or ligand binding sites associated with a cell, the task is carried out by measuring the number of antibodies bound per cell (ABC) It is critically important to produce biological cell reference materials that bear well-characterized protein markers such as CD4 for the trans-formation of a calibrated linear fluorescence intensity scale of a flow cytometer channel to a biologically meaningful ABC 7The quality of the cytometric measurements is affected by variables such as antibody clones, the fluorophore and conjugation chemistries, the fixation conditions, and the flow cytometric quantification methods 4,8−11Hence, in addition to characterizing candidate reference cell preparations that use antibody-based cytometric methods,12it is necessary to develop a complementary approach to validate the absolute quantification of reference marker proteins such as CD4 without the use of 定量多色流式细胞结合体和荧光检测方法在临床诊断和免疫治疗中起到了至关重要的作用。虽然定量流式细胞仪最终目标是测量抗原或与细胞结合配体结合位点的数目，该任务的完成是通过测量每个细胞（ ABC）抗体结合的数目。这对于
Nucleic acids and proteins such biological molecules life is the material base, the origin of life key lies in the origin of these life substances, the original in no life on the earth because of natural causes, and through inanimate matter produce various chemical action, organic matter and biological Therefore, the origin of life problem is first primitive of the origin and early evolution of organic The role of chemical evolution is a kind of chemical materials, these chemical material composition amino acids, sugar etc universal "structural unit", nucleic acids and proteins such life from this knot "material is the combination of structural element" In 1922, biochemists Mr Bahrain's first proposed can be used to verify that the hypothesis, the original earth in some of the inorganic, from lightning, sunlight, under the action of the energy into the first batch of organic After the 1953 after 31 years, American chemist miller's first test card in bahrain that He die like original earth with atmospheric composition, hydrogen, methane and ammonia and water vapor, through the heating and spark discharge, synthetic organic molecular amino Following the miller, many through simulation experiment of original earth And the other for the synthesis of the important biological organisms molecules, such as DNA and its set, adenine, deoxyribose nucleoside and nucleotide,, fatty acid, porphyrins and lipid, In 1965 and 1981, our country and in the world's first synthetic insulin and yeast alanine transfer RNA Protein and nucleic acid is formed by the turning point to a lifeless The above two kinds of biological molecules of synthetic success, started by artificial synthetic life substances to study the new era of the origin of Generally speaking, life chemical evolution process including four stages: small molecules generated from inorganic small organic molecules; Small organic molecules from formation organic macromolecular; From organic macromolecular composition can sustain itself the stability and development of many molecular system; Evolution of molecular system from more primitive 核酸和蛋白质等生物分子是生命的物质基础，生命的起源关键就在于这些生命物质的起源，即在没有生命的原始地球上，由于自然的原因，非生命物质通过化学作用，产生出多种有机物和生物分子。因此，生命起源问题首先是原始有机物的起源与早期演化。化学进化的作用是造就一类化学材料，这些化学材料构成氨基酸，糖等通用的“结构单元”，核酸和蛋白质等生命物质就来自这结“结构单元”的组合。 1922年，生物化学家奥巴林第一个提出了一种可以验证的假说，认为原始地球上的某些无机物，在来自闪电，太阳光的能量的作用下，变成了第一批有机分子。时隔31年之后的1953年，美国化学家米勒首次实验证了奥巴林的这一假说。他模似原始地球上的大气成分，用氢、甲烷、氨和水蒸气等，通过加热和火花放电，合成了有机分子氨基酸。继米勒之后，许多通过模拟原始地球条件的实验。又合成出了其他组成生命体的重要的生物分子，如嘌呤、嘧定、核糖、脱氧核糖、核苷、核苷酸、脂肪酸、卟啉和脂质等。1965年和1981年，我国又在世界上首次人工合成胰岛素和酵母丙氨酸转移核糖核酸。蛋白质和核酸的形成是由无生命到有生命的转折点。上述两种生物分子的人工合成成功，开始了通过人工合成生命物质去研究生命起源的新时代。一般说来，生命的化学进化过程包括四个阶段：从无机小分子生成有机小分子；从有机小分子形成有机大分子；从有机大分子组成能自我维持稳定和发展的多分子体系；从多分子体系演变为原始生命。
充分理解这些聚合物获得性能的机制，需要在这个机制作用过程中的各个阶段捕捉聚合物的原子结构。这样应该很好懂了
对这些聚合物起作用的机制的全面理解要求获取这些聚合物在其应用过程的每一步的原子结构。要对这些聚合物起作用的机制有一全面的理解，就必须得到这些聚合物在其应用的过程中的每一步的原子结构。
Glutathioneperoxidases(GPx)抗氧化剂selenoenzymes保护各种organismsfrom氢过氧化物的氧化压力通过催化还原谷胱甘肽的消费。GPx家族包含四种类型的酶,classicalcytosolic GPx(cGPx),磷脂氢过氧化物GPx(PHGPx),等离子体GPx(pGPx)和胃肠道GPx(giGPx),所有这些都需要硒催化活性在活跃的网站。这些enzymesdiffers大大取决于氢过氧化物的反应性和硫醇辅因子。正统GPx专门利用谷胱甘肽作为reductionof减少衬底过氧化氢和有限数量的有机氢过氧化物,如cumenehydroperoxide和叔丁基氢过氧化物。PHGPx也使用谷胱甘肽asphysiological减少衬底,但是氢过氧化物基质specificityis更广泛。这种酶活跃在所有磷脂氢过氧化物,fattyacid氢过氧化物,氢过氧化枯烯,叔丁基氢过氧化物,cholesterolhydroperoxides和过氧化氢。另一方面,氢过氧化物substratespecificity pGPx更受限制的。尽管pGPx可以减少过氧化氢andorganic氢过氧化物,它比cGPx lessactive大约10倍。cGPx相比,谷胱甘肽是一个贫穷减少substratefor这种酶。以来的浓度减少humanplasma硫醇团体非常低,很可能减少衬底为等离子体酶,谷胱甘肽。另外,细胞外的硫氧还蛋白还原酶、硫氧还蛋白或glutaredoxin可以合理的候选人。catalyticcycle GPx包括三个主要步骤,如图3所示。
意思我明白……可是有些专业术语…… 要彻底明白这些assembly形成它们的功能的途径，需要捕获这些assembly在起作用的过程中每一步的原子结构。
Glutathioneperoxidases(GPx)抗氧化剂selenoenzymes保护各种organismsfrom氢过氧化物的氧化压力通过催化还原谷胱甘肽的消费。GPx家族包含四种类型的酶,classicalcytosolic GPx(cGPx),磷脂氢过氧化物GPx(PHGPx),等离子体GPx(pGPx)和胃肠道GPx(giGPx),所有这些都需要硒催化活性在活跃的网站。这些enzymesdiffers大大取决于氢过氧化物的反应性和硫醇辅因子。正统GPx专门利用谷胱甘肽作为reductionof减少衬底过氧化氢和有限数量的有机氢过氧化物,如cumenehydroperoxide和叔丁基氢过氧化物。PHGPx也使用谷胱甘肽asphysiological减少衬底,但是氢过氧化物基质specificityis更广泛。这种酶活跃在所有磷脂氢过氧化物,fattyacid氢过氧化物,氢过氧化枯烯,叔丁基氢过氧化物,cholesterolhydroperoxides和过氧化氢。另一方面,氢过氧化物substratespecificity pGPx更受限制的。尽管pGPx可以减少过氧化氢andorganic氢过氧化物,它比cGPx lessactive大约10倍。cGPx相比,谷胱甘肽是一个贫穷减少substratefor这种酶。以来的浓度减少humanplasma硫醇团体非常低,很可能减少衬底为等离子体酶,谷胱甘肽。另外,细胞外的硫氧还蛋白还原酶、硫氧还蛋白或glutaredoxin可以合理的候选人。catalyticcycle GPx包括三个主要步骤,如图3所示。
对这些聚合物起作用的机制的全面理解要求获取这些聚合物在其应用过程的每一步的原子结构。要对这些聚合物起作用的机制有一全面的理解，就必须得到这些聚合物在其应用的过程中的每一步的原子结构。
充分理解这些聚合物获得性能的机制，需要在这个机制作用过程中的各个阶段捕捉聚合物的原子结构。这样应该很好懂了