1 defers to "the State Council about To strengthen City and countryside To plan Management by supervision Notice" (country to send the [2002]13 number) and "the Ministry of construction
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Settlements Ecological Ereas Design Abstract : ecological habitat areas through adjustment of ecological environment ecosystems and ecological factors, the area has become a natural ecology and human ecology, natural and artificial environment, a high degree of unity of material and spiritual civilizations, the ideals of sustainable development of urban Ecological areas of space rational structure, improving infrastructure, ecological construction, intelligent buildings and building life should be widely Use artificial environment and the natural environment It is consistent with urban planning and regional planning, and regional and urban harmony, is part of the ecological city, the host city and embodies Key word: Ecological house design 1 The ecological characteristics of small content Ecological habitat areas through adjustment of ecological environment ecosystems and ecological factors, the area has become a natural ecology and human ecology, natural and artificial environment, a high degree of unity of material and spiritual civilizations, the ideals of sustainable development of urban Ecological areas of space rational structure, improving infrastructure, ecological construction, the widespread application of smart buildings and the construction of life, artificial environment and the natural environment It is consistent with urban planning and regional planning, and regional and urban harmony, is part of the ecological city, the host city and embodies Compared with the traditional areas of ecological areas was essentially different from the following features: cohesion D symbiotic ecological areas within the natural and human, human to natural, intimate nature, natural into the residential areas into natural; At the same time, to create the environment to meet human needs of their own development, a human face, full of strong cultural atmosphere, mutual assistance groups have strong attractive, showing a prosperous, vigor and Area D ecological sustainability guided by sustainable development, and thus it can achieve small social, economic and environmental development, to achieve social and environmental benefits at the same time promoting economic development, and achieve rapid economic growth of high quality; Natural resources as a small public area can be used for a long, long Area D is not simply the pursuit of the overall ecological environment or Own prosperity, but also a social, economic, environmental overall coordination among development, nor is a small ecologicalization the ecologicalization, but overall the area of ecological and achieve overall ecological Therefore, the ecological residential building our cities will gradually change the current building environmental pollution, lack of effective environmental protection unreasonable status quo and achieve energy savings, and section, water conservation, pollution, and the effective management of the property to improve the environment of cities and areas have their own powerful 2 Ecological planning content areas (1) Ecological district planning objectives UN Man and the Biosphere Programme N 57 report pointed out: "It is natural ecological planning ecological and social psychological aspects of the two to create a fully integrated technology and natural human activity optimal environment induced human creativity and productivity in high material and cultural standard of "According to this description, We ecological areas can be understood as planning objectives : to ecology "as a whole, coordination, circulation, renewable" principle as a guide, through the promotion of eco-design methodology Habitat improvement of the quality of the environment and people in harmony with the natural, artificial and natural facilities coordination, and achieve small social-economic-natural complex system as a whole to achieve a coordinated and stable, balanced, orderly state of (2) ecological district planning methods The use of eco laws aiming at sustainable development, to engineering measures and technical means to support the traditional sense small design planning to become a real estate ecological areas to areas of ecological civilization advance the sustainable development of (3) the content of the ecological area planning Including small ecological planning, economic planning and social ecological ecological 1, ecological planning! Green indicators: The indicators are measured Ecological district level building the most important Green belts (including node and surface) to more than 50%, the per capita public green spaces in more than 28 square Ground water indicators : indicators that the water seepage capacity building bases to minimize concrete coverage, the use of natural drainage systems to facilitate rainwater infiltration, the ideal target is 80% of the surface area of flooding to Water-saving targets the targets for the development of alternative water resources (revenue) and the provincial water apparatus use (cut), as the main water-saving The former refers to the design of residential buildings or use force rain water purification system design, which means that rain, life-pooling processed, the required water quality standards, duplication in the use of non-potable water and non-physical contact with the complex Energy conservation targets : to design energy-efficient buildings through air-conditioning systems, lighting, night-ray use, the use of solar energy and other CO2 and waste reduction targets : the application of indicators to encourage Qinglianghua architectural structures, such as the use of steel construction to reduce construction sand Stone, brick and other building materials; Promote home simple interior designers, building materials recycling to achieve energy conservation, provincial resources, reduce waste and reduce carbon dioxide Sewage treatment indicators: the former for construction of storm water, sewage diversion pipeline systems, on the one hand facilitate the recycling of rainwater, on the other hand, could reduce the volume of sewage The latter refers to refuse collection and classification of resources Green traffic indicators: a clean, suitable for the urban environment, health useful means of transport to complete socio-economic According to Taiwan with the use of green transport assessment, foot, bicycle, Light Rail, trams, score 40 or more, and ordinary buses, trucks, motorcycles, scored in the following Therefore, ecological areas green transport planning should encourage residents to use green 2, economic ecological planning! The overall objective is to resource consumption and environmental pollution to the light of the rapid economic growth and cultivating scientific civilization consumption For this purpose, the application of green technology and green consumption production technology, and gradually change the energy structure, accelerate renewable energy alternative to fossil energy, applications hydropower, wind, biomass, solar and other green energy; Using natural ventilation and natural lighting and reduce energy consumption; In the area of production of green, green 3, the social ecology planning to enhance the sense of belonging and a small landmark, a center of the square and the charm of the inhabitants frog space; Supporting the establishment of complete, rationally ecological infrastructure, the creation of various age groups to facilitate crowd living environment; Area provide diversity, individuality residential, to ensure that all economic income people and people of various age levels demand; small commercial activities, public services, cultural activities, recreational activities, the center concentrated In short, ecological planning of new residential areas is a concept and a vision for the future of urban targets will be the ideal leisure parks and sustainable urban development trend of the future residential It is a magnificent building integrated engineering; we need long-term and unremitting 3、The ecological residential contents Ecological residential has a strict technical standard, developers can not arbitrarily self- Ecological residential demand in the energy and water, gas, sound, light, heat and the green environment, waste disposal, building materials and other aspects of the nine national 1, in the energy system, should avoid multiple pipelines into people's homes, the wall structure of residential energy-efficient design and reversal system and encourage the use of solar, wind, geothermal, maintaining appropriate indoor temperature, indoor temperature in the 2, the system called for the establishment of outdoor aquatic environment sewage reuse rainwater collection system and use the system, indoor and outdoor use of water saving devices, the use of water-saving landscape water 3, gas environment to the secondary system for the outdoor air quality standards, indoor ensure natural ventilation, ventilation ventilation facilities with bathrooms, kitchens have gas emission concentration system to the larger national air quality 4, sound environmental systems, Architectural designs have noise Jiangzao measures for outdoor daytime noise 50dB, less than 40dB noise at night, less than 35dB noise indoor day, night noise less than 30 dB5, optical environmental systems meet the requirements of interior design sunshine hours, try using natural light; indoor, avoid light pollution, such as glare advertising, curtain walls; indoor application of energy-saving lamps, and promote the use of solar green 6, ecological residential use has also requested approval of the National Environment Commission approved the award of the environment and surrounded by the signs of building materials to meet the non-toxic, harmless, non-polluting, non-radioactive, non-volatile requirements, the use of 3R (reusable, recyclable use, renewable use) Small green environment is an important theme of ecological residential, while living in the garbage disposal is a major part of a For residential ecology, ecological areas of life to the full bag of garbage collection, enclosed containers stored the collection rate 100% classification rate of 50%4、The types and characteristics of the ecological residential (a) the type of ecological residential 1, ecological residential categories : main advocate for the arts in origin, the maximum residential development ecological functional art, and art to such convergence of ecological art to be created as residential to create, whether such residential look from the outside or from within is a piece of 2, ecological wisdom categories: ecological wisdom mainly to highlight various features to maximize residential Any person living on possible devices capable of providing intelligent services have been placed in the appropriate part, the owner can rely on imagination and simple operation can achieve a special 3, in addition to other types of more! Species, there are eco-religious groups, lived a primitive tribal group, and some of the ecological category, ecological deficit tribunal Residential (2) the ecological health of the residential characteristics Ecological residential called "health " Not only ecological residential green, and from the planning point of view, the overall ecological area layout, monomer space portfolio, housing construction, natural energy use, energy efficiency measures, green systems and life support services in the design, must be to improve and enhance the ecological environment, the quality of life as a starting point and the Moreover, in actual design, layout on the green level, style and building mutual shine; Focus on different aspects of the complementary integration of plants, such as, inter ordinary plants, flowers and trees to watch, leafy trees, edible fruit trees, medicinal and aromatic plants cultivation; Green throughout the area to play while the other deeper ecological role, such as insulation, wind-proof, dust-proof and anti-noise, the elimination of poison material, adult bacterial virus, or even elimination from the visual sensory and mental fatigue, psychological And the housing construction, will consider the ecological and social ecology needs to save energy, to occupants of natural space and interpersonal Ecological residential to health Real estate not to sell land for the ultimate goal, nor is selling steel, cement house for the ultimate purpose is not to sell the concept and the environment as the ultimate goal, but to create a line with the development of human society and human needs of a healthy and civilized new home for the final It can be said that real estate is selling a lifestyle, a subculture is sold, the sale of a new society and a new Owners as a community, to really enjoy the community healthy and civilized new life, is not only reflected in the design of the real estate business, not only in the real estate area matching hardware facilities, but on community service software, people really enjoy the physical and mental This is a healthy and civilized into the 5、Ecological design and construction of residential Since China's reform and opening up, economic development has made remarkable achievements, but at the same time was accompanied by a waste of resources and environmental Since the backward production technologies, our average construction energy is developed 2~3 times, pollution was also very serious, our cities were the World Health Organization as a "serious pollution" in Real estate development and use of a large consumption of resources, produce large quantities of industrial To people hygiene, health, comfortable living, and environmental protection must be put in an important (1) The full use of solar energy Solar energy is the most important green energy is inexhaustible, widespread natural energy, and its advantage is extremely rich, clean, safe and Currently, the use of solar energy in residential areas, there are three main areas : solar water heaters, solar air conditioning and solar According to information on, for the installation of a 300 year by the solar hot water massage central hot water system will require an investment of about 15 million, the annual energy cost about 80,000 yuan, 2a can recover the full investment, and solar water heating systems for 15~20a useful life, then the costs of energy-saving equipment on the high 100~140 In recent decades, many countries are active in research, development, the use of solar energy, and achieved encouraging The most notable of which Australia and Israel, the prevalence of solar water heaters are 30% and 50% Our research and development of solar late, and achieved certain results, but only about 6% coverage, and development is uneven and more concentrated in the western region, the highest rate of Yunnan, 10% My solar abundant sunshine hours for 2500h years, the region accounted for more than 2/3 land area, some areas up to This use of solar energy for the development of our country provided a good With scientific and technological progress, the scope will be broader use of solar energy and energy conversion efficiency will be (2) rational use of water resources My country is a lack of water in some places, on the one hand, serious water shortages, on the other hand, Water is the key measures or "" Residents primarily drinking water consumption and use, including restaurants use about 5% of total consumption, while the remaining 95% for washing, In the residential area, according to applications of A, B two water A system specifically for drinking water (including milk, river, village, cooking) The system must be consistent with the water clean water drinking water B system exclusively for the use of The water system should be Household will tell, laundry, water and roofing rain, the ground water within a reservoir, filtration, purification, decontamination of physical, chemical processing, and then imported household "use water" for washing, car washing, forestation, features, flushing, sewage and other Water cycle use of the system can save a lot of (3) Planning for with the fast-paced economic development, land resources have Residential areas on the section to the problem, from three aspects 1, the volume of control at a reasonable level, not lower ;2, garage or into the overhead to the construction of three-dimensional multi-storey car park or underground, semi-underground car park ;3, with the section from the energy into two factors, are advised to the construction of multi-storey and high-level incomparable data small apartment, control building door independence households alone villa, particularly yard, beautiful landscape "auspicious treasure-house" should not build luxury villas and private gardens for a handful of people enjoy, and the construction of small parks and other public facilities should be for public (4) strong rectification, the promotion of environmental protection Housing construction and use of the existence of environmental Contaminated environment harms human health, which is well known On the environmental pollution problems in the past only to "waste" (waste, emissions, waste residue) pollution, and now increased pollution and light pollution and sound This is the realistic There are problems that electromagnetic With the improvement of people's living conditions, household appliances and usage is also increasing coverage, electromagnetic pollution has emerged, and the growing The content of this proposal into water plans and 6、Concluding remarks China Environmental Sciences Professor Xia Qing, a real sense of ecological residential areas should be from the design, construction until use, abandoned throughout the life cycle are harmless to the environment, not simply of little Because many of the latest technologies and building materials to be used, in order to build refuse and water treatment devices, the general real estate developers simply can not Now these may be environmental residential advance, but it is our residential development
题目：Something about the future正文：Not long in the future,people's life will have big changes as well as people's basic necessities of Even there will be robots appearing to help And there will be pilotless automobile which can help us get to the destination safely and quichly which does'n need us Besides,there will be space ship which can take us to other planets even though it's far away from In addition,there will be super computer which can help us calculate various of complated I am looking forward to being in the 希望能帮上你！！
摘要：人类社会发展正面临着人口膨胀、资源超前消耗、环境急剧恶化的空前挑战，可持续发展理念指导下的的现代城市规划，决定了我国的大部分地区只能追求以公共交通为基础的高质量的可达性。具有多项显著优点的轨道交通(尤其是地铁运输模式)，是解决大城市中心区域交通拥堵问题的最佳途径，但必须在依托改善既有公交系统、并通过优化网络便捷换乘而达到相互协调配合的前提下，注意降低它的建造运营成本。 关键词：可持续发展；城市规划；轨道交通；建造运营成本 作为文明历史发展中的崭新时代，城市的诞生宣告了人类生存方式的彻底变革，也由此开创了城市建设与规划的初始形态。今天，伴随全球化的大潮，中国正经历着前所未有人口迁移与国土城市化过程，充满中国特色的城市规划实践，越来越体现出面向未来可持续发展的先进理念。交通是现代城市规划中一个不可或缺的方面，对于中国这样一个各方面处于跳跃式发展的人口大国，科学地制定切合实际又具有前瞻性的城市交通规划，意义尤其重大深远。 本文以当前城市化加速背景下城市交通规划面临的重大选择作为切入点，对如何解决轨道交通与现存城市公交系统的协调发展，特别是如何经济、优化地建造与运营城市轨道交通，提出自己的看法与建议。 1 轨道交通是我国城市交通规划的重大选择 城市交通规划面临的一切问题起源于三个基本因素：人口剧增、城市化加谜与出行方式机动化。为此，规划者们必须在各种可能的决策方向之问慎重取舍。国外专业杂志《世界城市化展望》2004年载文指出，全世界人口从1950的25亿左右增长到2000年60多亿，只用了半个世纪的时间，预计再过30年将达到80亿以上。作为世界最大的发展中国家，中国改革开放二十多年来的社会经济发展带动了1亿3千万农村人口流入城市，一般城市居民的交通出行方式也在过去二十多年里发生了根本性的变化。城市出行方式机动化日益加速，造成了今日中国主要大中城市里司空见惯的“出门难行路难”问题。专业人士称之为严重的城市道路交通拥挤。 一般而言，城市交通方式大致可分为步行、自行车、摩托助动车、小汽车与公共交通国内外的城市交通基本上都经历过从步行、自行车到摩托、小汽车大体相同的发展过程。但是，当人类普遍进入小汽车时代后，美国和欧洲选择了不同的交通方式和城市形态。美国以小汽车为主要交通工具，城市多数呈现分散、蔓延的形态。欧洲大陆则十分重视公交、特别是轨道交通，大城市通过轨道交通将市中心、近郊生活就业区与远郊卫星城镇连结起来，形成多中心的城市形态[1]。轨道交通系统的诞生，使城市的发展从中心聚集型向离心分散型转变成为可能，也因此造就了城市中心的“职住分离”现象。应该承认，私人小汽车和轨道交通是目前发达国家城市中具有代表性的两种交通方式，分别突出地体现着更优的生活质量与更高的运输效率。改革开放前，这两种交通方式在我国大城市中的数量少到几乎可以忽视不计的程度，近年来，它们已分别迈出了从无到有的第一步，表现_出强大的生命力。 城市的功能和社会活动的多样化是大城市的基本特征，由此决定了大城市的交通需求必然是多种多样的，人们可选择的出行方式也应该是多种多样的，并且所有的出行方式都可以在各自适用的范围内发挥出最大优势口[2]。我国的城市交通机动化正处于起步状态，自行车等非机动车仍是目前大部分城市中居民出行的主导方式。随着社会经济持续、快速增长与人民物质文化水平不断提高，建立多层次、立体型多元化的交通体系，是我国数量迅速增长的大城市的唯一发展方向。在此目标之下，科学规划的轨道交通理论上提供了最大限度满足可持续发展要求的可能性。 城市交通拥挤现状，决定了各级政府部门在宏观决策过程中，理当重点考虑规划在环境系统、资源系统、社会系统等多方面具有可持续发展优势的城市轨道交通公共交通系统[3]，这方面国内刊物近来论著颇多，本文不欲在此重复赘述。以下谨从技术与经济的角度，探讨进一步解决轨道交通建设面临的一些具体问题，加速走向它的现实可行性。 2 轨道交通需重视与城市公交系统的和谐 一般而言，轨道交通规划工作的核心内容是要充分实现路线选址与转乘配套两者的最优化，与现有的公交系统在各个环节上达到最大限度的互相补充协调运作。 首先，城市轨道交通是一项涉及面广泛复杂、需要许多专业协调配合的大型系统工程，必须与城市建设发展中长期规划密切结合起来进行。作为城市规划的有机构成部分，轨道交通的规划与整个城市交通的线网规划实为一体。为了避免客流稀少，线路走向应尽可能合理，否则，小客流低运量必然导致轨道交通无法发挥预期的骨干作用。总之，结合城市的总体客运需求合理规划布局，是保证城市轨道交通主导地位的必要条件。当然，这种合理布局要充分考虑不同城市的用地空间总体规划。北京地铁线明显采用了沿城市道路走向布局的方式，轨道交通网络形态与市区道路棋盘式格局高度一致，恰恰体现了保护北京古城的特殊要求。这方面类似的例子，还有南京地铁1号线采用高架方式从中华门附近跨越古城，也充分考虑了地下车站与周围环境、高架线路与地面景观的协调需要。 其次，在以轨道交通为主导编制城市公交综合规划时，要十分注意加强交通换乘枢纽的建设，将轨道交通与现有的常规公交体系统一安排、有序调整，保证轻轨、地铁等轨道交通与城市公共汽车、出租车、轮渡等多种交通工具的方便转接，以及与机场、火车站、港口等其他运输场所的顺利衔接。前文所举的欧洲发达国家的大城市，面对小汽车交通的冲击，纷纷寻求一种新的交通发展模式，在通向郊区的沿线地铁站大量修建小汽车停车场，引导小汽车乘客换乘后进入中心城区，使轨道交通的大运量优势得以发挥。国内方面新近建成的上海火车南站，则成功地将铁路与两条城市轨道交通与几十路近、远郊公交汽车线的零距离换乘需要融入规划设计中，成为一个值得学习借鉴的样本。 最后，我们不能不充分注意轨道交通与整合改善城市常规公交之间的互动关系。世界上绝大多数国家的轨道交通都是在既有城市公交体系形成后逐渐发展起来的。在未来相当长一段时间内，公共汽车／电车仍将是人们出行使用较广泛的交通工具之一。根据我国许多城市目前的经济发展水平与人口规模及交通总量需求，常规公交的整体地位短期内变化不大。但是，常规公交系统效率低下的现状应该在逐步发展轨道交通的过程中加以综合整治与改善。除了科学制订线网布局，修建港湾式停靠站台，合理编制车辆运行图，建设服务查询显示信息系统等具体措施外，从规划立法角度保障公交的道路优先使用权的思路也有待于细化落实。 近来，在轨道与公交配套发展背景如何建设大容量快速公交系统(BRT)引起了专业规划人员的高度关注。BRT是一种利用现代化大容量专用车辆、在专用道路空间快速行驶的一种公交方式。它具有接近轨道交通的运力与快捷，建造和运营成本又相对低廉，而且很大程度上可以利用改造提升现有的城市公交道路系统，在某些人口规模不是很大的城市中甚至可以考虑作为轨道交通的替代方式。 2003年国务院81号文件出台后，国内许多城市马上把发展BRT项目推到了缓解城市交通拥堵的前台。北京市新近编制的中心城区公共汽／电车厂线网规划中包含了18条BRT线路，总长约300多km，在强调机动性与可达性高度协调的前提下，首次将BRT作为一个功能层次融人公交线网整体结构中。此外，昆明市在园艺世博会期间开通的国内首条位于道路中央的公交专用道，即将升级为规范的现代BRT系统。杭州根据城市发展模式与空间功能布局制订的中远期公交规划，也确立以轨道与BRT为骨干，东西走向穿城而过的首条28 km BRT今年已基本开通。 3 轨道交通应解决低成本建造运营问题 作为城市中最大的基础建设项目之一的城市轨道交通投资巨大，京、沪、穗前几年修建地铁的综合造价平均每千米超过了6亿元人民币。显然，大多数国内城市的经济能力很难承受起如此高昂的成本。因此，不解决轨道交通的造价问题，城市轨道交通难以实现。综合考虑轨道交通的建造与运营费用，笔者以为解决成本问题拟应围绕以下三个方面认真思考。 3．1 轨道交通的用地空间应体现预留渐进原则 一般轨道交通建设成本中，包括拆迁费用在内的占用土地成本是其中不可忽视的一个组成部分，并不因为某些国家无偿划拨方式而改变它的社会成本性质。为了降低这方面的成本，许多城市在已经完成的公交总体规划中，都为轨道交通的线路场站建设预留了用地空间。然而，线路建设的具体时机取决于城市发展的不同进程，某些线路的客流形成需要一个长期渐进的过程。 因此，如何既能适应逐渐增长的客流需要，又能合理有效地利用预留土地空间，是低成本发展轨道交通中必须慎重规划考虑的现实问题。在巴西的大多数城市里，市政当局大都在轨道交通近期没有开发的走廊上发展前文介绍的快速公交，将BRT专用道建在道路中央，初衷就是为了降低轨道交通项目的初期投资与运营费用[4]。实际上，北京2005年全线通车的第一条BRT线路，正是敷设在预留的M8轨交走廊上，完全满足了近期单向8 000人次／h的客流需求。 经济合理地使用土地空间，不仅需要作为城市规划中发展轨道交通的指导原则加以确立，更应当具体落实在轨道交通系统工程的每一个子项目的设计图纸上。根据《上海市城市总体规划1999—2020》，到2020年将建成800 km左右轨道交通线，如果全都继续采取目前的集中供电模式，届时仅该项子系统就需建造50多座主变电所。 暂且不论一座主变电所动辙上亿元的巨额投资，仅建造变电所及电缆通道所需占用消耗的土地资源就将十分惊人。有鉴于此，最近上海相关部门已组织专家进行优化方案论证，将2020年前全网18条线路原先计划建造的51座主变电所减少为39座，更可节约投资10亿元人民币以上。 3．2 轨道交通的建造模式要体现经济合理原则 世界城市轨道交通近百年的历史展现了丰富多彩的发展模式，为我们提供了地铁轻轨、导轨、有轨电车、郊区铁路、磁悬浮等多种选择模式，线型电机牵引系统则被公认为最有发展前途的一种在我国百万以上人口的城市中，因地制宜地利用现有条件低成本发展轨道交通，已有了一些成功的经验。上海的明珠轻轨一期有3／4长度是改造利用原先的铁路内环线，这对武汉等其他一些存在废弃或利用率很低的铁路既有线路城市，不啻是一种有益的启发与示范。另外，东北沈阳、长春、哈尔滨等城市，还存有部分有轨电车线路[5]，在此基础上统一规划发展现代轨道交通，应该也能够达到节省一部分费用成本的目的。 其实，国内城市轨道交通建设成本居高不下的原因之一，还在于脱离国情片面追求豪华档次。表现在规划设计上就是大量采用类似于公共汽车系统的高线网密度、小站间距、低负荷强度。需知，轨道交通本质上属于快速大量运送中长距离乘客的交通工具，依靠其他交通工具为它输送客源，达到大运量高负荷。由于低线网密度、大站间距模式能够明显提高运行速度、缩短旅行时间，所以不但可以降低工程造价，而且还可以降低运行成本。正因为如此，将BRT系统规划为轨道交通线路两端的延伸段，或选择“轨交+BRT”的混合网络模式，都有助于达到适当降低轨道线网敷设密度的低成本目标。 另外，国内轨道交通运营成本高的部分原因，还与计划经济遗留下的传统思维方式与条块分割的管理模式密切相关。直到今天，许多城市在申请轨道交通立项时，每条线路都规划有独立使用的车辆段、控制中心、主要变电站，这套小而全的空间与管理体系必然造成资源的极大浪费。在轨道交通十分发达的日本，帝都高速交通营团运营管辖着8条线路总长183．2 km，但是所属16个车站统共只设置了1座综合控制中心。反观国内，即使在资源共享程度较高的上海地铁系统，已建和待建的控制中心仍有8座，另加1座轨道交通运营协调及应急中心。 3．3 轨道交通的管理配套要体现因地制宜原则 如前所述，城市轨道交通的规划不应盲目追求高标准，该建地面、高架的绝不钻入地下、该建轻轨的绝不建地铁，因为后者的造价往往是前者的3倍以上。此外，对地铁建设成本影响甚大的土建工程中，其地下车站底板的埋置深度与车站建筑高度是决定造价大小的两个关键因素。因此，合理设计基坑深度与车站建筑高度对降低总成本的意义，无论如何也不应低估。 如果说轨交模式、建造标准的选择较多地影响到土建工程造价部分，轨道工。程总造价的另外一半(45%～50 %)则取决于技术装备等硬件的建设、购置、安装费用。以地铁车辆为例，目前国产价格仅为进口产品的1／2～1／4。因此，降低成本费用的关键之一，是提高构成技术装备主要部分的车辆、牵引、供电、信号的国产化水平。这方面，较晚竣工投入使用的南京地铁为我们提供了很有说服力的例证。据有关杂志介绍，该项目通过车辆项目的合同谈判与国产化方案的慎密调整，大大减少了进口部件和材料，降低了进口设备的国际运输成本，在成功实现70 国产化率的情况下，车辆项目合同价从最初的每辆约135万美元降低到116．5万美元，与设计概算相比节约投资4 000多万人民币。 当然，轨道交通总体上属于公共产品领域，单纯的票务收入远远不足以偿付开通后的日常性运营支出，中长期的财务收支平衡对世界各国都是一个需要艰难应对的挑战。笔者了解到的香港地铁总收入中，票务收入约占60 ，其余40 9，6中广告与物业管理各占一半[6]，这一香港较为成功的地铁和物业综合发展经营模式，今年初已通过成立中港合营公司引入北京地铁4号线的管理，各方都期待着它能为国内轨道交通建设运营展示一种令人鼓舞的前景。 参考文献 1 邹胜勇．面向可持续发展的城市总体交通结构优化[J]．交通运输系统工程与信息，2006，6(2)：108． 2 David BAYLISS．世界范围的城市交通可达性现状(英文)[J]．TRI杂志(交通版)，2006(2)：17—18． 3 樊颖玮．城市交通可持续发展问题的思考[J]．交通与运输，2006(2)：67． 4 全永棠，孙壮志．关于BRT与轨道交通的理性思考[J]．交通运输系统工程与信息，2006，6(2)：117． 5 孙章．城市轨道交通的世纪回眸[J]．上海交通运输，2006(3)：14． 6 P．Y．Loo，L．Y．Chow．可持续城市交通：理念，政策与方法(英文)[J]．ASCE，2006(6)：76—77
1 defers to "the State Council about To strengthen City and countryside To plan Management by supervision Notice" (country to send the [2002]13 number) and "the Ministry of construction
博士论文撰写的一般逻辑。从西方引进的这套研究生培养体系，总体来说是建立在理性思考和经验研究的基础上，这也是现代科学的基础。大多数理工科论文要做的，就是根据已有积累，建立理论假设，通过实验分析或实证研究，去验证假设。在这一系列的分析与归纳中，评判其科学性的关键有两个：（1）理论假设是否建立在稳固的理论基础上，即假设的前提是否是大家接受的。大家接受的包括公理，以及经公理演绎出来的理论，这里的“大家”可以指所有人，也可以指认可你的理论前提的某一个学派；（2）理论验证过程是否符合理性。所谓理性是指严密的逻辑推导，经得起拥有理性思维的人的检验和质疑。当然，这种质疑也都是在所有限定的假设和前提范围内。论文的结论有可能是反直觉的，但只要前提和过程具有科学性和鲁棒性（Robustness），无明显漏洞，结论也是可接受的。当然，即使这是一篇前提稳固、论证充分的论文，在答辩过程中还会出现一些问题影响最终教授对论文的评判：（1）学生是否清晰明确地表达了自己的论证过程；（2）教授们对前提假设的接受程度和理解是否不同；（3）教授们的思考过程是否理性，是否被他们的直觉干扰，这种直觉是由专家长期积累的经验产生的。如果这三个问题都能解决，又能满足创新性的要求，那么这应该是篇合格的博士论文。BTW，博士论文研究的价值和意义在这里就不讨论了，这些开题的时候都应该已经解决了。城市规划学科的特征。城市规划，严格来说是城乡规划学专业，在博士生通过答辩后授予的是工学博士学位，这是由城市规划的工程性和技术性决定的。但由于城市规划是一个偏向于应用的学科，直接与城乡和区域的发展相关，概括来说是从长远角度统筹安排城乡发展的、重点关注各类要素在空间上配置的学科。学科研究内容包括了城市研究和规划研究两大部分，对应的理论可以分为城市理论和规划理论。城市理论涵盖内容广泛，这是由于其研究对象——城市和乡村的复杂性决定的，包含着经济、社会、生态、空间等很多维度的内容，因此也需要得到相关学科的理论支持，包括经济学、社会学、生态学、地理学、建筑学、景观学等；规划理论要求思想深度，这是由于规划面向未来，涉及决策的制定，一方面需要对规划的价值观与伦理观、规划程序的合理性与正义性的论证，概括来说是规划的理论（Theory of Planning），涉及到公共政策、管理学，以及更基本的哲学层面；另一方面，针对具体城市和具体问题，应该采取何种规划方法，为什么这种方法可行，是规划中的理论（Theory in Planning）需要解决的问题（详细论述可以阅读孙施文老师的《现代城市规划理论》一书，在开篇有清晰的论述）。梳理以上这些是为了说明城市规划研究的复杂性和应用性。这也解释了为什么很多城市规划专业的同学，包括我在内的困惑，觉得规划似乎没有自己的理论，一旦涉及到具体的问题都得这个学科借一点，那个学科借一点来组合生成理论框架；而且时常感觉自己研究的不是科学问题，往往一个问题挖深了，就跑到别的学科去了，于是开始质疑学科的科学性。我想这些问题不止我们学生有，教授们肯定也有，他们也希望能建立起只属于城市规划学科的理论框架。但由于对规划本身具有的复杂性和应用性的学科属性，以及是否规划、规划什么的问题涉及到哲学层次这一现实，规划学科似乎不太可能建立起大一统的只属于自己学科的理论。如果能够建立，那也一定是建立在一些公理基础上，通过不断的分析和演绎得到的一些理论，但这些理论对解决现实问题有多大帮助，那就是另外一个问题了。这些问题当然也困惑着城市规划的博士生们，我们该如何在纷杂的表象与现实的需求背后，找到既有理论价值又有应用价值的研究问题与研究方法呢？城市规划论文的特征和类型。从城市规划学科的特征可以看出，正统的规划博士论文肯定不同于大多数理工科的论文，它要求研究的理论意义和现实意义，要求综合相关学科的知识，建立与城市或规划相关的研究框架，并寻找一切可能进行充分论证。但大家都知道，我们不可能建立假设拿城市来做实验，即使规划结果有反馈那也是很多年之后的事，因此我们来不及用自己的规划成果来论证自己的规划理论。所以，一般来说以实证研究为方法的描述和解释性研究，相对好做，而以规范研究为方法的理论和方法研究，十分棘手。我的导师告诉我规划的博士论文有三种类型：（1）纯理论的研究，基本不涉及实证。选择这种类型论文的博士生较少，当然也是难度最大的研究。因为从理论到理论需要严密的逻辑体系，需要严谨的论证，还需要理论的创新性与价值。这种研究包括从城市规划哲学、城市规划史、城市规划与其他相关学科理论交叉等角度的研究，一般建立起一套较为完善的理论框架和解释体系，属于理论-理论的研究；（2）理论为主，实证为论证支撑。很多博士生选择这种写法。初始路径分为两类：一种是在学者们的研究领域中发现自己的兴趣，一种是结合实际规划中遇到的问题确定选题。之后都是通过阅读文献建立理论认知，进一步阅读和整理发现理论不足，并建立自己的框架，进行假设，在具体的实例中考察理论假设的可靠性，并结合演绎与归纳的说理过程，进行论证，最后回到理论，修正理论，得出结论，属于理论-实践-理论的研究；（3）实证中总结观察，提炼理论。这种类型也有很多博士生选择，上手容易，通过一手数据的获取，开展扎实的实践分析，通过归纳总结，与已有理论进行比较，修正理论，属于实践-理论的研究。当然第（3）种在开展实证研究前也需要理论的支撑，与（2）并非迥异，但二者各有侧重。城市规划的论文该怎么写。这里想说的只是一些直观基础上的理性推测。在听师兄预答辩的过程中，不断在思考一篇扎实的博士论文需要的究竟是什么？新思路、工作量、论证过程的合理性、规范性？如何才能保证论文答辩时在专家们密集的攻势下依然屹立不倒，并能经得起实践和时间检验呢？（1）前提条件：批判性思维的建立。如果没有批判性思维，有的只可能是依葫芦画瓢，引进别人的思想，基本不可能有大的创新。而对于应试教育制度下培养出的中国研究生，这种批判性思维的建立只能依靠外界的刺激和个人痛定思痛的决心。多问一些为什么，多挑战自己的习惯，质疑自己的思想，阅读哲学书籍，都是有帮助的，但一定要克服刚开始阅读哲学的枯燥感，将哲学与自己的生活联系起来。（2）必要条件1：国内外文献的阅读与吸收，这也是最需要下苦功夫和硬功夫的地方；导师告诉我文献阅读的三个原则：经典的、名家的、最新的。书看10年以内的，文献看5年以内的。学会钓鱼，找到一篇与研究密切相关的最新文献，然后根据它的参考文献钓鱼，钓出之前的经典与名家作品。国内的文献要看，国外的文献更要看，而且要多看，不仅学习具体的理论，而且学习直线性的分析方法，这也是对理性论证的学习；密切相关的要看，关系不那么密切的也要看，因为一来创新常常出现在交叉领域，二来相关研究会给你更宏观的视角。读外文文献刚开始比较痛苦，速度慢，理解不深，但后来熟练后，也能渐渐理解作者为什么写，有什么欠缺。等到能够合上文献，把所要研究领域的专家及其理论在头脑中梳理清楚，包括谁在什么背景下研究了什么，他们各属于哪个流派，理论重点是什么，有哪些不足都能一一列出来时，就可以写文献综述，并在此基础上提出你的理论框架或理论假设了。（3）必要条件2：理性的方法。这里指的是论证的方法，即在理论基础上、进行假设、展开论证的过程中需要的方法。归纳和演绎一般是常用的逻辑方法，对于博士论文来说，建立在宽广理论基础上的收敛型研究过程似乎更能站得住脚，接近金字塔顶的最后那一层就是博士生的理论创新；而理论基础聚焦或者说理论根基不牢，依据作者的演绎逻辑发散式的研究过程似乎不太容易站稳脚跟，至少我现在还没有找到这样的例子。当然，实际的研究过程没有这么抽象，而且这两种方法都是必要的：演绎能够打开思路看到事物之间的联系，归纳能够去粗取精，留下符合检验的理论。此外，还有多个主体之间的比较研究、交叉研究等等，如何运用理性的方法，我也说不太清楚，恐怕还是要多去读读笛卡尔、斯宾诺莎和莱布尼茨等唯理主义哲学家的观点。（4）必要条件3：不断的总结、质疑，与导师、同学和专家讨论，与实践操作者讨论，不断修改。我自己经常会有觉得文献没读完，不敢动笔写的问题，造成文献一直读啊读，观点在脑海中转啊转，就是理不出一个思路。认识到人的局限性的同时，也认识到了文献的有限性（曾经觉得文献不可能读完，但现在只读最新、经典和名家的）后，开始边写边思考。知识编码化还是要比脑海中的静默知识明确很多，很容易看到自己的问题和漏洞，所以一定要动笔写。另外，与导师、同学、老师和实践者的讨论十分必要，这样不但可以多方吸收观点，也可以降低在答辩时被教授们彻底推翻的可能性。（5）必要条件4：规范性写作。这点非常重要，最好在刚开始时建立良好习惯，包括读文献时记录的笔记的规范性，不然到论文成文后就麻烦大了。这也是博士论文训练的一个方面，科学性写作。（6）附加条件1：发表小论文接受同行审议。除了满足毕业要求以外，发表小论文是给自己设定deadline，不断push自己加快进度的一个好办法。而且，这样设定的一个个小目标的完成，会带给自己成就感，增加终日与问题和危机对抗的自信心。同时，来自审稿人的意见也会帮助自己及时看到问题，修正思路。我在这点上做的不好，一直在等待着论文完美的出现，却永远也无法等来。是时候尝试总结发表自己的观点了。（7）附加条件2：直觉的捕捉，事物联系的捕捉。论文写作过程不可能一直都是理性的状态，偶尔灵感爆发，突然发现一些有趣的东西，捕捉到事物之间的联系，最好不要放过。试着用理性去分析这种直觉，看是否经得起检验。我们觉得异常正确的直觉分为两类：一种属于笛卡尔和斯宾诺莎所说的天赋观念，是所有人都会认可的直觉；另一种是我们的经验产生的某种“显而易见”，但这种“显而易见”有可能只是对我们自己，对其他人则没有，这时，我们运用理性的工具来分析来解剖，为什么会出现这种情况？如果它能通过自己的质疑，同时也能运用科学方法来证明，并经得起别人的质疑，那这就是创新。
试论城市规划要点 引言城市规划的定义 城市规划是城市发展的战略、建设城市的纲领、管理城市的依据。如何打造一个城市的风貌、建设一个和谐、生动、合理的空间体系，是现在规划建设中十分热门的话题。城市规划必须注重个性特征，城市个性是一个城市的特色，是独特魅力之所在，在我国的城市化进程中，千城一面、似曾相识的城市越来越多，城市的个性特色已湮没在程式化的钢筋混凝土之中，失去了城市的特色和魅力。 城市个性化成为现代城市规划的一个重要内容和突出特点。打好“文化牌”，彰显文化特征是十分重要的课题。美国城市建筑学家刘易斯·芒福德说：“城市是文化的容器”。无论是历史文化名城罗马、威尼斯，还是现代国际大都市巴黎、纽约、芝加哥，座座堪称文化艺术宫殿、建筑博物馆，处处折射出城市的文化，走进这些城市，就仿佛走进了他们的历史。因此，在城市规划中必须处理好建设与继承的关系，在发展中传承历史文化。否则，城市一旦失去历史陈迹，犹如人失去鲜明的个性，得到的利益是暂时的，而遗憾却是永远的。 由于城市所处的空间地理位置、地形条件、气象条件和自然环境的不同，构成了不同的城市环境空间形态，提供了每个城市区别于其他城市的环境空间特性。城市规划的一个重要任务，就是要充分认识该城市的山、水、林和风景名胜等自然景观要素，发掘、保护、利用、开发、改造自然环境空间特色，在共性中找出个性，围绕个性建设特色城市。与此同时也要注重生态的和谐与持续发展的战略。 规划与人文精神 城市规划的人文精神是在1933年国际现代建筑会议第四次会议发表的《雅典宪章》中提出的，里面提出的城市功能分区原则影响了现代城市规划将近半个世纪。这种功能主义的原则，一方面向古典建筑学派提出挑战，使城市规划、建筑开始从古典的放射、圆形广场一类形式主义的桎梏中解放出来；另一方面功能主义又使城市规划、建筑逐渐陷入机械主义，它刻板地分区肢解了城市的有机结构，忽略了人与人之间的多方面联系，破坏了城市的地方特性，其结果是使城市形态单调、布局混乱、建筑雷同。尤其是功利主义的影响，城市空间因最大限度的商业性开发，破坏了城市生态环境，污水、废气、噪声、交通事故等给城市造成了巨大的伤害。因此城市在抛弃了人文精神的同时，便从“文明中最伟大的创造”变成了“文明中最大的破坏”，也给人类带来了生存危机。 20世纪60年代，重新关注城市的历史文脉、地域文化和人们的生活，城市规划中的人文理念开始复苏。与此同时，国际规划、建筑界人士开展了“可持续发展城市”的研究，并指出可持续发展的根本出发点是“为了城市人民”。这表明，城市人文精神将得到完全意义上的复兴与再生，人文因素将是21世纪城市文明的灵魂。 人文因素在中国的造城运动中是历史悠久的。明清时期的北京城就是中国城市运动中的代表作之一，彰显出皇权的气势和霸气。现代的城市建设也需要这种对人文精神的关注，在继承与发扬的道路上不断前进，为城市打造一种文化的底蕴。 1建筑是人文精神的表现 1990年6月2日，国际建筑师协会第十七次大会发表了《蒙特利尔宣言》。其开头一行是：“建筑是人文的表现，它反映了一个社会的形象。”世界建筑史表明，人类的建筑活动不仅是一项物质生产活动，而且还是人类文化活动的重要内容。一座城市的魅力，多数是由于建筑艺术的魅力营造出来的。建筑是时代的象征。希腊雅典卫城建于公元前5世纪，其中有世界著名的保护神雅典娜帕提农神庙。卫城建筑群是雅典这个黄金般的古典时期的纪念碑，是雅典全面繁荣昌盛的见证。17世纪法国古典主义建筑主要是国家性的大型建筑，有些是专为荣耀路易十四或他的政权。这个时期建造的卢浮宫东立面、旺道姆广场、凡尔赛宫及园林，都体现了路易十四“伟大的时代”的“伟大的风格”。建筑语言常常是民族的语言，是凝固的民族精神，具有强大的感召力。著名美籍华人建筑大师贝聿铭设计的中国银行香港大楼，他以“中文的构思、英文的设计”，使这幢大楼渗透着深刻的人文含义：塔身，象征着雨后春笋；风格，体现了出于污泥而不染的荷花精神；楼的外表面，展示出宝石图案。有学者说，巴黎人民很大程度上是巴黎的建筑语言场教养、熏陶和塑造出来的。维也纳的建筑群及人文环境，培育了一批又一批的音乐大师；德国的一批具有艺术特色建筑群和浓郁人文精神的城市，产生了一批又一批的哲学家、科学家、音乐家。城市的建筑具有强大的人文精神功能，一座有个性和人文魅力建筑的城市能提示城市的广大居民，提升这座城市的文明素质，使这座城市有自信心、活力和发展的推动力。
Settlements Ecological Ereas Design Abstract : ecological habitat areas through adjustment of ecological environment ecosystems and ecological factors, the area has become a natural ecology and human ecology, natural and artificial environment, a high degree of unity of material and spiritual civilizations, the ideals of sustainable development of urban Ecological areas of space rational structure, improving infrastructure, ecological construction, intelligent buildings and building life should be widely Use artificial environment and the natural environment It is consistent with urban planning and regional planning, and regional and urban harmony, is part of the ecological city, the host city and embodies Key word: Ecological house design 1 The ecological characteristics of small content Ecological habitat areas through adjustment of ecological environment ecosystems and ecological factors, the area has become a natural ecology and human ecology, natural and artificial environment, a high degree of unity of material and spiritual civilizations, the ideals of sustainable development of urban Ecological areas of space rational structure, improving infrastructure, ecological construction, the widespread application of smart buildings and the construction of life, artificial environment and the natural environment It is consistent with urban planning and regional planning, and regional and urban harmony, is part of the ecological city, the host city and embodies Compared with the traditional areas of ecological areas was essentially different from the following features: cohesion D symbiotic ecological areas within the natural and human, human to natural, intimate nature, natural into the residential areas into natural; At the same time, to create the environment to meet human needs of their own development, a human face, full of strong cultural atmosphere, mutual assistance groups have strong attractive, showing a prosperous, vigor and Area D ecological sustainability guided by sustainable development, and thus it can achieve small social, economic and environmental development, to achieve social and environmental benefits at the same time promoting economic development, and achieve rapid economic growth of high quality; Natural resources as a small public area can be used for a long, long Area D is not simply the pursuit of the overall ecological environment or Own prosperity, but also a social, economic, environmental overall coordination among development, nor is a small ecologicalization the ecologicalization, but overall the area of ecological and achieve overall ecological Therefore, the ecological residential building our cities will gradually change the current building environmental pollution, lack of effective environmental protection unreasonable status quo and achieve energy savings, and section, water conservation, pollution, and the effective management of the property to improve the environment of cities and areas have their own powerful 2 Ecological planning content areas (1) Ecological district planning objectives UN Man and the Biosphere Programme N 57 report pointed out: "It is natural ecological planning ecological and social psychological aspects of the two to create a fully integrated technology and natural human activity optimal environment induced human creativity and productivity in high material and cultural standard of "According to this description, We ecological areas can be understood as planning objectives : to ecology "as a whole, coordination, circulation, renewable" principle as a guide, through the promotion of eco-design methodology Habitat improvement of the quality of the environment and people in harmony with the natural, artificial and natural facilities coordination, and achieve small social-economic-natural complex system as a whole to achieve a coordinated and stable, balanced, orderly state of (2) ecological district planning methods The use of eco laws aiming at sustainable development, to engineering measures and technical means to support the traditional sense small design planning to become a real estate ecological areas to areas of ecological civilization advance the sustainable development of (3) the content of the ecological area planning Including small ecological planning, economic planning and social ecological ecological 1, ecological planning! Green indicators: The indicators are measured Ecological district level building the most important Green belts (including node and surface) to more than 50%, the per capita public green spaces in more than 28 square Ground water indicators : indicators that the water seepage capacity building bases to minimize concrete coverage, the use of natural drainage systems to facilitate rainwater infiltration, the ideal target is 80% of the surface area of flooding to Water-saving targets the targets for the development of alternative water resources (revenue) and the provincial water apparatus use (cut), as the main water-saving The former refers to the design of residential buildings or use force rain water purification system design, which means that rain, life-pooling processed, the required water quality standards, duplication in the use of non-potable water and non-physical contact with the complex Energy conservation targets : to design energy-efficient buildings through air-conditioning systems, lighting, night-ray use, the use of solar energy and other CO2 and waste reduction targets : the application of indicators to encourage Qinglianghua architectural structures, such as the use of steel construction to reduce construction sand Stone, brick and other building materials; Promote home simple interior designers, building materials recycling to achieve energy conservation, provincial resources, reduce waste and reduce carbon dioxide Sewage treatment indicators: the former for construction of storm water, sewage diversion pipeline systems, on the one hand facilitate the recycling of rainwater, on the other hand, could reduce the volume of sewage The latter refers to refuse collection and classification of resources Green traffic indicators: a clean, suitable for the urban environment, health useful means of transport to complete socio-economic According to Taiwan with the use of green transport assessment, foot, bicycle, Light Rail, trams, score 40 or more, and ordinary buses, trucks, motorcycles, scored in the following Therefore, ecological areas green transport planning should encourage residents to use green 2, economic ecological planning! The overall objective is to resource consumption and environmental pollution to the light of the rapid economic growth and cultivating scientific civilization consumption For this purpose, the application of green technology and green consumption production technology, and gradually change the energy structure, accelerate renewable energy alternative to fossil energy, applications hydropower, wind, biomass, solar and other green energy; Using natural ventilation and natural lighting and reduce energy consumption; In the area of production of green, green 3, the social ecology planning to enhance the sense of belonging and a small landmark, a center of the square and the charm of the inhabitants frog space; Supporting the establishment of complete, rationally ecological infrastructure, the creation of various age groups to facilitate crowd living environment; Area provide diversity, individuality residential, to ensure that all economic income people and people of various age levels demand; small commercial activities, public services, cultural activities, recreational activities, the center concentrated In short, ecological planning of new residential areas is a concept and a vision for the future of urban targets will be the ideal leisure parks and sustainable urban development trend of the future residential It is a magnificent building integrated engineering; we need long-term and unremitting 3、The ecological residential contents Ecological residential has a strict technical standard, developers can not arbitrarily self- Ecological residential demand in the energy and water, gas, sound, light, heat and the green environment, waste disposal, building materials and other aspects of the nine national 1, in the energy system, should avoid multiple pipelines into people's homes, the wall structure of residential energy-efficient design and reversal system and encourage the use of solar, wind, geothermal, maintaining appropriate indoor temperature, indoor temperature in the 2, the system called for the establishment of outdoor aquatic environment sewage reuse rainwater collection system and use the system, indoor and outdoor use of water saving devices, the use of water-saving landscape water 3, gas environment to the secondary system for the outdoor air quality standards, indoor ensure natural ventilation, ventilation ventilation facilities with bathrooms, kitchens have gas emission concentration system to the larger national air quality 4, sound environmental systems, Architectural designs have noise Jiangzao measures for outdoor daytime noise 50dB, less than 40dB noise at night, less than 35dB noise indoor day, night noise less than 30 dB5, optical environmental systems meet the requirements of interior design sunshine hours, try using natural light; indoor, avoid light pollution, such as glare advertising, curtain walls; indoor application of energy-saving lamps, and promote the use of solar green 6, ecological residential use has also requested approval of the National Environment Commission approved the award of the environment and surrounded by the signs of building materials to meet the non-toxic, harmless, non-polluting, non-radioactive, non-volatile requirements, the use of 3R (reusable, recyclable use, renewable use) Small green environment is an important theme of ecological residential, while living in the garbage disposal is a major part of a For residential ecology, ecological areas of life to the full bag of garbage collection, enclosed containers stored the collection rate 100% classification rate of 50%4、The types and characteristics of the ecological residential (a) the type of ecological residential 1, ecological residential categories : main advocate for the arts in origin, the maximum residential development ecological functional art, and art to such convergence of ecological art to be created as residential to create, whether such residential look from the outside or from within is a piece of 2, ecological wisdom categories: ecological wisdom mainly to highlight various features to maximize residential Any person living on possible devices capable of providing intelligent services have been placed in the appropriate part, the owner can rely on imagination and simple operation can achieve a special 3, in addition to other types of more! Species, there are eco-religious groups, lived a primitive tribal group, and some of the ecological category, ecological deficit tribunal Residential (2) the ecological health of the residential characteristics Ecological residential called "health " Not only ecological residential green, and from the planning point of view, the overall ecological area layout, monomer space portfolio, housing construction, natural energy use, energy efficiency measures, green systems and life support services in the design, must be to improve and enhance the ecological environment, the quality of life as a starting point and the Moreover, in actual design, layout on the green level, style and building mutual shine; Focus on different aspects of the complementary integration of plants, such as, inter ordinary plants, flowers and trees to watch, leafy trees, edible fruit trees, medicinal and aromatic plants cultivation; Green throughout the area to play while the other deeper ecological role, such as insulation, wind-proof, dust-proof and anti-noise, the elimination of poison material, adult bacterial virus, or even elimination from the visual sensory and mental fatigue, psychological And the housing construction, will consider the ecological and social ecology needs to save energy, to occupants of natural space and interpersonal Ecological residential to health Real estate not to sell land for the ultimate goal, nor is selling steel, cement house for the ultimate purpose is not to sell the concept and the environment as the ultimate goal, but to create a line with the development of human society and human needs of a healthy and civilized new home for the final It can be said that real estate is selling a lifestyle, a subculture is sold, the sale of a new society and a new Owners as a community, to really enjoy the community healthy and civilized new life, is not only reflected in the design of the real estate business, not only in the real estate area matching hardware facilities, but on community service software, people really enjoy the physical and mental This is a healthy and civilized into the 5、Ecological design and construction of residential Since China's reform and opening up, economic development has made remarkable achievements, but at the same time was accompanied by a waste of resources and environmental Since the backward production technologies, our average construction energy is developed 2~3 times, pollution was also very serious, our cities were the World Health Organization as a "serious pollution" in Real estate development and use of a large consumption of resources, produce large quantities of industrial To people hygiene, health, comfortable living, and environmental protection must be put in an important (1) The full use of solar energy Solar energy is the most important green energy is inexhaustible, widespread natural energy, and its advantage is extremely rich, clean, safe and Currently, the use of solar energy in residential areas, there are three main areas : solar water heaters, solar air conditioning and solar According to information on, for the installation of a 300 year by the solar hot water massage central hot water system will require an investment of about 15 million, the annual energy cost about 80,000 yuan, 2a can recover the full investment, and solar water heating systems for 15~20a useful life, then the costs of energy-saving equipment on the high 100~140 In recent decades, many countries are active in research, development, the use of solar energy, and achieved encouraging The most notable of which Australia and Israel, the prevalence of solar water heaters are 30% and 50% Our research and development of solar late, and achieved certain results, but only about 6% coverage, and development is uneven and more concentrated in the western region, the highest rate of Yunnan, 10% My solar abundant sunshine hours for 2500h years, the region accounted for more than 2/3 land area, some areas up to This use of solar energy for the development of our country provided a good With scientific and technological progress, the scope will be broader use of solar energy and energy conversion efficiency will be (2) rational use of water resources My country is a lack of water in some places, on the one hand, serious water shortages, on the other hand, Water is the key measures or "" Residents primarily drinking water consumption and use, including restaurants use about 5% of total consumption, while the remaining 95% for washing, In the residential area, according to applications of A, B two water A system specifically for drinking water (including milk, river, village, cooking) The system must be consistent with the water clean water drinking water B system exclusively for the use of The water system should be Household will tell, laundry, water and roofing rain, the ground water within a reservoir, filtration, purification, decontamination of physical, chemical processing, and then imported household "use water" for washing, car washing, forestation, features, flushing, sewage and other Water cycle use of the system can save a lot of (3) Planning for with the fast-paced economic development, land resources have Residential areas on the section to the problem, from three aspects 1, the volume of control at a reasonable level, not lower ;2, garage or into the overhead to the construction of three-dimensional multi-storey car park or underground, semi-underground car park ;3, with the section from the energy into two factors, are advised to the construction of multi-storey and high-level incomparable data small apartment, control building door independence households alone villa, particularly yard, beautiful landscape "auspicious treasure-house" should not build luxury villas and private gardens for a handful of people enjoy, and the construction of small parks and other public facilities should be for public (4) strong rectification, the promotion of environmental protection Housing construction and use of the existence of environmental Contaminated environment harms human health, which is well known On the environmental pollution problems in the past only to "waste" (waste, emissions, waste residue) pollution, and now increased pollution and light pollution and sound This is the realistic There are problems that electromagnetic With the improvement of people's living conditions, household appliances and usage is also increasing coverage, electromagnetic pollution has emerged, and the growing The content of this proposal into water plans and 6、Concluding remarks China Environmental Sciences Professor Xia Qing, a real sense of ecological residential areas should be from the design, construction until use, abandoned throughout the life cycle are harmless to the environment, not simply of little Because many of the latest technologies and building materials to be used, in order to build refuse and water treatment devices, the general real estate developers simply can not Now these may be environmental residential advance, but it is our residential development
Key words: chain sales, From the perspective of the longitudinal axis of human development, urban development from small to big, from Jane to complex, after the industrial revolution, hang up a global upsurge of urbanization, urban development is more and more complicated, so a good planning and integrated with the city of be vividly "The sustainable development of the city" strategy, because its comprehensiveness, objectivity, guidelines, as a whole, the characteristics of the development process and guiding It is respectively from the city, urban spatial diversity ecological system, traffic system, systematic regional cultural aspects presided over every link of current urban construction, its research value cannot small
城市规划论文。。这个有点难度吧！城市总体规划是指城市人民政府依据国民经济和社会发展规划以及当地的自然环境、资源条件、历史情况、现状特点，统筹兼顾、综合部署，为确定城市的规模和发展方向，实现城市的经济和社会发展目标，合理利用城市土地，协调城市空间布局等所作的一定期限内的综合部署和具体安排。城市总体规划是城市规划编制工作的第一阶段，也是城市建设和管理的依据。城市总体规划任务根据国家对城市发展和建设方针、经济技术政策、国民经济和社会发展的长远规划，在区域规划和合理组织区城城镇体系的基础上，按城市自身建设条件和现状特点，合理制定城市经济和社会发展目标，确定城市的发展性质、规模和建设标准，安排城市用地的功能分区和各项建设的总体布局，布置城市道路和交通运输系统，选定规划定额指标，制定规划实施步骤和措施。最终使城市工业、居住、交通和游憇四大功能活动相互协调发展。总体规划期限一般为20年。近期建设规划是总体规划的组成部分，是实施总体规划的阶段性规划。
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