A Thesis Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of B A/B S in ***这是标准的学士学位毕业论文的说法，BA代表文学学士，BS代表理学学士，***处填上专业。
Undergraduate thesis
essay ， paper，或者desertation。
bachelor academic dissertation??
太多啦，最简单的就是英汉词汇对比啊，同一个词或同一类词在英语和汉语中的意思是有区别的，比如数词，颜色词，动物词，等等；也可以写词汇教学，比如中小学如何教授词汇的方法；比较难的是词汇构成，那个比较抽象。
词的理据 众所周知，语言包括语音、词汇和语法三个部分。英国语义学家乌尔曼在承认语言符号的任意性前提下，提出词的理据性，指出每一种语言里都包含一定程度理据的词语。语言的理据是相对其任意性而言,是指语言符号的能指与所指之间有一种自然的联系，两者的结合是有理可据的。词的理据指事物和现象获得名称的依据。本论文通过对词的理据性分析及举例,将有助于外语学习,尤其是对词汇的掌握和理解。词的理据分为：拟声理据、语义理据、逻辑理据。Ⅰ．onomatopoeic motivation 英语中有些词是通过声音的模仿构成的，这种构词称为 Stephen Ullmann把拟声构词分为两种。 1、primary onomatopoeia：鸟兽之类动物的叫声也属于这一范畴例如：Apes gibber Asses bray 2、secondary onomatopoeia：指音与某种象征性的意义发生联想。例如:词的前半部分辅音连缀sl-含有滑(slippery)的意义，如 slide， slip， slither， slush等。Ⅱsemantic motivation 语义理据是一种心理联想，措词义的引申和比喻。以下列举几种： 1、metaphor例如： All the world's a stage．（Shakespeare） 2、metonymy英语中往往用一个词代表整个事件或整个背景，这也是一种借代方式。在现代英美报刊中常见到以地名或国名代表整个事件。例如：The current situation is different from Czechoslovakia in They agreed to put pressure on the negotiations for progress on B Look Back in Anger（John Osborne's play）coincided with rock-'n'-roll， Suez and H 3、synecdoche 例如：以Wall Street（美国纽约市的一条街）代表美国垄断资本，以Bonn代表西德政府 4、analogy 类比构词的特点是仿照原有的同类词创造出其对应词或近似词,类比构词大致可分成以下4种： 1色彩类比 色彩类比主要通过表示不同颜色的词类比出新词新语。如由black list化出 white list和 gray list。 2数字类比 由数字类比构成的词，有的数字不变，只变动被修饰语；如First Mother（指国家元首的母亲），First Family（指国家元首的一家）均系与First Lady这个原形词类比而成如second-strike capacity（指受敌方先发制人的第一次核打击后的核还击能力）由first-strike capacity（先发制人的第一次核打击能力）引申而成； 3近似类比 指类比词之间要有一个近似点，根据这个近似点，推此及彼。例如:gap最早与missile搭配，形成missile gap词组，这词语一经产生，引起了连锁反应；production gap、ration gap等新词相继出现 4反义类比 利用现有的反义词构成新的复合反义词。如由moonlight构成Ⅲ logical motivation 利用传统的逻辑学下定义，把要表达的对象和与之相似的其它对象区别开来。 例句：Ever since the Watergate prosecutors began investigating and found clues that some of these companies had made suspiciously large, undisclosed payments overseas, a probe of multinationals' operations has been 总之，英语不是象我们生活中的别的固有的东西那样一成不变的。所有语言经过一段时间就要变，其变化的原因是无法完全清楚的。除了吸收过去的俚语使之成为正式用语从而丰富语言以外，显然还需要许许多多的新词语来表达现代生活极大的并正在不断增长着的复杂性。这种复杂性是由我们所处时代的社会和技术条件急剧变化而引起的。语言忠实地反映出时代精神。
Leave me alone!
姐姐支个招儿呗。。。
以英式英语为例，Paper (英式英语中，我们叫“essay”)一般简短，本科学生论文；Dissertation硕士论文（美式英语中Dissertation则是博士论文）；Thesis是博士论文。由此也可以看出，从Paper到Dissertation，再到Thesis是由浅入深从易到难一个阶段。
目前共有120多个和中国有关的词汇被牛津大学出版商收入词典中，包括Fengshui(风水)、Dimsum(点心)、Kowtow(磕头)、Hutong(胡同)、Hukou(户口)、Guanxi(关系)、Goji berry(枸杞)、Wuxia(武侠)等。“土豪”(Tuhao)、“大妈”(Dama)尚未收入。近日有中国媒体为“《牛津英语词典》可能收录‘土豪’(Tuhao)等中文词”这类新闻自得：“中国贡献的英语单词，正不知不觉、越来越多地融入了国际生活的方方面面……从深层次看……反映了中国正在融入全球化进程。”现在像“Guanxi”、“Chengguan”这种“中国特色”的中文音译词语经常出现英文读物中。这些词源于中国没错，却不见得可以自豪。 “Guanxi”：被收入牛津词典的最出名中文音译词被收入牛津词典的中文音译词，最出名的就是“Guanxi”。《牛津英语词典》对此的释义是：“源于中国普通话，字面上理解和‘联系’是一个意思，特指在中国有助于商业活动和其他交易的社交网络系统、有影响力的人际关系。”2013年美国《大西洋月刊》的一篇文章《摩根大通在中国：为何‘照常营业’越来越难》对“Guanxi”这个字在英语语境中的含义做了更明白的解读：“每个去中国的外国人到中国后不久，都会学到一个神奇的单词：‘Guanxi’。这是这个13亿人的国家中必要的东西。有了‘Guanxi’，就能意味着得到一份工作、进入不错的学校、或帮助新企业避免不必要的政府关注。‘拉拉’‘Guanxi’，就能快速而不费事地解决棘手的问题。” “Chengguan”：源于媒体对“中国市政准警察力量”的报道 “Chengguan”这一单词，源于英文媒体报道中国城管时无法找到对应的英文单词，只能音译。2013年7月《大西洋月刊》介绍中国“城管”制度的文章题目便是《见过“Chengguan”：中国受憎恨的、暴虐的地方警察》，其中对“Chengguan”的介绍是：“作为在中国最被广泛厌恶的市政警察，从常规警察部门中分离出来的‘Chengguan’负责管理城市生活中最卑下的一部分……虽然每个社会都有警察滥用暴力，但‘Chengguan’的残暴是中国独有的。”2013年8月《华尔街日报》以《中国城市准警察的定时》一文来介绍“城管”制度：“‘Chengguan’是中国城市政府组织、雇佣的辅助性准警察力量，负责管理各种市政问题。有关‘Chengguan’的法律太过模糊宽泛，以至于‘Chengguan’的事实权力几乎不受制约。尽管公众对‘Chengguan’凶残的暴徒行径多有怨愤，但‘Chengguan’的雇主几乎没做出任何约束他们的实质举动。” “Shuanggui”：法学界和政治学界的通行规范性英文单词 “Shuanggui”一词，已是法学界和政治学界的通行规范性英文单词，毋庸另作意译。关于中国法律制度的导论性英文专著，已对此制度做了直白的定义：“抛开字面矫饰，‘Shuanggui’是中国一种制度上无任何司法监察和法律规制的秘密拘禁机制”。研究此制度的政治学论文，也在摘要中开宗明义地阐述“本文研究对象为中国的‘法外拘禁’(Extralegal Detention)制度”。2012年9月《经济学人》杂志提到这个单词的另一重意义：“这是党内警察行为：中国的执政党对犯过失的内部成员另行一套法律。” “Laogai”：03年即被收入《牛津短语辞典》早于最近的“Tuhao”、“Hukou”，“Laogai”十年前就已被收入英文字典中。1994年《简明牛津英语辞典》收入了“Laogai”一词，指其是源自“劳动改造”(reform through labour)的“惩戒体制”(penalsystem)。2003年版的《牛津英语短语和寓言词典》对" Laogai "词条作了进一步的解释：“中国的劳教所系统”。《麦克米伦英语词典》也收录了“Laogai”这一词条：“英语中已知首用于1983年，指中国由劳教所网络组成的惩戒体制”。 “Hongbao”：英语世界难以理解“社交、家庭聚会中装着金钱礼物的红信封”与“贿金”的双关各种百科网站的“中国习俗”门类中一般都会介绍“送红包”的民俗：在婚礼等社交聚会、家族聚会、节日中，亲友间赠予的装有钞票或类似金钱礼物的红色包裹/信封。不过中国自古就有以“三节”(春节、中秋节、端午节)的“节敬”形式粉饰行贿的传统，而英语国家的人对此很难理解。美国一个致力于反商业贿赂的非政府组织“追踪国际”(Trace International)的主席在接受《华尔街日报》采访时，就解释了这一差异：“美国《海外反腐败法》明文有载企业‘不能直接或间接向政府官员提供、承诺或支付任何有价值的物品，以获得商业好处’。但被控行贿的企业很难向从未到过中国的美国陪审团解释，为何‘将现金装到红色密封信封中递给政府官员，在中国是得当的’，‘这是个古老的传统，在中国可能已有上千年了，如果不这样做，当地官员很可能认为自己被羞辱了’。” “Hukou”：“以分化和排斥控制社会”的“家户登记制度” “户口”之所以在英文中是直接音译为“Hukou”而非意译为“家户登记制”，是因为英语世界的居民从现实上无法理解中国的户籍制度。现实上的隔膜，正如斯坦福大学出版社2005年出版的学术专著《以分化和排斥控制社会：中国户口制度》序言向美国读者点明的“中国特色”：“想象下你作为本国公民，要迁徙到国内更繁荣的城市去，结果在目的地不能、不准在当地一大半工作岗位就业、不准在当地一大半公立学校就学，随时会因‘签证’过期而被本国市政当局拘留和驱逐。”
就是平时不怎么用，一般出现在学术论文中等的专业性词语，比如(Tourette's syndrome)多发性抽动症
Paper指的是文章，可以是普通文章，也可以学术文章。Thesis就表示比较严肃的文章，是带有一定目的的，研究性的文章。学位论文，研究报告。Dissertation只是非常正式，古典的英语。应用的很少了，现在一般专指博士论文，或者研究所的重大研究项目报告
嗯……那要看看你的作文的类型或是题目是什么耶……比如如果是关于社会的话，一些专用词就像infrastructure,economy boom,communication system,standard of living,indication of development,proper sanitation等等…… 哇！楼上的真厉害！
高中英语作文常用句型一． 表达观点 What I’d like to point out is that… I’m generally convinced that… We have reasons/every reason to believe that… We can therefore come to the conclusion that… It goes without saying that… As far as I’m concerned, …二． 描绘 According to the picture/chart, we can see/conclude that… As is clearly shown in the picture, … The number/amount of … will rise/show a tendency of… It accounts for… The advantages outweigh the Evidently it has both negative and positive People used to think…, but things are different There is a slight/slow/steady/rapid drop( rise, increase,decrease,fall) in demond (income,population,price) that… The figure (percentage, number,) has nearly (almost, more than,clearly) doubled/tripled, compared with that of…三． 反驳 In my opinion, this point of view doesn’t hold Besides, we should not neglect the fact that… A close examination would reveal how ridiculous the statement Contrary to what is widely accepted, I maintain that…四． 解释分析 No one can deny that… It can be easily proved that… One thing which is epually important to what is mentioned above is that… We have every reason to believe that… A number of factors can account for the development in…/popularity of…五． 论证说明 A good case in point is… No one can deny the fact that… There is sufficient evidence to show that… According to the statistics, it can be seen that… It has been illustrated that…六．文章开篇 Recently the problem has been brought into Recently the phenomenon has become a heated Recently the issue has aroused great concern among… Nowadays there is a growing concern over… Faced with …, quite a few people argue that… With the arrival of the information age,… There is a growing worldwide awareness of the need for… Some argue/hold that… but others set forth a totally different argument about the issue of… Thanks to China’s reform and opening up policy,…七．结尾 It is high time that strict measures were taken to stop… We might do more than identify the cause; it is important to take action to… Whether it is good or not/positive or negative, one thing is certain/clear that… All the evidence support a sound conclusion that…八．其他 It goes without saying that…不用说， 不言而喻 It is universally acknowledged that…大家公认为。。。 The evidence shows that the importance of … can’t be 证据显示。。。重要性再怎么强调也不过分。 ●对比类句型：1) A is to B what/ as C is to D(A之于B犹如C之于D)2) Just , 3) A and B have sth in 4) A is similar to B5) The same is true of，The same can be said of(……也是如此)6) The advantages of A are much greater than B7) compared with B, A has many 8) The advantages outweigh the disadvantages(利大于弊)9) Wonderful as A is, however, it has its own disadvantages 10) Although A enjoys considerable advantage , it can not compete with B 11) Contrary to widely accepted views, I believe 12) What people fail to consider is 13) It is one thing to insist , it is quite another to show 14) Nothing can rival…(……是无与伦比的)15) …has drawbacks as well as 16) A is superior(inferior) to B17) varies from person to person(……是因人而异的)18) A is just the opposite (to B) 19) A differs from B in that…(A不同于B在于……)20) …is not the same (as)●过渡性句型： 1) this is true 2) This is true, no doubt, 3) 4) It is one thing ; it is another ●描写图表和数据的句型1) rank first (both) 2) in proportion 3) A is by far the 4) As many 5) The number is imes as much as that of 6) The figure has nearly doubled/tripled, as against that of last 7) It accounts for 35% 8) By comparison with , it decreased/increased/fell 9) ise rapidly(slowly)10) ain 11) ach 12)There is a slight/slow/steady/rapid rise/increase /////decrease/decline/reduction/fall/drop in13) be on the increase/decrease/rise/decline (……在不断的增加,减少,上升,下降)●图表作文中的过渡、概括句型：1) As can be indicated in the table, 2) As we could find out later， 3) As is revealed in the table，4) As the survey results show，5) This table provides several important points of comparison between，6) The two graphs depict the same thing in 7) The key findings taken from the surveys are as follows:8) According to the figures given in the table, 9) This chart shows that 10) As is shown by the graph, 11) It can be seen from the statistics that 12) It is generally believed /accepted/thought/held ●说明原因的句型:1) There are some/two/many good reasons /to 2) We have two good reasons 3) The reason for is that + 从句4) Among the most convincing reasons given by people , one should be 5) One may think of the trend as a result 6) The change largely results from the fact 7) There are several causes for this significant growth F8) A number of factors could account for the 9) It is no simple task to give the reason for 10) The cause of /reason for higher prices was an increase in 11) Because/As/Now that/Since the demand has increased, the prices are 12) An increase in demand causes/results in/leads to/produces higher 13) The demand has 14) Therefore,/As a result,/For this reason,/Because of this,/Consequently, the prices are 15) If there is an increase in demand, then prices /go //are 16) Different people look in different ●表示不同看法的句型:1) Different people have/hold different opinions/views on the question/problem/ Some believe that ; Others argue that :Still others maintain that 2) They are quite different from each other in their 3) Some people hold the opinion that it is good to 4) They think quite differently on this 5) Opinions vary from individual to individual, from culture to ●表示必须,紧急,有困难做某事的句型:1) It is important (necessary, urgent, difficult, easy, convenient, comfortable, expensive, desirable, advisable) for to do 2) have trouble/difficulty/a hard time/a difficult time (in) doing (有困难做某事)●用于文章开头的句型：1) Faced ; quite a few people argue ; But other people conceive 2) There is a general discussion today about the issue ; Those who object argue that ;They believe ; But people who favor , on the other hand, argue that 3) Currently there is a widespread concern 4) Now people in growing number are coming to realize 5) Now it is commonly held that ; they think ; But I doubt 6) Recently the issue has been brought to public 7) One of the great men once said Now more and more people share this 8) Until recently, has been regarded But people are taking a fresh look at 9) S argues/maintains /holds/insists/believes 10) More and more people are realizing /have come to 11) There is no denying/doubt that ●用于文章结尾的句型：1) From what has been discussed above/taking into account all these factors, we may safely arrive at/draw/come to/reach the conclusion that 2) It is high time that we put considerable/great/special emphasis on 3) We must look for all immediate method, because the present situation of , if permitted to continue, will sure lead to/result 4) Many solutions/methods are being offered here, all of them make some sense, but none is quite The problem should be examined in a new 5) There is no immediate solution to the problem , might be helpful/6) No easy method can be at hand to solve the problem of , but the general awareness of the necessity/importance might be the first step on the right 7) There is little doubt/denying that 8) It is, therefore, obvious/evident that the task quire immediate 9) As far as be concerned, I believe/think that 10) In conclusion,11) In my opinion, I am in favor of 12) Personally, I prefer 13) In short, should learn ; Only in this way can the most difficult problems be solved 14) As far as I am concerned, I agree with the opinion ●用于论证和说明的句型：1) We may cite/quote/take a single/common example to 2) Our society abounds with the examples of 3) A recent study indicates/suggests/shows 4) According to the statistics provided , it can be seen 5) There is good/sufficient evidence to show 6) This brings out/set forth the important fact that 7) No one can ignore/overlook the fact ●常用谚语 (在议论文中):1) As a popular saying goes, “Every coin has two sides” 2) As a proverb says, “Everything has two sides” On the one hand, physical exercise is good for your On the other hand, if you don t deal with it properly, it will do harm to your So we should look at the matter from two 3) As a proverb says, “Where there is a will there is a ” (有志者事竟成)4) As a popular saying goes, “A man is known by the company he ”(观其交友,知其为人)5) As is known to all, “No pains, no gains”(没有苦,就没有甜)●辩论中常用的句型:1) There is no doubt that 2) It is obvious/clear that 3) As is known to all, 4) (It s) no (难怪) He didn t work hard and no wonder he lost his 5) It goes without saying that (不用说,不成问题,很自然……)6) What is more important, 7) I am convinced that (我深信……)
这是我最近总结的一些英语作文经典句型： 1`According to a recent survey 依照最近的一项调查 2`The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with 最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。 3`An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that 越来越多的人开始意识到 4`When it comes to 说到 5`Many experts point out that 许多专家指出 6`There is no denying the fact that 无可否认， 7`In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures should be taken before things get 考虑到问题的严重性，在事态进一步恶化之前，必须采取有效的措施。 8`In the last decades, 在过去的几十年 9`In fact, we have to admit the fact that 事实上，我们必须承认 10`We should spare no effort to beautify our 我们应该不遗余力地美化我们的环境。 11`For my part, I agree with the latter opinion for the following reasons: 我同意后者，有如下理由： 12`From what has been discussed above, 通过以上讨论， 13`As for me, I`m in favor of the opinion that 就我而言，我同意 14`From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that 通过上面的讨论，我们不难得出结论： 注意：想用And时就改成Moreover， Furthermore， Besides， What`s more它们的意思是而且 however是然而 把所有的very 都换成extremely 想说我认为就用As far as I am concerned,…… 去年是要点型作文，如果我没判断失误的话今年应该是对比类或正反类，那就会用到这个：On the other hand,意思是另一方面most students are against the idea大部分学生不同意这一观点 基本就这了，上面这些话能用上一定要用，用上就是分，而且绝对不是一分两分的问题……
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