有关国际贸易的英文文献

高等数学 线性代数 概率论 大学英语 计算机基础 微观经济学 宏观经济学 管理学 会计学 财务管理 市场营销 统计学 财政学 经济法 管理信息系统 国际金融 项目融资 外贸函电 货币银行学 国际贸易理论 国际贸易实务 中国对外贸易概论世界经济概论 国际经济合作 证券投资 商业银行管理 国际结算 国际税收 商务公关与谈判 投资学 外贸运输与保险 国际商法 服务营销 商务礼仪 国际经贸英文文献选读 世界贸易组织概论 科研论文写作 报关与商检 国际市场营销 国际经贸专题 国际市场营销 保险学 电子商务概论 国际投资 我就是国贸专业大三的，上述的都是按学期学的排列，不同学校安排可能有差别，不过大致都一样的。给我分吧，你大概是高考完的孩子吧~！祝你顺利读上好学校好专业！！

我也是参加国际贸易的自考考生，记得课程里面有一个是叫《外刊经贸知识选读》，你可以查看下教材有没有翻译，我还没有考到。希望对你有帮助

International trade is the exchange of capital, goods and services across international boundaries or [1] In most countries, it represents a significant share of GDP While international trade has been present throughout much of history (see Silk Road, Amber Road), its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent Industrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and outsourcing are all having a major impact on the international trade Increasing international trade is crucial to the continuance of International trade is a major source of economic revenue for any nation that is considered a world Without international trade, nations would be limited to the goods and services produced within their own International trade is in principle not different from domestic trade as the motivation and the behavior of parties involved in a trade does not change fundamentally depending on whether trade is across a border or The main difference is that international trade is typically more costly than domestic The reason is that a border typically imposes additional costs such as tariffs, time costs due to border delays and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal system or a different Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of production such as capital and labor are typically more mobile within a country than across Thus international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services, and only to a lesser extent to trade in capital, labor or other factors of Then trade in good and services can serve as a substitute for trade in factors of Instead of importing the factor of production a country can import goods that make intensive use of the factor of production and are thus embodying the respective An example is the import of labor-intensive goods by the United States from C Instead of importing Chinese labor the United States is importing goods from China that were produced with Chinese International trade is also a branch of economics, which, together with international finance, forms the larger branch of international ModelsSeveral different models have been proposed to predict patterns of trade and to analyze the effects of trade policies such as [edit] Ricardian modelMain article: Ricardian modelThe Ricardian model focuses on comparative advantage and is perhaps the most important concept in international trade In a Ricardian model, countries specialize in producing what they produce Unlike other models, the Ricardian framework predicts that countries will fully specialize instead of producing a broad array of Also, the Ricardian model does not directly consider factor endowments, such as the relative amounts of labor and capital within a [edit] Heckscher-Ohlin modelMain article: Heckscher-Ohlin modelThe Heckscher-Ohlin model was produced as an alternative to the Ricardian model of basic comparative Despite its greater complexity it did not prove much more accurate in its However from a theoretical point of view it did provide an elegant solution by incorporating the neoclassical price mechanism into international trade The theory argues that the pattern of international trade is determined by differences in factor It predicts that countries will export those goods that make intensive use of locally abundant factors and will import goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally Empirical problems with the H-O model, known as the Leontief paradox, were exposed in empirical tests by Wassily Leontief who found that the United States tended to export labor intensive goods despite having a capital [edit] Specific factors modelIn this model, labour mobility between industries is possible while capital is immobile between industries in the short- Thus, this model can be interpreted as a 'short run' version of the Heckscher-Ohlin The specific factors name refers to the given that in the short-run specific factors of production, such as physical capital, are not easily transferable between The theory suggests that if there is an increase in the price of a good, the owners of the factor of production specific to that good will profit in real Additionally, owners of opposing specific factors of production ( labour and capital) are likely to have opposing agendas when lobbying for controls over immigration of Conversely, both owners of capital and labour profit in real terms from an increase in the capital This model is ideal for particular This model is ideal for understanding income distribution but awkward for discussing the pattern of trade![edit] New Trade TheoryMain article: New Trade TheoryNew Trade theory tries to explain several facts about trade, which the two main models above have difficulty These include the fact that most trade is between countries with similar factor endowment and productivity levels, and the large amount of multinational production (ie foreign direct investment) which In one example of this framework, the economy exhibits monopolistic competition, and increasing returns to [edit] Gravity modelMain article: Gravity model of tradeThe Gravity model of trade presents a more empirical analysis of trading patterns rather than the more theoretical models discussed The gravity model, in its basic form, predicts trade based on the distance between countries and the interaction of the countries' economic The model mimics the Newtonian law of gravity which also considers distance and physical size between two The model has been proven to be empirically strong through econometric Other factors such as income level, diplomatic relationships between countries, and trade policies are also included in expanded versions of the [edit] Regulation of international tradeTraditionally trade was regulated through bilateral treaties between two For centuries under the belief in Mercantilism most nations had high tariffs and many restrictions on international In the 19th century, especially in Britain, a belief in free trade became This belief became the dominant thinking among western nations since then despite the acknowledgement that adoption of the policy coincided with the general decline of Great B In the years since the Second World War, controversial multilateral treaties like the GATT and World Trade Organization have attempted to create a globally regulated trade These trade agreements have often resulted in protest and discontent with claims of unfair trade that is not mutually Free trade is usually most strongly supported by the most economically powerful nations, though they often engage in selective protectionism for those industries which are strategically important such as the protective tariffs applied to agriculture by the United States and E The Netherlands and the United Kingdom were both strong advocates of free trade when they were economically dominant, today the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Japan are its greatest However, many other countries (such as India, China and Russia) are increasingly becoming advocates of free trade as they become more economically powerful As tariff levels fall there is also an increasing willingness to negotiate non tariff measures, including foreign direct investment, procurement and trade The latter looks at the transaction cost associated with meeting trade and customs Traditionally agricultural interests are usually in favour of free trade while manufacturing sectors often support This has changed somewhat in recent years, In fact, agricultural lobbies, particularly in the United States, Europe and Japan, are chiefly responsible for particular rules in the major international trade treaties which allow for more protectionist measures in agriculture than for most other goods and During recessions there is often strong domestic pressure to increase tariffs to protect domestic This occurred around the world during the Great D Many economists have attempted to portray tariffs as the underlining reason behind the collapse in world trade that many believe seriously deepened the The regulation of international trade is done through the World Trade Organization at the global level, and through several other regional arrangements such as MERCOSUR in South America, NAFTA between the United States, Canada and Mexico, and the European Union between 27 independent The 2005 Buenos Aires talks on the planned establishment of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) failed largely due to opposition from the populations of Latin American Similar agreements such as the MAI (Multilateral Agreement on Investment) have also failed in recent [edit] Risks in international tradeThe risks that exist in international trade can be divided into two major groups