有关国际贸易的英文文献有哪些

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International trade is the exchange of capital, goods and services across international boundaries or [1] In most countries, it represents a significant share of GDP While international trade has been present throughout much of history (see Silk Road, Amber Road), its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent Industrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and outsourcing are all having a major impact on the international trade Increasing international trade is crucial to the continuance of International trade is a major source of economic revenue for any nation that is considered a world Without international trade, nations would be limited to the goods and services produced within their own International trade is in principle not different from domestic trade as the motivation and the behavior of parties involved in a trade does not change fundamentally depending on whether trade is across a border or The main difference is that international trade is typically more costly than domestic The reason is that a border typically imposes additional costs such as tariffs, time costs due to border delays and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal system or a different Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of production such as capital and labor are typically more mobile within a country than across Thus international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services, and only to a lesser extent to trade in capital, labor or other factors of Then trade in good and services can serve as a substitute for trade in factors of Instead of importing the factor of production a country can import goods that make intensive use of the factor of production and are thus embodying the respective An example is the import of labor-intensive goods by the United States from C Instead of importing Chinese labor the United States is importing goods from China that were produced with Chinese International trade is also a branch of economics, which, together with international finance, forms the larger branch of international ModelsSeveral different models have been proposed to predict patterns of trade and to analyze the effects of trade policies such as [edit] Ricardian modelMain article: Ricardian modelThe Ricardian model focuses on comparative advantage and is perhaps the most important concept in international trade In a Ricardian model, countries specialize in producing what they produce Unlike other models, the Ricardian framework predicts that countries will fully specialize instead of producing a broad array of Also, the Ricardian model does not directly consider factor endowments, such as the relative amounts of labor and capital within a [edit] Heckscher-Ohlin modelMain article: Heckscher-Ohlin modelThe Heckscher-Ohlin model was produced as an alternative to the Ricardian model of basic comparative Despite its greater complexity it did not prove much more accurate in its However from a theoretical point of view it did provide an elegant solution by incorporating the neoclassical price mechanism into international trade The theory argues that the pattern of international trade is determined by differences in factor It predicts that countries will export those goods that make intensive use of locally abundant factors and will import goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally Empirical problems with the H-O model, known as the Leontief paradox, were exposed in empirical tests by Wassily Leontief who found that the United States tended to export labor intensive goods despite having a capital [edit] Specific factors modelIn this model, labour mobility between industries is possible while capital is immobile between industries in the short- Thus, this model can be interpreted as a 'short run' version of the Heckscher-Ohlin The specific factors name refers to the given that in the short-run specific factors of production, such as physical capital, are not easily transferable between The theory suggests that if there is an increase in the price of a good, the owners of the factor of production specific to that good will profit in real Additionally, owners of opposing specific factors of production ( labour and capital) are likely to have opposing agendas when lobbying for controls over immigration of Conversely, both owners of capital and labour profit in real terms from an increase in the capital This model is ideal for particular This model is ideal for understanding income distribution but awkward for discussing the pattern of trade![edit] New Trade TheoryMain article: New Trade TheoryNew Trade theory tries to explain several facts about trade, which the two main models above have difficulty These include the fact that most trade is between countries with similar factor endowment and productivity levels, and the large amount of multinational production (ie foreign direct investment) which In one example of this framework, the economy exhibits monopolistic competition, and increasing returns to [edit] Gravity modelMain article: Gravity model of tradeThe Gravity model of trade presents a more empirical analysis of trading patterns rather than the more theoretical models discussed The gravity model, in its basic form, predicts trade based on the distance between countries and the interaction of the countries' economic The model mimics the Newtonian law of gravity which also considers distance and physical size between two The model has been proven to be empirically strong through econometric Other factors such as income level, diplomatic relationships between countries, and trade policies are also included in expanded versions of the [edit] Regulation of international tradeTraditionally trade was regulated through bilateral treaties between two For centuries under the belief in Mercantilism most nations had high tariffs and many restrictions on international In the 19th century, especially in Britain, a belief in free trade became This belief became the dominant thinking among western nations since then despite the acknowledgement that adoption of the policy coincided with the general decline of Great B In the years since the Second World War, controversial multilateral treaties like the GATT and World Trade Organization have attempted to create a globally regulated trade These trade agreements have often resulted in protest and discontent with claims of unfair trade that is not mutually Free trade is usually most strongly supported by the most economically powerful nations, though they often engage in selective protectionism for those industries which are strategically important such as the protective tariffs applied to agriculture by the United States and E The Netherlands and the United Kingdom were both strong advocates of free trade when they were economically dominant, today the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Japan are its greatest However, many other countries (such as India, China and Russia) are increasingly becoming advocates of free trade as they become more economically powerful As tariff levels fall there is also an increasing willingness to negotiate non tariff measures, including foreign direct investment, procurement and trade The latter looks at the transaction cost associated with meeting trade and customs Traditionally agricultural interests are usually in favour of free trade while manufacturing sectors often support This has changed somewhat in recent years, In fact, agricultural lobbies, particularly in the United States, Europe and Japan, are chiefly responsible for particular rules in the major international trade treaties which allow for more protectionist measures in agriculture than for most other goods and During recessions there is often strong domestic pressure to increase tariffs to protect domestic This occurred around the world during the Great D Many economists have attempted to portray tariffs as the underlining reason behind the collapse in world trade that many believe seriously deepened the The regulation of international trade is done through the World Trade Organization at the global level, and through several other regional arrangements such as MERCOSUR in South America, NAFTA between the United States, Canada and Mexico, and the European Union between 27 independent The 2005 Buenos Aires talks on the planned establishment of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) failed largely due to opposition from the populations of Latin American Similar agreements such as the MAI (Multilateral Agreement on Investment) have also failed in recent [edit] Risks in international tradeThe risks that exist in international trade can be divided into two major groups

241 评论 2小时前发布

迟到的春风

1、海闻,P林德特,王新奎，《国际贸易》，上海人民出版社 2、黎孝先，《国际贸易实物》，对外经济贸易大学出版社 3、谢国娥，《海关报关实务》，华东理工大学出版社 4、吴百福，《国际货运风险与保险》，对外经济贸易大学出版社 5、甘鸿，《外经贸英语函电（英语读本）》，上海科学技术文献出版社另外，还应该读一读：国际结算，国际商法，国际投资，国际商务谈判以及国际金融。这些书很多，自己可以随便挑选以下。国际结算最好选用英语汉语双语读本。

269 评论 6小时前发布

袜子飞了

我有2000贸易术语解释通则，UCP600，UCP500，ISBP中英文版。以及越狱的英文字幕。如果你要的话我可以发到你的邮箱里！我是用百度搜的。我的邮箱是：xubaoyuan_如果你有类似的中英文版可以给我发！谢谢！我是学国际经济与贸易的。

250 评论 11小时前发布

格桑之门

国际贸易相关英语词汇accepting bank 承兑银行 adept 内行 adulterated 冒充物agreement 同意书 air parcel 航空邮包 amendment修正书area 面积 bankrupt 破产 beneficiary 受益人bilateral trade 双边贸易 bill of landing 提单 bill of exchange汇票billing 开发票 blind competition恶性竞争 boom 生意兴隆delay延误 shoes store 鞋子专卖店 breakage破损 air cargo 航空货运 certificate of origin原产地证明 bulk cargo 散装货discount折扣 business is inactive 市面萧条 buyer买主cancel 取消 can not afford 买不起 capacity 容积capture market 争取市场 certificate fee 签证费 certificate of inspection检验证claim 索赔 close 结关 close date 结关日close door 歇业 collection 托收 confirm 确认commercial credit 商用信用 commission 佣金 consignee 收货人consumer 消费者 contract 合约 container 货柜costprice 成本价 cost & freight 货运及运费 cost & insurance 货价及保险cost insurance & freight (CIF)成本保险费加运费价 counter 货柜台 counterfeit 仿冒 customer 顾客 customs 海关customer broker 报送行 dealer 贩卖商 deferred payment 延迟付款deficit 亏空 delivery date 交货期 deliver from go down 出仓department store 百货公司 depression 不景气 destination 目的地direct trade 直接贸易 distribution 分销 documentary 押汇documentary acceptance bill 承况汇单 documentary payment bill 付款汇单double check 复查 drawee 付款人 dumping 倾销enlarge 扩充 export 出口 exporter 出口商export declaration 出品申请书 faulty goods 劣足迹 foreign exchange 外汇free on board (FOB，离岸价) gross weight 毛重 handle with care 小心轻放horizontal competition 同业竞争 import 进口 importer 进口商import permit 进品许可证 indirect trade 间接进口 inquiry sheet 询价单inspector 验货员 inspection sheet 检验单 instalment 分期付款international trade foreign trade 国际贸易 invoice 发票limited price 限价 loading port 输出口岸 main mark 正唛manufacture 制造 marg in profit 利润 managenment 管理制度manufacturer 制造商 market 市价 mass production 大量生产multilateral trade 多边贸易 negotiated purchase 议价 netback price 厂价net weight 净重 no transshipment permitted 不准转运nominal price 标价 notary 公证人 offer 报价on board 已装船 only one price 不二价 open tender 公开投标order 订单 output 产量 packing list 包装单partialloss 部分损失 payee 收款人 penalty 违约金，罚金paying bank 付款银行 peak season 旺季 place of delivery 交货地点post office 邮局 price bargain 讨价还价 price cutting 减价，削价price list 价目表 process 流程 production control 生产管制proforma invoice（一般译为“形式发票”简写为“PI”） purchase 购买quality control 品质管制 received for shipment 待装船 reduced price 减价regular customer 老主顾 reorganization 改组 repacking 改装restricted tender 比价 resume business 复业 retail 零售returned check 退票 retailer 零售商 sale 销售rock bottom price 最低价 sale on credit 赊账 salesman 推销员sea port 港口 service 服务 segment delivery 分批交货shipper 货主 shipping advice 装船通知 shipping company 船务公司或海运公司 shipping date 装船日期 shipping dock 装船码头shipping document 装船文件 shoddy 粗制滥造 unpacking开箱shopping rush 抢购 shortage 缺量 yielding 获利show window 橱窗 slack season 淡季 special customs invoice 海关特种发票 specification 规格 standard brand 正牌子steady 稳定 stock 存货 stylist 款式设计师supplier 供应商 supply & demand 供求 terminal market 批发市场telegraphic transfer 电汇（T/T） time of delivery 交货日期 trade company 贸易公司travelers checks 旅行支票 title 抬头 top quality 上等货total loss 全部损失 trade mark 商标 trial order 试销货unfavorable trade balance 逆差 uniform invoice 统一发票 unilateral trade 单边贸易warehouse 仓库 unsaleable 滞结 upset price 底价useful load 装载量 wholesaler 批发商 letter of credit 信用状revocable letter of credit 取消信用状 irrevocable letter of credit 不可取消信用状sight letter of credit 即期信用状 usance letter of credit 远期信用状assignable letter credit 可转让信用状 unassignable letter of credit 不可转让信用状destination 到达口岸 export declaration 出口申请表 quotation form 行情表

357 评论 12小时前发布

有关国际贸易的英文文献有哪些

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