公共管理外文文献推荐

哲学、经济学、法学、教育学、文学、历史学、管理学、艺术学等8个学科门类。　　1、哲学门包类括哲学、逻辑学、宗教学、伦理学等4个专业，哲学一般都认为是纯文科专业，但也有个别院校招收理科生。　　哲学类专业推荐：　　哲学宗教学逻辑学伦理学、美学、心理学、现代西方哲学、科学技术哲学、社会学。　　2、经济学包括经济学类、财政学类、金融学类、经济与贸易类四大类，17种专业。经济类中文理兼收的专业比较多。　　经济学类专业推荐：经济学财政学国民经济管理　　环境资源与发展经济学保险金融工程信用管理体育经济国际文化贸易。　　3、法学门类包括法学类、政治学类、社会学类、民族学等六大类，共32个专业。法学近年来报考比较火爆，而其中，法学、社会学、公安学类中有很多专业是文理兼收的。　　法学类专业推荐：法学知识产权科学社会主义与国际共产主义运动社会学家政学女性学国际政治思想政治教育侦查学火灾勘查禁毒学禁毒学。　　4、教育学包括教育类、体育两大类共16种专业。其中也有一些文理兼收的专业。　　教育学类专业推荐：教育学特殊教育小学教育人文教育言语听觉科学体育教育社会体育民族传统体育农艺教育学前教育教育技术学艺术教育。　　5、文学是文科生招生的大户，包括中国语言文学类、外国语言文学类、新闻传播学类三大类，共76种专业。　　文学类专业推荐：汉语言文学对外汉语古典文献应用语言学俄语法语阿拉伯语波斯语编辑出版学媒体创意广播电视新闻学音乐科技与艺术。　　6、历史学包括一个大类，历史、考古学、文物保护技术等6个专业。　　历史学类专业推荐：　　历史学考古学民族学世界历史博物馆学文物保护技术。　　7、管理学门类下设工商管理类、公共管理类、旅游管理类等9个大类，46种专业。同时也是文理兼收的招生大户，院校开设管理类的专业比较多，文理兼收的专业主要有：会计学、工商管理、市场营销、财务管理、公共管理、人力资源管理等等。　　管理学专业推荐：公共管理公共关系学劳动与社会保障电子商务及法律连锁经营管理电子商务文化产业管理国防教育与管理人力资源管理。　　8、艺术学门类包括美术学、设计学、戏剧与影视学类等5大类，共33个专业。艺术类大多数专业都在艺术类专业目录中查找。但也有部分院校的艺术类专业会在普通批次招生，如戏剧影视文学、广播电视编导、动画等等。　　艺术类专业推荐：　　建筑学中国画、油画美术史、音乐·美术·播音编导、摄影、公关、空乘。　　文科有　　法律，　　教师师范院校是非常有前途的。　　比如心理学、文化产业管理、人力资源管理等,有

New Public Management : Contemporary Western trend of the new public administration From the start of the 1970s, the West has dominated the field of public administration nearly a and was regarded to be effective, even the best traditional or mainstream public administration, subjected to a new external environment increasingly tough challenges, and the almost routine, rigid-tier system can not meet the increasingly rapid changes in information and knowledge-intensive society and economic life, build on its two major theoretical basis -- Goodnow Wilson and the political-administrative theory and the two-layer management Huibaike no theory Law answered and solved the government faces an increasingly serious problems and difficulties : the financial crisis, the social welfare policy unsustainable, government agencies increasingly bloated, inefficient, the public lost confidence in the government's ability, "government failure" theory has begun to 正是在这样的历史背景下，一种新的公共行政理论、管理模式——新公共管理（NewPublic Management）在80年代的英美两国应运而生，并迅速扩展到西方各国。It is in this historical backdrop, a new public administration theory, Management -- New Public Management (NewPublic Management) in the 1980s, the Anglo-American two crops, and the rapid expansion of the Western 与以往传统的公共行政框架内进行的变革不同，新公共管理不是对现存行政管理体制和方式进行某种程度的局部调整，或仅仅是为了降低行政管理的成本，减少行政费用开支，更重要的是，它是对传统的公共行政模式的一种全面清算和否定。And the number of traditional public administration within the framework of the changes, Public management is not new to the existing administrative structure and ways of some degree of partial adjustment or simply to lower administrative costs and reduce administrative expenses, but more importantly, It is the traditional model of public administration of a comprehensive settlement and 一、新公共管理的理论基础1, the new public management theory 如果说传统的公共行政以威尔逊、古德诺的政治—行政二分论和韦伯的科层制论为其理论支撑点的话，新公共管理则以现代经济学和私营企业管理理论和方法作为自己的理论基础。If the traditional public administration to W Goodnow political-administrative theory and the two-Weber-tier system on the support of their theory, new public while management of modern economics and private enterprise management theory and methods as its theoretical 首先，新公共管理从现代经济学中获得诸多理论依据，如从“理性人”（人的理性都是为自己的利益，都希望以最小的付出获得最大利益）的假定中获得绩效管理的依据；从公共选择和交易成本理论中获得政府应以市场或顾客为导向，提高服务效率、质量和有效性的依据；从成本—效益分析中获得对政府绩效目标进行界定、测量和评估的依据等等。First, the new public management from modern economics has many theoretical basis, From the "rational" (the rational is for their own want to pay the smallest gain maximum benefits) of the premise is the basis for performance management; from the public choice theory and transaction cost which the government should be market-oriented or customers, improve the efficiency of services, the quality and effectiveness of the basis; from the cost-effectiveness analysis was to define the performance goals, Measurement and evaluation, and so on the 其次，新公共管理又从私营管理方法中汲取营养。Secondly, the new public management from the private management methods to absorb 新公共行政管理认为，私营部门许多管理方式和手段都可为公共部门所借用。The new public administration that many private sector management methods and means available to the public sector 如私营部门的组织形式能灵活地适应环境，而不是韦伯所说的僵化的科层制；对产出和结果的高度重视（对私营部门来说，产出就意味着利润，而在高度竞争的市场环境中，要获取利润就必须给顾客提供高质量的服务，同时尽可能地降低成本），而不是只管投入，不重产出；人事管理上实现灵活的合同雇佣制和绩效工资制，而不是一经录用，永久任职，等等。Such as the private sector, the organizational form of flexibility in adapting to the environment, and not Weber said the rigid hierarchy; outputs and outcomes of the high degree of importance (for the private sector, output means profits in a highly competitive market environment, we must make profits to provide customers with high-quality service, Meanwhile, as far as possible to reduce costs), rather than just input and output weight; personnel management to achieve a flexible system of employment contracts and performance pay system, rather than by hiring a permanent office, and so 总之，新公共管理认为，那些已经和正在为私营部门所成功地运用着的管理方法，如绩效管理、目标管理、组织发展、人力资源开发等并非为私营部门所独有，它们完全可以运用到公有部门的管理中。In short, the new public management, and is already by the private sector to successfully used management methods, If performance management, goal management, organizational development, human resources development is not unique to the private They can be used in public sector 二、新公共行政管理的基本特征Second, the new public administration of the basic features 新公共管理是个非常松散的概念，它既指一种试图取代传统公共行政学的管理理论，又指一种新的公共行政模式，还指在当代西方公共行政领域持续进行的改革运动。New Public Management is a very loose concept, it refers to an attempt to replace the traditional public administration management theory, Also referred to a new model of public administration, also refers to the contemporary Western ongoing public administration reform 其名称在西方各国也不尽相同，如在英国叫“管理主义”，在美国则称为“企业家的政府”或“新公共管理”，在其他一些国家又称为“市场导向型公共行政”等等，但它们都具有大体相同的特征。Its name in western countries is not necessarily the same as in the United Kingdom called "management", in the United States known as the "entrepreneurial government" or "new public management" In some other countries, also known as the "market-oriented public administration," and so on, but they have broadly similar 首先，新公共管理改变了传统公共模式下的政府与社会之间的关系，重新对政府职能及其与社会的关系进行定位：即政府不再是高高在上、“自我服务”的官僚机构，政府公务人员应该是负责任的“企业经理和管理人员”，社会公众则是提供政府税收的“纳税人”和享受政府服务作为回报的“顾客”或“客户”，政府服务应以顾客为导向，应增强对社会公众需要的响应力。First, the new public management to change the traditional model of public government and the relationship between society, reopened to the functions of the government and with the community relations position : that the government is no longer superior, "self-service" bureaucracy, government officials should be responsible "corporate managers and managers" the public is to provide the government's tax revenue "taxpayers" and access to government services in return for the "clients" or "customers" government services should be customer-oriented and should enhance the public's need to respond to 近年来，英、德、荷兰等国政府采取的简化服务手续、制订并公布服务标准、在某一级行政区域和某些部门或行业开办“一站商店”服务等，就是在这种新的政府—社会关系模式下所施行的一些具体措施。In recent years, Britain, Germany, the Netherlands and other government services to simplify the procedures and to develop and publish service standards, in a regional and an administrative certain sectors or industries offer "one-stop shop" It is in this new government-community relations model as applied by some of the specific 其次，与传统公共行政只计投入，不计产出不同，新公共管理更加重视政府活动的产出和结果，即重视提供公共服务的效率和质量，由此而重视赋予“一线经理和管理人员”（即中低级文官）以职、权、责，如在计划和预算上，重视组织的战略目标和长期计划，强调对预算的“总量”控制，给一线经理在资源配置、人员安排等方面的充分的自主权，以适应变化不定的外部环境和公众不断变化的需求。Secondly, with the traditional public administration, only the input, output or not, New Public Management pay more attention to the activities of the outputs and outcomes that provide public services to the efficiency and quality, thus entrusted to the "first-line managers and managers" (that is, low-level civil service) to the post of powers, responsibilities and If the plan and budget, the attention to the organization's strategic goals and long-term plans, the emphasis is on the Budget for its "total" control, to the frontline managers in the allocation of resources and personnel arrangements, and so on the full autonomy to adapt to the fluctuating external environment and the ever changing [NextPage][NextPage] 第三，与上一点紧密相联，新公共管理反对传统公共行政重遵守既定法律法规，轻绩效测定和评估的做法，主张放松严格的行政规制（即主要通过法规、制度控制），而实现严明的绩效目标控制，即确定组织、个人的具体目标，并根据绩效示标（performance indicator）对目标完成情况进行测量和评估，由此而产生了所谓的三E，即经济（economy）、效率（efficency）和效果（effect）等三大变量。Third, and closely related, 1:00, the new public management oppose traditional public administration re-compliance with established laws and regulations, Light performance measurement and assessment practices, advocating the relaxation of the strict regulatory system (that is, through legislation, system control), achieve strict control of the performance goals, which was to determine organizations, individuals of specific goals, under the performance indicator (performance indicator) on the target for completion of the measurement and assessment, as a result, the so-called three E, in which the economy (economy), efficiency (efficency) and the effect (effect), and other three 第四，与传统公共行政排斥私营部门管理方式不同，新公共管理强调政府广泛采用私营部门成功的管理方法和手段（如成本—效益分析、全面质量管理、目标管理等）和竞争机制，取消公共服务供给的垄断性，如“政府业务合同出租”、“竞争性招标”等，新公共管理认为，政府的主要职能固然是向社会提供服务，但这并不意味着所有公共服务都应由政府直接提供。Fourth, public administration and the traditional exclusion of private sector management methods differ, New Public Management emphasizes the wide adoption of successful private sector management methods and means (such as cost-benefit analysis total quality management, management by objectives) and the mechanism of competition, the abolition of the supply of public services monopoly, If "government contracts for rent" and "competitive bidding", the new public management, The main function of government is to serve the community, But this does not mean that all public services should be provided directly by the 政府应根据服务内容和性质的不同，采取相应的供给方式。According to the government services and the different nature of the corresponding supply 如图所示：As shown : 市场状况／宪法职责模式Market status / mode of constitutional duties 附图Map 1、此项服务活动是由宪法明文规定的属政府职责范围之内，同时也没有其他竞争者，如国防，应由政府承担。1, the service activities by the Constitution provides that the government is within the scope of duties, while no other competitor, If defense, should be borne by the 2、虽属宪法规定的政府职责，但同时有其他竞争者的存在，即其他非政府部门也在从事此项活动，如医院，在这种情况下，政府并非一定要亲自提供此项服务，而大可通过招标、合同出租等形式，将其出租给其他公营或私营部门，政府只要对其绩效目标进行测定和评估，并提供相应的报酬，便不失为一种提高服务质量和效率的有效途径。2, although the Constitution stipulates the functions of government, but there are other competitors exist, in other words, the non-governmental sector are engaged in this activity, such as hospitals, in this case, The government is not obliged to provide such a service in person, and goes through the tender, the contract leasing, and other forms, will be rented to other public or private sector, government, as long as its performance targets and measured assessment, and provide corresponding remuneration, it is nevertheless a good quality of service and efficient and effective 这也就是《重塑政府》一书的作者奥斯本和盖布勒所说的政府应该“掌舵而不是划桨”。This is the "reinventing government", the author of a Osborne and Gaebler said the government should "steer and not the " 3、宪法没有规定是政府的职责，而又存在着市场竞争者，如影视业，这时政府就完全可以不从事此项活动，而完全由私营部门承担。3, the Constitution does not provide is the duty of the government, the market and the existence of competitors, such as film and video industry, Then the government can not engage in this activity, and completely by the private 4、宪法既没有规定是政府的职责，同时又没有或缺乏从事此项活动的竞争者，如高等院校，这时政府就应积极培育市场，鼓励人们参与此项活动，以提高此项服务的效率、质量和有效性。4, which is not provided for the constitution is the duty of the government, but also the absence or lack of this activity in the competitors As institutions of higher learning, then the government should actively develop the market and encourage people to participate in activities to enhance the service efficiency, quality and 需要说明的是，上述只是典型的四种公共服务类型，在现实中，It is important to point out, these are just typical four types of public services, in reality,