Present Situation and Recommendations on the Development of Dalbergia odorifera in Hainan

Supported by the Applied Technology Research and Development Demonstration and Extension Project in Hainan Province (ZDXM2014101).

一楼的老爷爷坐在自家的阳台上，阳台前的一小块空地上，没有了以前的几坛花草。老爷爷的老伴儿是院子里人人都敬而远之的人物，也许她唯一可取的地方就是她侍弄的几坛花了。其中茶花开得尤其好，阳台前的一小块空地上整整齐齐地摆放了几坛，空旷的空地因此多了几分活力。

1 Introduction

Dalbergiaodorifera, also called fragrant rosewood, is a species of legume in the Fabaceae family, ranked one of the five famous trees, and its wood product is precious. It is used as a wood product and in folk medicine. Higher quality furniture from the late Ming and early Qing dynasties were made of this wood. It is one of the international standard 5 genera, 8 kinds and 34 species of mahogany. D. odorifera was once regarded as the first of the three great tributary trees in the court of the Ming and Qing dynasties[1]. With the development of Hainan international tourism island, D. odorifera is popular, and there will be a huge demand for the wood products and handicrafts from D. odorifera. According to the present situation about the planting and wood product of D. odorifera in Hainan Province, this paper puts forward some recommendations for the development of D. odorifera in Hainan.

2 Present situation ofD. odorifera in Hainan

D. odorifera originated from the lowland plains and hilly areas of Diaoluoshan Mountain, Hainan Island, China. It is mainly planted in the lowland plains and hilly areas below 350 m above sea level. It is mainly distributed in the tropics, the average annual temperature is 21-25℃, the extreme minimum temperature is -1-4℃, the average annual precipitation is 1 000-1 500 cm, and the average annual air humidity is about 70%. In dry season, many leaves fall, but a few grow in the foothills. In the rain forest with good soil moisture, it can keep evergreen, and there are 3-5 d of short-term leaf change only in March-April. It likes high temperature, but is also able to endure light frost and short-term -1℃ extreme low temperature. Now it is planted in Dongfang, Baisha, Changjiang, Ledong, Sanya, Haikou, Wanning, Lingshui, Wenchang, Qionghai, Lingao, Danzhou, Qiongshan, Dingan, Chengmai, Tunchang and other cities and counties in Hainan Island.

D. odorifera is a sun species, with tolerance to drought and barrenness, and has not strict demand on site conditions. It can be planted in steep slopes, ridges, exposed rock, arid and thin land, but it grows well in lateritic red soil which is weathered by granite parent material and by basaltic parent material. After planting, the young trees of Hainan D. odorifera have strong germination ability and grow normally under strong light, and the growth is weak, the crown is sparse, there are many branches, the trunk is obvious and the stem is slightly bent under shading. In the suitable dense stand, it can grow into tall, dry and straight plants, while the growth of young trees is weak in the overshadowed dense stand. The planted trees grow quickly and grow well, and generally change their leaves once a year. When there is a severe drought, the leaves fall at the same time. When the first rain comes, flowers and leaves shoot out at the same time and the fruits get matured from October to December. The growth rate of Hainan D. odorifera is the highest in the first three years after planting, and its DBH can be up to 7-8 cm. After four years, the growth is particularly slow, the annual average DBH increases about 0.87 cm, and it takes several decades after planting to produce wood. At present, there is only a small area of newly planted and regenerated forest in D. odorifera in Hainan. The area of planting in Hainan is about 15 000 ha, distributed in the low altitude area of Hainan Island.

就这两句话，让大家都沉默了，不约而同地向ICU门口望过去，突然意识到打什么打，现在救活权筝比什么都重要。

According to China Tree Records, wild D. odorifera is produced in various cities and counties in Hainan Island except Wanning, Lingshui, Wuzhishan, and Baisha, Dongfang, Changjiang, Ledong, Sanya and Haikou are the main production areas. D. odorifera wood stability is strong, and it does not become deformed, cracked, bending and rotten even after thousands of years no matter how cold and hot it is[2]. In 1963, experts found a small number of wild trees in the deep mountain forest, but soon it was cut down completely, and then the market will be difficult to find the traces of the big wild D. odorifera trees. The logs and high-grade furniture made of D. odorifera are extremely expensive. The wood from D. odorifera, especially large timber, cannot be supplied normally in the market, and the price of materials is set according to the size of inch[3]. Xiao Liang, president of the D. odorifera Research Association in Dongfang City, Hainan Province, also made it clear that according to statistics in 2010, there were only about 1 000 D. odorifera trees over 30 years of age on Hainan Island, and there were less than 50 trees over 50 years of age on Hainan Island.

4.1 Building theD. odorifera island The distribution area of D. odorifera in Hainan is tropical area, it can keep evergreen after planting, and there are only 3-5 d of short-term leaf change in March-April. The sprouting ability of the plant is strong, and it can germinate new branches after cutting down. It does not require high soil fertility, and it can grow into wood on the red soil and lateritic soil with medium fertility. Hainan is located in the tropics, and the superior tropical climate is suitable for the growth of D. odorifera. Hainan Island has clear dry and wet seasons, dry season spans five months, and there is a water shortage in dry season. Rainfall in wet season is concentrated, and there are often rainstorm and typhoon. The temperature is high, sunshine time is long, and ultraviolet ray is strong. The alternate climate of drought and flood as well as the growing environment is very suitable for the growth of D. odorifera in Hainan. The branches broken by the typhoon will slowly heal, and the strong survival ability leads to fine timber quality, high oil content and strong fluorescence. Therefore, according to the unique topography, geomorphology, geology and tropical monsoon island climate of Hainan Island, combined with the growth and ecological characteristics of Hainan D. odorifera, it is especially suitable for planting D. odorifera, and build D. odorifera island in Hainan.

3 The market demand for the wood products made fromD. odorifera in Hainan Province

Since 2008, the artificial planting area of Hainan D. odorifera has been increasing. Dongfang City has grown 12 million plants, about 7 000 ha, and it is mainly planted by the farmers on a large scale in Donghe, Datian, Tianan and other towns in the eastern part. For example, all the farmers in Nanlang Village, Donghe Town, Dongfang City, grow D. odorifera, and now there are 760 people in the village, with a total of over 300 000 plants, 395 plants for each person. Malone Village, Datian Town, is also a famous D. odorifera village in Dongfang City, and more than 120 000 D. odorifera plants are grown in the village.

The growth cycle of D. odorifera is long, it takes several decades after planting to have heartwood available. A plant of D. odorifera with DBH of 15 cm needs more than 100 years of tree age, but its heartwood is less than 3 cm. D. odorifera plantations have not yet become large timber, so the wood from D. odorifera trees are particularly scarce. At present, Hainan D. odorifera furniture and commercial raw materials on the market are mainly old furniture and agricultural tool materials, some hoarding materials from the hands of medicine dealers, as well as D. odorifera logs collected by the businessman.

4 Recommendations for the development of HainanD. odorifera

最近几年，我国信息技术与计算机技术获得了前所未有的发展机会，涌现出大量新媒体，为新闻传播增加了大量途径。随着新媒体的迅速崛起，传统电视新闻节目陷入发展困境，新媒体对传统电视新闻的影响不断增大，因此，传统电视新闻只有及时实现创新才能得到持续发展。而电视新闻节目要想实现跨越式发展，不但要重视节目内容的变化，而且对节目编辑也提出了较高的要求，节目编排形式也要着力改革，在积极引入新媒体的前提下，新闻信息传播才能重新焕发发展潜力，为人们呈现质量上乘的电视新闻节目。

4.3 Mobilizing farmers to plantD. odorifera to increase farmers’ income steadily D. odorifera can be grown in most areas of the plains and hills below an altitude of 350 m in Hainan Island. The quality of the wood is superior to the rosewood of Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand and other countries. Based on the construction of ecological civilization, the government department should focus on the ecological strategic plan, innovate upon the thought. The planting of D. odorifera should be popularized in Hainan Island in order to increase the economic resources of forest trees in rural areas, according to the greening project of afforestation and the construction of international tourism island. It is necessary to mobilize farmers to revitalize the rural green economy, beautify the environment, and plant D. odorifera, so as to realize stable increase in farmers’ economic income. In addition, we can also combine the construction of farmland complex and the construction of new rural areas, to build Hainan D. odorifera cultural park, D. odorifera ecological civilization demonstration town and model village, and plant Hainan D. odorifera energetically.

At present, the timber of D. odorifera is valued with catty, and the economic benefit of developing D. odorifera is considerable. Each farmer can use forestland, wasteland and marginal cultivated land, the land around house, green belt, scattered land and garden plot to grow D. odorifera. If every rural household grows 90 plants of Hainan D. odorifera, the yield of available timber per plant will be about 50 kg 20 years after planting. According to the price of 300 yuan/kg, the economic value can reach 1.35 million yuan, the average annual economic income is 67 500 yuan, and the average annual income is 750 yuan per plant. According to the population of 4 per household, the annual per capita income of the farmers reaches 16 800 yuan only by planting D. odorifera.

通过上文的实施过程，既锻炼了学生的思辨能力，又使他们具有了独立思考问题的能力，更为重要的是通过润物细无声的方式让同学们再次体会到中文的美以及中国文化的博大精深，同学们更加为自己的母语以及自己的文化感到自豪。

4.2 Developing HainanD. odorifera and revitalizing rural green economy The production and planting period of Hainan D. odorifera is long. It has many ecological benefits, such as beautifying the environment, purifying the air, adjusting the climate, keeping the water and soil and conserving the water. The green economic benefit of Hainan D. odorifera is remarkable. Hainan Island is endowed with unique natural and climatic conditions, and it is suitable to give full play to the "three major advantages" of the country’s best ecological environment, the country’s largest special economic zone, and the country’s only province-level international tourism island. We should vigorously develop Hainan D. odorifera and implement the strategy of rural revitalization of Hainan D. odorifera, and let Hainan D. odorifera become a new industry to revitalize the rural economy and build a beautiful home.

D. odorifera wood is precious, with high economic value. The development of Hainan D. odorifera is in line with the general requirements of industrial prosperity, ecological livability, local culture, effective governance and affluent life. It is a fundamental transformation on the idea of coordinated and sustainable development of economy, society, natural resources and ecological environment and the traditional economic development model. We should actively develop Hainan D. odorifera, pursue green wealth, and take green industry growth as a sign to achieve low energy consumption, low carbon emission and low pollution, and realize sustainable economic and social development. The forest land area of Hainan Province is 2.11 million ha, the cultivated land area is 710 000 ha, and the construction land area is about 370 000 ha. Some zones can be used to grow D. odorifera. By planning and transforming low-yielding forest land, irrigation channels, farmland protection network, rural highways, village roads and roadside land to plant D. odorifera, the development area can reach 100 000-150 000 ha, and the value of each tree will be more than 10 000 yuan 20 years after planting. The economic value can reach 2 trillion yuan after 20 years if the development area of D. odorifera can reach 100 000 ha, and the average annual economic benefit can reach 100 billion yuan.

本次设计预制混凝土板横向每7.0m设1条伸缩缝，底板纵向沿中心线设1条伸缩缝。伸缩缝形式均为矩型缝，宽均为2cm，错缝布置，缝宽2cm。缝内填2cm厚的绿豆砂，上部再灌厚4cm焦油膏。

4.4 Building up the protection consciousness of HainanD. odorifera and call on everyone to loveD. odorifera D. odorifera is a national second-class protection plant. The heartwood of tree trunk and root is one of the seven unique southern medicines in Hainan. It is a world-famous multi-purpose tree species for medicinal and wood use. The lignum acronychiae from D. odorifera has many kinds of effects, such as removing blood stasis, hemostasis and stopping pain. It belongs to the wild traditional Chinese medicine and has very high medicinal value. It is recorded in the PharmacopoeiaofthePeople’sRepublicofChina. As a wood material, it is the best for making mahogany furniture and handicrafts. Because of its rigidity, compact structure, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, moth resistance, deformation resistance, and variable natural beautiful texture, it is widely used in making high-grade furniture and engraving exquisite art, and the economic value is very high. Therefore, Hainan D. odorifera trees are often stolen and felled. We once carried out a survey of D. odorifera and found that the owner erected a tent in a D. odorifera garden where there were nearly 100 more than 10 years old D. odorifera trees in the herbal medicine field of Wupo Town, Tunchang County, Hainan Province, to guard against the theft and felling. According to media reports, the forest police of Haikou City launched a crackdown on illegal cutting of D. odorifera in mid-May 2011, cleared up 18 cases of illegal sales and cutting of rosewood within four months and arrested 10 suspects. On July 29, 2011, five D. odorifera trees of more than 30 years of age were stolen from Dongfang Gangwu Middle School. On the same day, in the dormitory of one unit 100 m away from Dongfang Gangwu Middle School, two D. odorifera trees in iron cage were also stolen and cut. In the same year, a 40-year-old yellow D. odorifera tree was stolen from the municipal government’s compound in the evening.

Hainan is the most suitable planting area and the largest production place of D. odorifera in China. In order to develop D. odorifera, we should focus on the afforestation and the construction of the international tourism island, carry out the publicity work for the whole people to love D. odorifera, establish the protection consciousness of D. odorifera; call on everyone to love D. odorifera, make full use of television, radio, slogans, briefing notes and conferences and other forms, to actively publicize the legal nature and obligation of protecting D. odorifera, and create a strong atmosphere for each family to plant and protect D. odorifera. At the same time, we should strengthen the protection measures of Hainan D. odorifera, severely crack down on the damage and theft of Hainan D. odorifera, and protect the healthy growth of Hainan D. odorifera.

5 Conclusions

D. odorifera has high economic value, its wood is a precious commodity, and at present, D. odorifera is scarce and expensive. Therefore, the development of Hainan D. odorifera has a good market prospect. The construction of Hainan D. odorifera island can not only revitalize the rural green economy, but also add splendor to Hainan International Tourism Island. The farmers should make full use of the wasteland, the marginal land and garden green belt to plant D. odorifera on a large scale, change the wasteland and the inefficient land into the treasure land, so as to increase the green wealth and achieve remarkable economic benefit.

References

[1] DENG H. Dalbergiaodorifera exhibits become a hot cake [N]. China Culture Daily, 2014-7-5(8). (in Chinese).

[2] MAO DR. Dalbergiaodorifera—the nobility of furniture [J]. Brand, 2013, 26(12): 1-2. (in Chinese).

[3] SUN SX. Dalbergiaodorifera：A collection of precious wood [J]. View, 2008, 9(4): 80-83. (in Chinese).