《人口研究》是人口学领域的顶刊，理论文章和数理文章兼收，更具学术性。《中国人口科学》缺乏理论文章，但是数理文章比《人口学刊》《人口与经济》水平更高一些。人口学期刊的排名是：《人口研究》（A）、《中国人口科学》（A-）、《人口学刊》（B）、《人口与经济》（B）、《人口与发展》（B-）、《南方人口》（C）、《西北人口》（C）、《人口与社会》（D）。
毫无疑问，中国人口科学人口学期刊排名第一，社科院人口所的杂志。几乎在所有的高校中中国人口科学都是B类权威期刊，人口研究偏数理。从发表难度来看，中国人口科学录用率不超过10%，人口研究在20%左右。
6亿人口
OverpopulationOverpopulation is a condition where an organism's numbers exceed the carrying capacity of its In common parlance, the term usually refers to the relationship between the human population and its environment, the E[1]Overpopulation does not depend only on the size or density of the population, but on the ratio of population to available sustainable It also depends on the means of resources used and distributed throughout the If a given environment has a population of 10 individuals, but there is food or drinking water enough for only 9, then in a closed system where no trade is possible, that environment is overpopulated; if the population is 100 but there is enough food, shelter, and water for 200 for the indefinite future, then it is not Overpopulation can result from an increase in births, a decline in mortality rates due to medical advances, from an increase in immigration, or from an unsustainable biome and depletion of It is possible for very sparsely-populated areas to be overpopulated, as the area in question may have a meager or non-existent capability to sustain human life ( the middle of the Sahara Desert or Antarctica)The resources to be considered when evaluating whether an ecological niche is overpopulated include clean water, clean air, food, shelter, warmth, and other resources necessary to sustain If the quality of human life is addressed, there may be additional resources considered, such as medical care, education, proper sewage treatment and waste Overpopulation places competitive stress on the basic life sustaining resources, leading to a diminished quality of [2] Some countries have managed to increase their carrying capacity by using technologies such as modern agriculture, desalination, and nuclear
Look at your watch for just one During that time,The popuiation of the world increased by Perhaps you think that is Hoever,during the next hour,over15540 more babies will be born on the So it goes on,hour after In oneday,people have to produce food fover 370000 more Multiply this justthink how many more there will be in one year!What will happen in a hundred years? The increasing population may be the greatest challenge of the world The world's population is growing faster and Two thousang years ago,there only 250millon people on the At the beining of the20thcentury,the world'spopulation was about In 1990,it reached more than five Now at the beininjg of the 21stcentthe world's population has passed six people say that by the yeay 2010it may be seven That means in about 600 years,there will br standing room only on the Each person will have one half to one square metre of space to live There will be hardly enough space ror angbody It has been estimated that a thousand years ago there were less than 400 million people on However, in the recent thousand years human population has increased nearly 20 Nowadays the world population has reached more than 7000 The population explosion has caused many Generally, they come down to four major First, a lot of people can't get employment, which is a universal problem in the Second, in developing countries there are not enough shelters for too many people and so people are not properly housed and even are exposed to the Third, in underdeveloped countries a lot of people suffer from hunger because of food shortage, which in turn causes many other problems, malnutrition, disease, Fourth, there are not enough schools for so many people and so a lot of people are Therefore, to eliminate these problems, human beings should take effective measures to control
70%本刊以、的人口理论为指导，坚持理论与实践相结合、用理论指导实践、以实践发展理论的原则，为中国人口科学的发展与繁荣服务，为计划生育基本国策服务。在理论研究上，它推崇定性与定量相结合的研究方法和研究文章;在具体实践中，它欣赏来自基层的新经验、新观点。该刊长期致力于中国人口科学的体系建设，常设栏目有人口理论研究、综合研究、人口老龄化问题、人口的流动迁移与城市化问题、人口的数量变动与质量变化、保障问题、人力问题、人口问题、人口与可持续发展问题并一直关注我国的计划生育和实际工作中出现的新现象、新问题。本从1988年起面向国内外公行，1999年起又出版了光盘版，发行遍及中、美、英、德、日等30多个和地区，为这些和地区各大图书馆的馆***期刊。《人口学刊》是《中国学术期刊综合评价数据库》来源期刊，《中国人文科学引文数据库》来源期刊，同时被大学图书馆、中国文献信息中心、学中国科学研究评价中心三家权威机构认定为核心期刊。该刊的全文转载率、摘编率、索引率在我国科学类刊物中都名列前茅。
2015年末，中国大陆总人口(包括31个省、自治区、直辖市和中国人民解放军现役军人，不包括香港、澳门特别行政区和台湾省以及海外华侨人数)137462万人，其中，男性人口70414万人，女性人口67048万人，男性人口比女性人口多3366万人。城镇常住人口77116万人，乡村常住人口60346万人，城镇人口占总人口比重为1%。122016年1月27日，正在召开的地方两会上，北京、上海等地均明确提出严控人口总量。北京在2020年的人口上限要控制在2300万以内。上海将坚持综合施策，严格控制人口规模，常住人口总量控制在2500万以内。
从现有的研究看，南京大学人口所已故的马淑鸾教授可能是国内最早采用PQLI（直译为"生活的物质质量"或 "物质生活质量"，移译为"生命素质指数"或"人口素质指数"）来测度人口素质存量的人口学家。马淑鸾根据 1982年第三次人口普查资料进行计算并与国外比较，结论是：1982年中国的PQLI为77，印度为43，美国为94；而且 1982年中国各省、市、自治区的人口生命素质指数在全国的排序与其人均GNP 的排序基本一致（马淑鸾1986）。王俊改等对1982～1990年中国人口生命素质指数的变化进行了时序比较，结论是：1990年中国的PQLI为83；从区域差别看，PQLI达到80以上的高素质人口占了全国总人口的24%，PQLI在60～80之间的中等素质人口占了全国总人口的57%，唯独西藏只有51，属于低素质人口。并且再一次发现PQLI与人均GNP 存在着较为密切的正相关关系（王俊改，谢韦克1997），即人口素质是社会经济发展的函数，二者同时也相辅相成。笔者本人也在一定的假设条件下对1990年的PQLI值进行了国际比较，结论是：世界平均为65，发达国家为94，欠发达国家为53，中国约为80，印度为 结合人均GNP 来看中国人口素质的综合发展水平，至少在现象的层面上可以认为中国人口素质的发展水平超前于经济发展水平（穆光宗，许金声1991；朱国宏1994）对这种怪异的现象主要有二种解释：一种认为，上述的 "超前"现象或许在一定程度上表明了中国人口素质潜能转化率及其对经济增长的贡献率还较低；换言之，中国的人力资源还有待于更充分有效的开发和利用，这似乎与我们所观察到的社会事实是吻合的（穆光宗1996）。另一种认为，"超前"可能是一种假象（冯立天1992）。 虽然PQLI方法有很多优点，如3 项指标达到较高水平是人们的普遍愿望，3 项指标具有泛人类色彩并反映的是 "产出"的情况，能够较好地反映发展中国家人口的福利状况，计算比较简单方便等；但也有不少的学者认为，这种方法有不少的局限性：首先，在PQLI的3 个构成指标中有2 个是反映健康状况的，而只有1 个是反映教育状况的；仅用识字率来反映发展中国家人口对文化的需求似乎太粗；仅从健康和识字两个方面来反映发展中国家人口的生活质量显然又过于简单等。据此，有的学者提出了一些改进的办法，用"0 岁平均预期寿命"这一指标来代替婴儿死亡率和1 岁预期寿命，用"25岁及以上人口平均受教育年限"来代替识字率（冯立天，1992）。还有的学者用 "25岁以上人口受过中等教育以上人口的比重"来代替识字率，并用实际数据进行检验，结果还是令人满意的（朱国宏1994）。 也有一些学者另劈蹊径，用新创造的指数来衡量中国人口素质的存量。首都经贸大学人口所陈再华（1992）利用模糊数学方法来处理各因素指标，利用模糊隶属函数使各因素指标成为无量纲指标，并且具有横向可比性，建立了人口素质综合评价模型。结果发现：无论是综合来看还是分因素来看，中国人口素质都是呈递增的趋势。从结构来看，问题主要出在科学文化素质和思想道德素质方面，区域之间的差异也主要在这些方面。陈再华的方法一个最大的缺陷是过于复杂，不利于推广。南京大学人口所夏海勇（1992）也提出了一种"人口素质综合指数"，他考虑了人口结构因素，但舍去了思想道德方面的内容，最终他选择了9 个指标来构造"人口素质综合指数"，即平均预期寿命、婴儿死亡率、残疾人口占总人口的比重、总和生育率、男性成人识字率、女性成人识字率、受过高等教育人数占总人口的比重、城市人口比重、15～64岁人口所占比重。计算方法是借助于系统聚类分析等方法，组成一套评价指标体系的取值阵，求得基点数据，并进行同度量处理，再计算出"人口素质综合指数"，从而获得评价概念。根据作者自己的评价，此方法效果较好，反映面广、灵敏度高等。但主要问题还?欠椒ú还患虮悖�焕�谕乒恪4送猓�本┥缁峥蒲г荷缁嵫��斫鹕�?991）和江苏计生委陈友华等（1998）也探讨和提出过"人口素质指数"。 由于人口素质本身是相当复杂的现象，试图用一种方法就揭示清楚是不太可能的。综合上述，笔者以为：PQLI 方法的生命力是不容忽视的，目前国内的一些探讨还没有达成共识，还没有一种新指标可以替代PQLI的位置。因此，继续探求新指数无疑必要，但需要提醒的一点是，要注意数据的易得性和操作的便利性。从目前的情形来看，改进 PQLI方法使之更加实用和准确比较现实。 五、人口素质问题的理论探讨 1992年，刘铮教授重提"人口现代化"，在人口学界和实际部门产生了较大的影响。在"人口现代化"的框架中，"人口素质的现代化"被摆上了关键的位置（刘铮1992；穆光宗1995，1999；陈友华1998）。目前，国内提的 "三优系统工程"正是实施"人口素质的现代化"的具体措施，所谓三优，是指优生、优育、优教。 为了从整体的角度来把握"人口素质"问题，笔者于1991年上半年撰文提出了"人口素质木桶理论"。与此同时，北京社会科学院社会学所的许金声也提出了相似的理论。所谓"人口素质木桶理论"是从科学哲学常讲的"水桶现象"中获得启发的，即一个水桶的容量受制于最短的那块木板，假定水桶的周边是参差不齐的话。笔者认为，人口素质本身存在的问题和人口素质与社会经济发展之间的关系问题是分属两个层面的。也就是说，一是人口素质存量水平的高低问题，二是人口素质潜能开发水平的高低或转化程度的大小问题。中国人口素质的"短板效应"主要表现在非智力素质方面存在的问题。因此，只有建立正确评价人才和合理开发人力资源的社会经济机制，中国才能塑造不断克服"短板效应"的机制，让人口素质潜能不断喷发出来。人力资源的开发与人口质量投资唯有相辅相成才能形成良性循环，人口质量投资则大致包括了优生优育投资、文化教育投资、健康卫生投资和环境（生态环境、劳动环境和生活环境）优化投资。
Progress in science and the improvement of living conditions have led m the rapidgrowth of the world Modern medical science, for example, has made it possible for babies to grow up healthily and for people to live With improved living conditions, particularly in the countryside, people tend to have larger As a resuit, the world population has increased so rapidly that it has now exceeded 5 But the overgrowth of population presents a threat to the existence of human A large population demands a great deal of food supply and shelter However,the limited productivity and scarce natural resources can hardly meet the needs of the ever-Increasing Thus in the long run, the overgrowth of the world population will only harm To guarantee the steady development of human society, mankind must realize the consequences resulting from a fast population growth and the importance of carrying out a family planning Only by adopting effectual measures can human society de velop steadily and have a bright 控制人口 科学的进步和生活条件的改善导致了世界人口的迅速增长。譬如，现代医学可以使幼儿健康成长，使人们长寿。由于生活条件的改善，特别是农村生活条件的改善，家庭人门日渐增多。结果，世界人口增长如此迅猛以致于现在人口超过了50亿。 但是，人口过分增长对人类社会的存在构成了威胁。大量的人口需要大批的粮食供给和大量的住宅。然而，有限的生产能力和不足的自然资源几乎不能满足日益增长的人口的需要。因此，从长远的观点看，过多的世界人口将会危害人类。 为了保证人类社会的稳定发展，人类必须意识到人口迅速增长所造成的后果和执行计划生育方针的重要性。只有采取有效措施，人类社会才能稳步发展，才会有光明的未来。
The Problem of Human Population Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the following graph showing the growth of the world＇s The opening sentence is given and you are required to develop it into a full Your part of writing should be no less than 120 Some useful words and phrases are provided, but you do not have to include all of (Suggested words and phrases: birth control, death rate, population explosion, food shortage)The Problem of Human PopulationIt has been estimated that a thousand years ago there were less than 400 million people on Today, however, the world＇s population has amounted to 5,000 What is worse, it keeps growing at a surprising If this trend continues, the world＇s population will shoot up to 7,000 million by the year This is what we call population The rapid development of science and technology is the main cause of population We can see that the population has been growing at a tremendous speed since the Industrial and Agriculture Revolution in 1650, which raised the people＇s standard of living, and the emergence of modern medicine in 1550, which lowered the people＇s death Population explosion will result in a lot of such problems as food shortage, housing shortage and It is time that we acted quickly to carry out the policy of birth control otherwise, man＇s survival on the earth will be
我觉得首先你可以介绍一些中国人口的特点，比如数量多，增长快，地域分布（密集，稀少），人口流动等等，可以和别的国家作比较。还可以加上“计划生育”这个国策的相关信息，这可是中国特有的哦
Progress in science and the improvement of living conditions have led m the rapidgrowth of the world Modern medical science, for example, has made it possible for babies to grow up healthily and for people to live With improved living conditions, particularly in the countryside, people tend to have larger As a resuit, the world population has increased so rapidly that it has now exceeded 5 But the overgrowth of population presents a threat to the existence of human A large population demands a great deal of food supply and shelter However,the limited productivity and scarce natural resources can hardly meet the needs of the ever-Increasing Thus in the long run, the overgrowth of the world population will only harm To guarantee the steady development of human society, mankind must realize the consequences resulting from a fast population growth and the importance of carrying out a family planning Only by adopting effectual measures can human society de velop steadily and have a bright 控制人口 科学的进步和生活条件的改善导致了世界人口的迅速增长。譬如，现代医学可以使幼儿健康成长，使人们长寿。由于生活条件的改善，特别是农村生活条件的改善，家庭人门日渐增多。结果，世界人口增长如此迅猛以致于现在人口超过了50亿。 但是，人口过分增长对人类社会的存在构成了威胁。大量的人口需要大批的粮食供给和大量的住宅。然而，有限的生产能力和不足的自然资源几乎不能满足日益增长的人口的需要。因此，从长远的观点看，过多的世界人口将会危害人类。 为了保证人类社会的稳定发展，人类必须意识到人口迅速增长所造成的后果和执行计划生育方针的重要性。只有采取有效措施，人类社会才能稳步发展，才会有光明的未来。