康桥的长诗《生命的呼吸》就是有关环境保护的文献。（2004年解放军文艺出版社） 长诗《生命的呼吸》评论 1<交响或者启示>(孙基林) 2<捍卫生命的壮歌>(耿建华) 3<对终极命运的把握>(峭岩) 文艺报 2004年7月17日
常用的法律有： ·中华人民共和国循环经济促进法 (2008-09-01) ·中华人民共和国水污染防治法 (2008-02-29) ·中华人民共和国城乡规划法 (2007-10-31) ·中华人民共和国节约能源法 (2007-10-30) ·中华人民共和国可再生能源法 (2005-02-28) ·中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法 (2004-12-29) ·中华人民共和国防沙治沙法 (2003-12-03) ·中华人民共和国放射性污染防治法 (2003-06-28) ·中华人民共和国草原法 (2002-12-28) ·中华人民共和国环境影响评价法 (2002-10-28) ·中华人民共和国水法 (2002-10-01) ·中华人民共和国清洁生产促进法 (2002-06-29) ·中华人民共和国海域使用管理法 (2001-10-29) ·中华人民共和国渔业法 (2000-10-31) ·中华人民共和国大气污染防治法 (2000-04-29) ·中华人民共和国气象法 (1999-10-31) ·中华人民共和国环境噪声污染防治法 (1996-10-29) ·中华人民共和国煤炭法 (1996-08-30) ·中华人民共和国农业法（摘录） (1993-07-02) ·中华人民共和国水土保持法 (1991-06-29) ·中华人民共和国环境保护法 (1989-12-26) ·中华人民共和国标准化法 (1988-12-29) ·中华人民共和国野生动物保护法 (1988-11-08) ·中华人民共和国土地管理法（1998年修正） (1986-06-25) ·中华人民共和国矿产资源法（1996年修正） (1986-03-19) ·中华人民共和国森林法（1998年修正） (1984-09-20) ·中华人民共和国宪法(环境保护条款摘录） (1982-12-04) ·中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法 (1982-08-23) ·中华人民共和国刑法（节录） (1979-07-01) 行政法规有： ·中华人民共和国畜禽遗传资源进出境和对外合作研究利用审批办法 (2008-09-08) ·汶川地震灾后恢复重建条例 (2008-06-10) ·全国污染源普查条例 (2007-10-16) ·民用核安全设备监督管理条例 (2007-09-26) ·中华人民共和国防治海岸工程建设项目污染损害海洋环境管理条例 (2007-09-25) ·国务院关于修改《中华人民共和国防治海岸工程建设项目污染损害海洋环境管理条例》的决定 (2007-09-25) ·中华人民共和国政府信息公开条例 (2007-04-05) ·防治海洋工程建设项目污染损害海洋环境管理条例 (2006-09-19) ·中华人民共和国濒危野生动植物进出口管理条例 (2006-04-29) ·国家突发环境事件应急预案 (2006-01-24) ·放射性同位素与射线装置安全和防护条例 (2005-09-14) ·国务院对确需保留的行政审批项目设定行政许可的决定 (2004-06-29) ·危险废物经营许可证管理办法 (2004-05-30) ·医疗废物管理条例 (2003-06-04) ·排污费征收使用管理条例 (2003-01-02) ·危险化学品安全管理条例 (2002-01-26) ·法规规章备案条例 (2001-12-14) ·中华人民共和国水污染防治法实施细则 (2000-03-20) ·建设项目环境保护管理条例 (1998-11-18) ·中华人民共和国野生植物保护条例 (1996-09-30) ·淮河流域水污染防治暂行条例 (1995-08-08) ·中华人民共和国自然保护区条例 (1994-10-09) ·中华人民共和国资源税暂行条例 (1993-12-25) ·核电厂核事故应急管理条例 (1993-08-04) ·中华人民共和国防治陆源污染物污染损害海洋环境管理条例 (1990-08-01) ·建设项目环境保护管理程序 (1990-06-08) ·中华人民共和国防止拆船污染环境管理条例 (1988-05-18) ·中华人民共和国核材料管理条例 (1987-06-15) ·中华人民共和国民用核设施安全监督管理条例 (1986-10-29) ·中华人民共和国海洋倾废管理条例 (1985-03-06) 规范性文件有： ·中国应对气候变化的政策与行动 (2008-10-30) ·国务院办公厅转发监察部等部门关于深入推进行政审批制度改革意见的通知 (2008-10-23) ·国务院关于印发汶川地震灾后恢复重建总体规划的通知 (2008-09-24) ·国务院办公厅关于进一步加强矿山安全生产工作的紧急通知 (2008-09-16) ·国务院关于进一步推进长江三角洲地区改革开放和经济社会发展的指导意见 (2008-09-16) ·国务院关于进一步促进宁夏经济社会发展的若干意见 (2008-09-12) ·国务院关于进一步加强节油节电工作的通知 (2008-08-04) ·国务院办公厅关于深入开展全民节能行动的通知 (2008-08-04) ·国务院办公厅关于印发环境保护部主要职责内设机构和人员编制规定的通知 (2008-08-01) ·国务院办公厅转发发展改革委关于2008年深化经济体制改革工作意见的通知 (2008-07-30) ·国务院关于长江流域防洪规划的批复 (2008-07-29) ·国务院关于黄河流域防洪规划的批复 (2008-07-29) ·国务院批转发展改革委电监会关于加强电力系统抗灾能力建设若干意见的通知 (2008-07-01) ·国务院办公厅关于进一步做好地震灾区医疗卫生防疫工作的意见 (2008-06-26) ·国务院办公厅印发关于地震灾区恢复生产指导意见的通知 (2008-06-17) ·国务院批转国务院抗震救灾总指挥部关于当前抗震救灾进展情况和下一阶段工作任务的通知 (2008-05-30) ·关于国务院抗震救灾总指挥部工作组组成的通知 (2008-05-19) ·国务院办公厅关于进一步加强安全生产工作的通知 (2008-05-04) ·国务院办公厅关于施行《中华人民共和国政府信息公开条例》若干问题的意见 (2008-04-30) ·国务院关于印发2008年工作要点的通知 (2008-04-01) ·国务院法制办公室关于《规划环境影响评价条例（征求意见稿）》公开征求意见的通知 (2008-03-28) ·国务院关于松花江流域防洪规划的批复 (2008-02-21) ·国务院关于辽河流域防洪规划的批复 (2008-02-21) ·国务院关于太湖流域防洪规划的批复 (2008-02-21) ·国务院关于海河流域防洪规划的批复 (2008-02-21) ·国务院办公厅关于发布北京百花山等19处新建国家级自然保护区名单的通知 (2008-01-23) ·国务院办公厅转发环保总局等部门关于加强重点湖泊水环境保护工作意见的通知 (2008-01-22) ·国务院办公厅关于限制生产销售使用塑料购物袋的通知 (2008-01-09) ·国务院关于印发国家环境保护“十一五”规划的通知 (2007-11-26) ·国务院批转节能减排统计监测及考核实施方案和办法的通知 (2007-11-23) ·国务院办公厅关于加强和规范新开工项目管理的通知 (2007-11-21) ·国务院办公厅转发环保总局等部门关于加强农村环境保护工作意见的通知 (2007-11-21) ·国务院办公厅关于转发发展改革委等部门节能发电调度办法（试行）的通知 (2007-08-02) ·国务院关于编制全国主体功能区规划的意见 (2007-07-26) ·国务院关于成立国家应对气候变化及节能减排工作领导小组的通知 (2007-06-19) ·国务院关于印发中国应对气候变化国家方案的通知 (2007-06-11) ·国务院关于印发节能减排综合性工作方案的通知 (2007-06-04) ·国务院办公厅关于调整内蒙古西鄂尔多斯和辽宁大连斑海豹国家级自然保护区的通知 (2007-05-18) ·国务院办公厅关于印发第一次全国污染源普查方案的通知 (2007-05-17) ·国务院关于同意建立危险化学品安全生产监管部际联席会议制度的批复 (2007-04-18) ·国务院办公厅关于发布河北塞罕坝等19处新建国家级自然保护区名单的通知 (2007-04-06) ·国务院批转发展改革委、能源办关于加快关停小火电机组若干意见的通知 (2007-01-20) ·国务院办公厅转发国土资源部等部对矿产资源开发进行整合意见的通知 (2006-12-31) ·国务院关于加快发展循环经济的若干意见 (2006-12-31) ·国务院办公厅关于调整辽宁丹东鸭绿江口湿地等国家级自然保护区的通知 (2006-11-16) ·国务院关于全国山洪灾害防治规划的批复 (2006-10-27) ·国务院关于开展第一次全国污染源普查的通知 (2006-10-12) ·国务院办公厅关于开展全国主体功能区划规划编制工作的通知 (2006-10-11) ·国务院关于落实《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年规划纲要》主要目标和任务工作分工的通知 (2006-08-24) ·国务院关于松花江流域水污染防治规划（2006——2010年）的批复 (2006-08-23) ·国务院关于加强节能工作的决定 (2006-08-06) ·国务院关于“十一五”期间全国主要污染物排放总量控制计划的批复 (2006-08-05) ·国务院办公厅关于加快煤层气（煤矿瓦斯）抽采利用的若干意见 (2006-06-15) ·国务院关于同意在山西省开展煤炭工业可持续发展政策措施试点意见的批复 (2006-06-15) ·国务院办公厅关于落实中共中央国务院关于促进中部地区崛起若干意见有关政策措施的通知 (2006-05-19) ·国务院办公厅关于加强电子口岸建设的通知 (2006-05-15) ·《国务院关于落实科学发展观加强环境保护的决定》（关于绿色消费方面的内容摘要） (2006-04-28) ·《 国务院关于加快发展循环经济的若干意见》（关于绿色消费方面的内容摘要） (2006-04-28) ·国务院办公厅关于调整和增补全国油气田及输油气管道安全保护工作部际联席会议成员单位及成员的复函 (2006-04-03) ·国务院办公厅转发监察部和国务院纠正行业不正之风办公室关于2006年纠风工作实施意见的通知 (2006-03-23) ·国务院关于印发2006年工作要点的通知 (2006-03-19) ·国务院办公厅转发建设部关于加强城市总体规划工作意见的通知 (2006-02-23) ·中国水生生物资源养护行动纲要 (2006-02-14) ·国务院办公厅关于发布山西五鹿山等22处新建国家级自然保护区名单的通知 (2006-02-11) ·国务院关于丹江口库区及上游水污染防治和水土保持规划的批复 (2006-02-10) ·国务院办公厅关于落实中共中央国务院关于推进社会主义新农村建设若干意见有关政策措施的通知 (2006-02-10) ·国务院关于同意建立发展循环经济工作部际联席会议制度的批复 (2006-01-27) ·中共中央国务院关于实施科技规划纲要增强自主创新能力的决定 (2006-01-26) ·国务院办公厅印发关于做好国务院2006年立法工作的意见和国务院2006年立法工作计划的通知 (2006-01-05) ·国务院办公厅关于做好2005年各类突发公共事件评估分析的通知 (2005-12-25) ·国务院办公厅转发发展改革委等部门关于鼓励发展节能环保型小排量汽车意见的通知 (2005-12-25) ·国务院关于渭河流域重点治理规划的批复 (2005-12-16) ·国务院关于落实科学发展观加强环境保护的决定 (2005-12-03) ·国务院办公厅转发发展改革委等部门关于制止铜冶炼行业盲目投资若干意见 (2005-11-03) ·国务院关于全面整顿和规范矿产资源开发秩序的通知 (2005-08-18) ·国务院办公厅关于加强饮用水安全保障工作的通知 (2005-08-17) ·国务院办公厅转发发展改革委等部门关于加强钨锡锑行业管理意见的通知 (2005-07-13) ·国务院关于做好建设节约型社会近期重点工作的通知 (2005-06-27) ·国务院法制办对《关于征收超标准排污费有关问题的请示》的复函 (2005-04-27) ·国务院办公厅关于加强淮河流域水污染防治工作的通知 (2004-12-28) ·国务院关于我国加入经修正的《关于消耗臭氧层的物质的蒙特利尔议定书》的批复� (2004-09-03) ·国务院关于我国加入《保护臭氧层维也纳公约》的批复 (2004-09-03) ·国务院办公厅关于加强湿地保护管理的通知 (2004-06-26) ·国务院办公厅关于推进水价改革促进节约用水保护水资源的通知 (2004-04-19) ·国务院办公厅关于开展资源节约活动的通知 (2004-04-01) ·国务院办公厅关于加强生物物种资源保护和管理的通知 (2004-03-31) ·国务院关于印发全面推进依法行政实施纲要的通知 (2004-03-22) ·国务院批转环保总局关于三峡库区水面漂浮物清理方案的通知 (2003-12-30) ·国务院办公厅转发发展改革委等部门关于制止钢铁电解铝水泥行业盲目投资若干意见的通知 (2003-12-23) ·国务院办公厅转发发展改革委等部门关于加快推行清洁生产意见的通知 (2003-12-17) ·国务院办公厅关于贯彻实施行政许可法工作安排的通知 (2003-12-10) ·国务院关于贯彻实施《中华人民共和国行政许可法》的通知 (2003-09-28) ·国务院关于淮河流域水污染防治“十五”计划的批复 (2003-08-18) ·国务院关于辽河流域水污染防治“十五”计划的批复 (2003-08-18) ·国务院关于巢湖流域水污染防治“十五”计划的批复 (2003-08-18) ·国务院关于滇池流域水污染防治“十五”计划的批复 (2003-03-12) ·国务院关于两控区酸雨和二氧化硫污染防治“十五”计划的批复 (2002-09-19) ·国务院办公厅转发人事部关于在事业单位试行人员聘用制度意见的通知 (2002-07-06) ·国务院办公厅关于发布河北泥河湾等17处新建国家级自然保护区的通知 (2002-07-02) ·国务院关于环保总局《国家级自然保护区范围调整和功能区调整及更改名称管理规定》的批复 (2002-01-29) ·国务院关于国家环境保护“十五”计划的批复 (2001-12-26) ·国务院办公厅关于发布内蒙古大黑山等16处新建国家级自然保护区的通知 (2001-06-16) ·国务院关于加强城市供水节水和水污染防治工作的通知 (2000-11-07) ·国务院关于禁止采集和销售发菜制止滥挖甘草和麻黄草有关问题的通知 (2000-06-14) ·国务院办公厅关于发布新建国家级自然保护区的通知 (2000-04-04) ·国务院办公厅转发国家经贸委关于清理整顿小钢铁厂意见的通知 (2000-02-03) ·国务院办公厅转发国家经贸委关于清理整顿小玻璃厂小水泥厂意见的通知 (1999-05-22) ·国务院办公厅转发国家经贸委关于关停小火电机组有关问题意见的通知 (1999-05-15) ·国务院办公厅转发国家经贸委等部门关于清理整顿小炼油厂和规范原油成品油流通秩序意见的通知 (1999-05-06) ·国务院办公厅关于限期停止生产销售使用车用含铅汽油的通知 (1998-09-02) ·国务院关于发布红松洼等国家级自然保护区名单的通知 (1998-08-18) ·国务院办公厅关于进一步加强自然保护区管理工作的通知 (1998-08-04) ·国务院关于酸雨控制区和二氧化硫污染控制区有关问题的答复 (1998-01-12) ·国务院关于调整进口设备税收政策的通知 (1997-12-29) ·国务院关于发布芦芽山等国家级自然保护区名单的通知 (1997-12-08) ·国务院关于同意建立大兴安岭汗马等国家级自然保护区的批复 (1996-11-29) ·国务院关于环境保护若干问题的决定（摘录） (1996-08-03) ·《国务院关于环境保护若干问题的决定》中的相关章节 (1996-06-07) ·国务院办公厅关于坚决控制境外废物向我国转移的紧急通知 (1995-11-07) ·国务院关于同意建立八仙山等国家级自然保护区的通知 (1995-11-06) ·国务院关于发布牡丹峰等国家级自然保护区名单的通知 (1994-04-05) ·国务院关于同意天津古海岸与湿地等十六处自然保护区为国家级自然保护区的批复 (1992-10-27) ·国务院关于进一步加强环境保护工作的决定 (1990-12-05) ·国务院关于公布第二批国家级森林和野生动物类型自然保护区的通知 (1988-05-09) ·国务院关于环境保护工作的决定 (1984-05-08) 以上文件都还有效
What Environmental Disaster? We have developed a huge and thriving society; and in the process we deforest huge sections of land for living and livestock This decreases oxygen and increases carbon dioxide in the atmosphere; possibly adding to global warming though the greenhouse This mass population produces mass amounts of waste, so to deal with that we just throw it into the ground, which in turn contaminates our water supply and contributes to further We develop motorized transportation; and then burn non-renewable fossil fuels that put lead, carbon monoxide, sulfur and nitrogen oxides, ozone, excess carbon dioxide, and other harmful particulates into the atmosphere (Skjel & Whorton 95-108) This produces dangers like smog and cancer and contributes to global In the production of fuel we exhaust oil reserves and pollute the oceans through spills from This endangers wilderness and We produce an inert, easily producible propellant for aerosols; and then realize it's only inert on the Once it's bombarded by UV ray in the upper atmosphere it releases a highly destructive ion that wreaks havoc on the protective ozone layer shielding us from those same deadly UV rays, creating a hole in the layer allowing the radiation through, increasing cancer and other genetic We build rockets capable of going into space and breaking the earth's gravitational pull; and then immediately start to pollute this new environment with spent rockets and boosters along with other miscellaneous particles of debris (Curran and Haw 3) Michael Crichton writes, "What we call nature is a complex system of far greater subtlety than we are willing to We make a simplified view of nature and then botch it all You have to understand what you don't How many times must the point be made? How many times must we see the evidence? We build the Aswan Dam and claim it is going to revitalize the Instead, it destroys the fertile Nile Delta, produces parasitic infestation, and wrecks the Egyptian economy" (Jurassic Park 91) To the common person our current situation contains little All the advancement and improvements have done little to further our With each one has come a new environmental You almost need to evaluate each situation in terms of positives and However, at the root of all this chaos you'll find anthropocentrism, a human centered way of This way of thinking as an attitude, and moral theory, centers on humans as the highest of the significant The theory views nature and the environment in terms of their use value for humans only (Michaels 7) So all of the above developments with costs can be justified through their usefulness for The human centered ethic is deeply rooted in the past through the ancient Greek and Roman To pursue further development based on this ethic would be With our current numbers of population and rate of growth we're just asking for an environmental catastrophe of the highest magnitude to act as a wake up Granted that a great deal of the population realizes that unless action is taken today then we'll have to face that disaster The principle question is how to go about alleviating and repairing the damage we've already We also need to address how to prevent doing further damage for the sake of future The only problem with this view is that it is still a human centered It still sees the environment as a thing to be utilized by humans for their own It doesn't do The problems aren't getting Better ways of doing things are being researched, but the underlying problem is not receiving any So the environmental downward spiral is only slowed down and is not We've still got the same To take the conservationist attitude further you would see all sentient beings as holding moral standing and due This includes most of the animals in the world; any animal capable of experiencing pleasure and Through these experiences you form the basis for the extended moral If the animals perish through their habitat's destruction or outside influences, then their future pleasures will no longer When you take into account whole societies and communities of animals then the added value to the environment increases exponentially as you combine their happiness with the happiness never experienced by their future generations (Singer 275-276) So by taking this viewpoint you place even more intrinsic value on the environment through the experiences of all sentient animals But at a time when our behavior may well lead us to extinction, I see no reason to assume that we have any awareness at We are stubborn, self-destructive Any other view of our species is just a self-congratulatory delusion" (The Lost World 7-8) Granted this does not present a case for sentience on the basis of pain pleasure, but it does present an interesting way to think about classifying So you can see drawing the cut off line for even lower animals could present considerable You have trouble reaching an adequate definition of "" You are now facing how much awareness a creature has to perceive pain and pleasure along with joy from anticipation of future events to consider it morally If a cat is significant, but not a fish, what makes the cat a moral patient while the fish is not? Where is there a difference? There is a problem of arbitrarily assigning moral value when actual feelings and emotions are beyond To go a step further away from human sentience you would hold all living thing to be of moral This would then bring plants and non-sentient animals into the This view holds life as the ultimate intrinsic Beings have moral value in just being So life is viewed as an intrinsic good, and no verifying pleasures or pains being experienced are needed to allot this Anything living is held with a reverence for that life (Singer 277-278) 2】The Environmental Revolution - We Can Make a Difference! Since the first time having blown bubbles in my Open Water class, I've logged over 100 This love for diving has evolved into an intense passion towards protecting the ocean, and all of its I've chosen to put my love for the ocean into action, as an Actually, this passion extends out towards efforts that look to help all the planetary domains gain As such, I appreciate when others take the time educate me on those other realms for which I know less To be an environmentalist, one must choose the cause which resonates within ones sole, and run with One must be willing to educate people about the environment while being open to education from those people who support other Together we can help each other towards learning how to become a true "Environmentalist" We must all encourage positive collaboration and education as opposed to being against For example, sharks are being decimated to near extinction simply for their The fins are used to make Shark Fin soup, a delicacy popular particularly in Taiwan and S It would be easy to blame these communities for creating the However, in conversing with Asian environmentalists, they liken the culture around eating Shark Fin soup to the culture surrounding Americans eating turkey for Thanksgiving There are ongoing efforts to educate these people, by members of their own community, on just how dangerous this cultural practice is and the devastating impact this could have on their (our) world if all the sharks were to disappear as a Environmentalists everywhere are making a difference! Famous restaurants have taken endangered Swordfish off their menus, these same restaurants are buying wild-caught salmon (and boosting the economy of local fisheries in the process), laundromats have started selling green detergent, this just to name a few of these enlightened This is how the "Environmentalist" can begin the Just find something you believe in and make a One by one, we can make our planet a cleaner place to live, steeped in healthy bio-diversity for generations to 3Giving 1% to Protect Our Environment Though most of the world's surface is covered by water, since the Earth is so large relative to human horizons, there doesn't appear to be a shortage of However, when one begins to think of land in terms of a human resource, , a producer of food, a provider of wood, an expanse for passage, one realizes that many portions are either too lacking in nutrients, too high in elevation, too prone to flooding, or too cold or ice-ridden for extensive Furthermore, habitable lands are becoming less abundant due to desertification (the expansion of deserts due to the misuse of land), agricultural expansions and rising sea Since humans aren't the only species that need land, it isn't surprising that this resource is becoming limited for other forms of life In part as a result of this added stress on living things, we are also witnessing extinctions of grand proportions-at a rate of many thousands species per Since these losses are largely due to human actions, such as deforestation and non-native species introduction, many are beginning to pay attention to how we use and protect Recent ecological research has also recently provided a message of hope concerning the future well-being of life on this In the world today, scientists estimate that the Earth is losing at least 1 percent of species every ten years, and the percentage loss may be close to 5 Even if only the lower rate persists, the Earth will have lost near half of its biological diversity by Can this be possible? Many esteemed scientists think While the future appears bleak, several recent insights tell us that we have the potential to significantly reduce what amounts to a biotic holocaust, one not witnessed on Earth for over 60,000,000 While there are hopeful signs in the area of human activities (such as increased acreage of nature preserves and national parks), the hope of which I speak of here stems from specific characteristics of the other forms of life which may enable us to mutually coexist in the long The Earth's organisms are wonderfully varied in size, shape, function, behavior, and genetic One only need to consider that there are ~ 15,000 species of butterflies and ~50,000 species of mushrooms worldwide to begin to fathom the immensity of variety that this planet Yet, as different as the species come, the bulk of living things are also similar in a couple of very important Most living things live in relatively small regions and do not travel far from where they or their parents were In fact, recent biological and ecological work has determined that most land species are very particular about where they As opposed to humans whose choice of home is largely driven by economic and political forces (mobility driven by availability of wealth or forced relocation), flora and fauna find themselves in locations for which they are We now know that many species of insects and plants have a very restricted range in which they Very few organisms are ubiquitous like we It goes without saying that you aren't going to find a Great Blue Heron or a Grizzly visiting Antarctica or climbing M Everest; yet you might find the snow bear (recently discovered and previously known as the Abominable Snowman) doing the Recognizing that most living things are rather localized during their lifetimes has profound implications, both hopeful and On the one hand, it suggests that we can learn a lot about species by parking our scientific minds in specific On the other hand, it means that if we destroy even small areas of the globe we are likely causing great and even irreversible destruction to the species that are found We have also determined that there are specific locations on our planet where a disproportionate number of species For our species, Asia serves as the homeland for In fact more than 60 percent of humans lives on this largest of continents (which only makes up 24 percent of the land surface on the planet) With other life forms, geographic concentrations sometimes defy We only recently became aware that the vast majority of terrestrial (as distinguished from oceanic or riparian) species collectively live on just 1 percent of the Earth's land (If humans lived at a comparable concentration level, we'd all have to cluster together in an area roughly the size of Antarctica or twice that of A) This mind-blowing realization has prompted those that have been struggling to protect organisms a new way of thinking about such They have concluded that if we humans could somehow find a way to avoid disturbing just 1-2 percent of the land surface, nearly 70 percent of the world's terrestrial species might be able to Recently some conservationists have refocused their attention on these unique The regions of the globe that contain such a splendid array of biological diversity have been named "hot spots," a name that communicates their critical In what has to be the most beautiful books I have seen, Hotspots represents the collective work of scientists Russ and Cristina Mittermeier and Norman Myers as well as photographer Patricio Robles G In this oversized volume, these four scholars have assembled more than three hundred vivid photographs of some of the world's endangered species and threatened These absolutely breath-taking images come from the what they refer to as "the 25 most critically important regions" in the These regions originally constituted almost 12 percent of the world's land surface but now, due to human pressure at many levels, only a little more than 1 percent remains What makes these locations, which are found on all continents except Antarctica, so "hot" is that they are home to hordes of the Earth's plants and animals and they face imminent danger from a variety of human The Hotshot authors and others strongly believe that the global community can do wonders if these areas move to the top of our priority But what will have to happen for these spots to be protected? There are no simple answers to this central Unfortunately, those of us in the United States who have the luxury of time to even ponder such questions, face many obvious First, nearly all of the hotspots are located outside of our territorial boundaries, exceptions being the forests of Oregon and California as well as portions of Southern Florida (namely the Keys and the Everglades) Key hotspots are found in New Zealand, Madagascar, and Indonesia as well as the continental parts of south-east A Obviously we cannot expect that we will be able to force other countries to enact and enforce laws that will greatly reduce biological Yet, while many other countries have ratified the Biodiversity Treaty that was drafted at the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, it has never reached the floors of the US Congress for a vote; Canada, Japan, and the European Union are among those to ratify By this inaction our nation apparently lacks the wherewithal to support global conservation efforts as a matter of However, given that the wealthy nations in concert with international banks promote unsustainable extraction of resources in the world's developing countries, it would appear that we have an obligation to do If our national policy makers are unwilling to commit themselves to the protection of global ecosystems and species, we still have ourselves to look to for sources of positive All of us have tremendous purchasing power, especially in comparison to the majority of the other human residents on this planet; Barry Bearak, a Pulitzer Prize-winner journalist who recently spoke at Knox College's convocation, referred to the residents of the United States as "filthy rich," a conclusion he came to after spending a great deal of time in the poorer regions of the world, particularly Afghanistan and I What we buy makes a The environmental campaign to support shade coffee rather than sun coffee is just one of many attempts for the consumer to support sustainable practices in regions of great ecological According to the Northwest Shad Coffee Campaign, shade coffee agricultural allows for the extraction of a desired resource but at the same time allows between 3-8 times as many birds species to persist not to mention many more mid-size mammals as well as amphibians and Coffee is also a particularly important commodity in terms of the health of ecological systems because the countries that produce the bulk of it are precisely the same countries that are home to the majority of the world's species; the countries of Brazil, Bolivia, Indonesia, Vietnam collectively produce ~40 percent of the 17 billion pounds of coffee that are harvested each year (folks, that's more than 3 pounds per person!) Burdensome debts also force many developing countries to endlessly delay infrastructure Debt-for-nature swaps, an idea proposed by D Thomas Lovejoy of the World Wildlife Federation in the mid-1980s, have enabled poor countries to relieve foreign debt and international nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to increase commitment to conservation programs both at the same In these swaps, NGOs pay off a poor country's debt to a bank or well-to-do country at greatly reduced costs in order to establish agreements for investment in national parks, for While not a cure-all, these efforts have begun the paradigm shift from unabated expansion and unhealthy extraction to one supportive of saving natural ecosystems and securing the health and welfare of all human Threats to these locations represent massive scale intrusions taken by societies found on every Unfortunately, there is so much that will be lost if these "special" places aren't quickly protected from future On the bright side though, so much of the world's genetic diversity lives in just a couple handfuls of "hotspots" that if these locations were saved hordes of species would be able to persist into the next The time is now to respond to this fairly recent observation and It is time for the world to begin to act like a civilized 21st Century It is incumbent upon us, those with time and wealth, to maintain the momentum that others have The masses of life forms are relying on us to make the best attempt at this daunting yet critical Hopefully our species will be sensible enough to leave at least 1 percent of land alone, so that other life forms may continue to Do we need all 100 percent? 写不下了，如果觉得不够，邮箱可否留一下，我继续补充
Protect the environmentNowadays,the environment in China is getting worse and The water is polluted,and air pollution and become a very serious Many people even wear masks when they go How can we help save the environment?We can reduce air pollution by riding bikes,taking public transport instead of We can also save energy by closing the lights when you leave the room,and reusing If we all do our parts,our country will be a much better place!最近,中国的环境越来越糟糕了水被污染了,空气污染也成为了一个严重的问题很多人甚至出门都要带口罩我们能怎样帮忙保护环境呢?我们可以通过多骑自行车和坐公交,少乘私家车我们也可以通过随手关灯,重复利用水要节约能源如果我们每个人都进到自己的责任,我们的国家就会变成一个更好的地方
环境科学学报有英文版
1We think this is a special time where eco-friendly people need to unite to save their A time when lovers of the natural environment will be the leaders of a 'new common sense' This 'common sense' will see our communities ensure our planet becomes sustainable and To start, we need to support each The Environment Society of Australia wants to help by offering you the opportunity to find your green The Organic and Enviro Directories are great places to The Organic Directory allows you to find organic producers and retailers all over A Whilst our Enviro Directory sorts out all the green and enviro-friendly companies and groups across the You will also find, environmental articles featuring ecology and environment issues, organic farming and organic gardening, alternative technology breakthroughs as well as environment Finally we have also recently started our own nursery - the Heart Garden Nursery where we are hoping to combine an environmental, world peace and meditation community The hope is that we will be able to help you, our greatest environmental resource, inspire others and ourselves to smarter, more sustainable practises that save the environment and save our 2How we live our lives affects We turn on a tap and the water that gushes out may have been taken from a marshy place, making it just that little bit drier and less suitable for wading If we throw away a tin can instead of recycling it, more metal needs to be mined, perhaps eventually destroying a wildlife When you switch on a light, the electricity may come from a coal-burning power station, which releases gases into the air that contribute to global warming – the biggest threat faced by wildlife in the We can help wildlife by being more environmentally friendly in the way we live our lives – using fewer resources and less Using the link, you can download one of the activities that will help you to be environmentally This is an example so you can see the type of task you might choose to 中英对照的：_117005_htm 继续前天的补充：2】The Environmental Revolution - We Can Make a Difference! Since the first time having blown bubbles in my Open Water class, I've logged over 100 This love for diving has evolved into an intense passion towards protecting the ocean, and all of its I've chosen to put my love for the ocean into action, as an Actually, this passion extends out towards efforts that look to help all the planetary domains gain As such, I appreciate when others take the time educate me on those other realms for which I know less To be an environmentalist, one must choose the cause which resonates within ones sole, and run with One must be willing to educate people about the environment while being open to education from those people who support other Together we can help each other towards learning how to become a true "Environmentalist" We must all encourage positive collaboration and education as opposed to being against For example, sharks are being decimated to near extinction simply for their The fins are used to make Shark Fin soup, a delicacy popular particularly in Taiwan and S It would be easy to blame these communities for creating the However, in conversing with Asian environmentalists, they liken the culture around eating Shark Fin soup to the culture surrounding Americans eating turkey for Thanksgiving There are ongoing efforts to educate these people, by members of their own community, on just how dangerous this cultural practice is and the devastating impact this could have on their (our) world if all the sharks were to disappear as a Environmentalists everywhere are making a difference! Famous restaurants have taken endangered Swordfish off their menus, these same restaurants are buying wild-caught salmon (and boosting the economy of local fisheries in the process), laundromats have started selling green detergent, this just to name a few of these enlightened This is how the "Environmentalist" can begin the Just find something you believe in and make a One by one, we can make our planet a cleaner place to live, steeped in healthy bio-diversity for generations to 3Giving 1% to Protect Our Environment Though most of the world's surface is covered by water, since the Earth is so large relative to human horizons, there doesn't appear to be a shortage of However, when one begins to think of land in terms of a human resource, , a producer of food, a provider of wood, an expanse for passage, one realizes that many portions are either too lacking in nutrients, too high in elevation, too prone to flooding, or too cold or ice-ridden for extensive Furthermore, habitable lands are becoming less abundant due to desertification (the expansion of deserts due to the misuse of land), agricultural expansions and rising sea Since humans aren't the only species that need land, it isn't surprising that this resource is becoming limited for other forms of life In part as a result of this added stress on living things, we are also witnessing extinctions of grand proportions-at a rate of many thousands species per Since these losses are largely due to human actions, such as deforestation and non-native species introduction, many are beginning to pay attention to how we use and protect Recent ecological research has also recently provided a message of hope concerning the future well-being of life on this In the world today, scientists estimate that the Earth is losing at least 1 percent of species every ten years, and the percentage loss may be close to 5 Even if only the lower rate persists, the Earth will have lost near half of its biological diversity by Can this be possible? Many esteemed scientists think While the future appears bleak, several recent insights tell us that we have the potential to significantly reduce what amounts to a biotic holocaust, one not witnessed on Earth for over 60,000,000 While there are hopeful signs in the area of human activities (such as increased acreage of nature preserves and national parks), the hope of which I speak of here stems from specific characteristics of the other forms of life which may enable us to mutually coexist in the long The Earth's organisms are wonderfully varied in size, shape, function, behavior, and genetic One only need to consider that there are ~ 15,000 species of butterflies and ~50,000 species of mushrooms worldwide to begin to fathom the immensity of variety that this planet Yet, as different as the species come, the bulk of living things are also similar in a couple of very important Most living things live in relatively small regions and do not travel far from where they or their parents were In fact, recent biological and ecological work has determined that most land species are very particular about where they As opposed to humans whose choice of home is largely driven by economic and political forces (mobility driven by availability of wealth or forced relocation), flora and fauna find themselves in locations for which they are We now know that many species of insects and plants have a very restricted range in which they Very few organisms are ubiquitous like we It goes without saying that you aren't going to find a Great Blue Heron or a Grizzly visiting Antarctica or climbing M Everest; yet you might find the snow bear (recently discovered and previously known as the Abominable Snowman) doing the Recognizing that most living things are rather localized during their lifetimes has profound implications, both hopeful and On the one hand, it suggests that we can learn a lot about species by parking our scientific minds in specific On the other hand, it means that if we destroy even small areas of the globe we are likely causing great and even irreversible destruction to the species that are found We have also determined that there are specific locations on our planet where a disproportionate number of species For our species, Asia serves as the homeland for In fact more than 60 percent of humans lives on this largest of continents (which only makes up 24 percent of the land surface on the planet) With other life forms, geographic concentrations sometimes defy We only recently became aware that the vast majority of terrestrial (as distinguished from oceanic or riparian) species collectively live on just 1 percent of the Earth's land (If humans lived at a comparable concentration level, we'd all have to cluster together in an area roughly the size of Antarctica or twice that of A) This mind-blowing realization has prompted those that have been struggling to protect organisms a new way of thinking about such They have concluded that if we humans could somehow find a way to avoid disturbing just 1-2 percent of the land surface, nearly 70 percent of the world's terrestrial species might be able to Recently some conservationists have refocused their attention on these unique The regions of the globe that contain such a splendid array of biological diversity have been named "hot spots," a name that communicates their critical In what has to be the most beautiful books I have seen, Hotspots represents the collective work of scientists Russ and Cristina Mittermeier and Norman Myers as well as photographer Patricio Robles G In this oversized volume, these four scholars have assembled more than three hundred vivid photographs of some of the world's endangered species and threatened These absolutely breath-taking images come from the what they refer to as "the 25 most critically important regions" in the These regions originally constituted almost 12 percent of the world's land surface but now, due to human pressure at many levels, only a little more than 1 percent remains What makes these locations, which are found on all continents except Antarctica, so "hot" is that they are home to hordes of the Earth's plants and animals and they face imminent danger from a variety of human The Hotshot authors and others strongly believe that the global community can do wonders if these areas move to the top of our priority But what will have to happen for these spots to be protected? There are no simple answers to this central Unfortunately, those of us in the United States who have the luxury of time to even ponder such questions, face many obvious First, nearly all of the hotspots are located outside of our territorial boundaries, exceptions being the forests of Oregon and California as well as portions of Southern Florida (namely the Keys and the Everglades) Key hotspots are found in New Zealand, Madagascar, and Indonesia as well as the continental parts of south-east A Obviously we cannot expect that we will be able to force other countries to enact and enforce laws that will greatly reduce biological Yet, while many other countries have ratified the Biodiversity Treaty that was drafted at the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, it has never reached the floors of the US Congress for a vote; Canada, Japan, and the European Union are among those to ratify By this inaction our nation apparently lacks the wherewithal to support global conservation efforts as a matter of However, given that the wealthy nations in concert with international banks promote unsustainable extraction of resources in the world's developing countries, it would appear that we have an obligation to do If our national policy makers are unwilling to commit themselves to the protection of global ecosystems and species, we still have ourselves to look to for sources of positive All of us have tremendous purchasing power, especially in comparison to the majority of the other human residents on this planet; Barry Bearak, a Pulitzer Prize-winner journalist who recently spoke at Knox College's convocation, referred to the residents of the United States as "filthy rich," a conclusion he came to after spending a great deal of time in the poorer regions of the world, particularly Afghanistan and I What we buy makes a The environmental campaign to support shade coffee rather than sun coffee is just one of many attempts for the consumer to support sustainable practices in regions of great ecological According to the Northwest Shad Coffee Campaign, shade coffee agricultural allows for the extraction of a desired resource but at the same time allows between 3-8 times as many birds species to persist not to mention many more mid-size mammals as well as amphibians and Coffee is also a particularly important commodity in terms of the health of ecological systems because the countries that produce the bulk of it are precisely the same countries that are home to the majority of the world's species; the countries of Brazil, Bolivia, Indonesia, Vietnam collectively produce ~40 percent of the 17 billion pounds of coffee that are harvested each year (folks, that's more than 3 pounds per person!) Burdensome debts also force many developing countries to endlessly delay infrastructure Debt-for-nature swaps, an idea proposed by D Thomas Lovejoy of the World Wildlife Federation in the mid-1980s, have enabled poor countries to relieve foreign debt and international nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to increase commitment to conservation programs both at the same In these swaps, NGOs pay off a poor country's debt to a bank or well-to-do country at greatly reduced costs in order to establish agreements for investment in national parks, for While not a cure-all, these efforts have begun the paradigm shift from unabated expansion and unhealthy extraction to one supportive of saving natural ecosystems and securing the health and welfare of all human Threats to these locations represent massive scale intrusions taken by societies found on every Unfortunately, there is so much that will be lost if these "special" places aren't quickly protected from future On the bright side though, so much of the world's genetic diversity lives in just a couple handfuls of "hotspots" that if these locations were saved hordes of species would be able to persist into the next The time is now to respond to this fairly recent observation and It is time for the world to begin to act like a civilized 21st Century It is incumbent upon us, those with time and wealth, to maintain the momentum that others have The masses of life forms are relying on us to make the best attempt at this daunting yet critical Hopefully our species will be sensible enough to leave at least 1 percent of land alone, so that other life forms may continue to Do we need all 100 percent? 写不下了，如果觉得不够，可否把邮箱留一下，我继续补充
世界水资源的缺乏World Water Shortage A new study warns that about thirty percent of the world's people may not have enough water by the year 一项新的研究结果提出警告：到2025年，世界上将有30%的人没有足够的水饮用。 A private American organization called Population Action International did the new It says more than three-hundred-thirty-five-million people lack enough water The people live in twenty-eight Most of the countries are in Africa or the Middle E 这项研究是由美国一家名叫“人口行动”的私立机构进行的。报告说现在世界上有三亿三千五百万人没有足够的水。这些人主要分布在非洲或中东的28个国家。 P-A-I researcher Robert Engelman says by the year 2025, about three-thousand-million people may lack At least 18 more countries are expected to have severe water The demand for water keeps Yet the amount of water on Earth stays the 人口行动组织的研究人罗博特安格曼说，到2025年大约三十亿人缺水。至少还有其他18个国家将可能面临同样严重的水短缺问题。人类对水的需求不断上升，但地球上水的还是保持不变。 M Engelman says the population in countries that lack water is growing faster than in other parts of the He says population growth in these countries will continue to 安格曼先生说，水短缺的国家的人口增长率要高于世界其他地区的人口增长率。他还说这些国家的人口出生率将持续增长。 The report says lack of water in the future may result in several It may increase health Lack of water often means drinking waters not M Engelman says there are problems all over the world because of diseases, such as cholera, which are carried in Lack of water may also result in more international Countries may have to compete for water in the Some countries now get sixty percent of their fresh water from other This is true of Egypt, the Netherlands, Cambodia, Syria, Sudan, and I And the report says lack of water would affect the ability of developing to improve their This is because new industries often need a large amount of water when they are 报告表明，在未来，水资源的缺乏可能会导致一些严重的后果。首先它可能会产生更多的健康问题。水资源的缺乏就意味着饮用水不再有保障。安格曼先生说，诸如霍乱等在水中传播的疾病会使世界出现许多问题。水缺乏也会引起更多的国际纷争。各国可能由于水而发动战争。现在有些国家，例如埃及，荷兰，柬埔寨，叙利亚，苏丹和伊拉克等，60%的纯净水是从国外进口的。报告认为水缺乏将影响发展国家发展经济的能力。这是因为新工业在开始阶段经常需要大量的水。 The Population Action International study gives several solutions to the water One way, it says, is to find ways to use water for more than one Another way is to teach people to be careful not to waste A third way is to use less water of 人口行动组织的研究报告为世界的水短缺问题提出了几个解决的办法。第一，找到多用途的用水方法。第二，教育人们不要浪费水资源。第三就是少用农业水。 The report also says long-term solutions to the water problem must include controls on population It says countries cannot provide clean water unless they slow population growth by limiting the number of children people 报告同时表明，控制人口增长是长远解决水缺乏问题不可缺少的措施之一。它说除非各国能通过限制生育来降低人口的增长，否则它们不可能提供干净的水。 Global warming a bigger threat to poor全球变暖加剧贫穷 气候变化急待控制 Global warming, modelled on computer here, kills more people than terrorism Global warming threatens to reverse human progress, and make unachievable all UN targets to reduce poverty(联合国所有减少贫穷的目标), according to some of the world's leading international and development In a report published today, Oxfam, Greenpeace, Christian Aid, Friends of the Earth, WWF(英国牛津救济委员会、“绿色和平”组织、基督徒互援会、“地球之友”组织、世界野生动物基金组织) and 15 other groups say rich governments must immediately address(致力于) climate change to avoid even "obscene levels(无法忍受的程度)" of worldwide "Food production, water supplies, public health and people's livelihoods are already being damaged and undermined," the report "There is no either/or approach possible(想找一个‘非此即彼'的办法是不可能的) The world must meet its commitments to achieve poverty reduction and also tackle climate The two are inextricably linked(二者的联系是难解难分的)" The report, which draws on UN predictions of the effects of climate change in poor countries over the next 50 years, says poor countries will experience more flooding, declining food production, more disease and the deterioration or extinction of entire ecosystems(整个生态系统的退化甚至消失) on which many of the world's poorest people "Climate change needs to be addressed The poor will bear the brunt of the The frontline experience of many of us working in international development indicates that communities are having to combat more extreme weather " Climate change will play havoc（大范围的破坏；浩劫） with agriculture and water supplies and will increase "By 2025 the proportion of the world's population living in countries of significant water stress will almost double, to 6 billion Tropical and sub-tropical areas will be hardest hit - those countries already suffering from food insecurity(食品短缺)" Poor communities mostly do not need hi-tech solutions, but would most benefit from education, research and being shown how to farm The report says unchecked global warming(尚未得到抑制的全球变暖), more than wars or political upheaval(政变), will displace millions of people and destabilise many
Protect the environmentNowadays,the environment in China is getting worse and The water is polluted,and air pollution and become a very serious Many people even wear masks when they go How can we help save the environment?We can reduce air pollution by riding bikes,taking public transport instead of We can also save energy by closing the lights when you leave the room,and reusing If we all do our parts,our country will be a much better place!最近,中国的环境越来越糟糕了水被污染了,空气污染也成为了一个严重的问题很多人甚至出门都要带口罩我们能怎样帮忙保护环境呢?我们可以通过多骑自行车和坐公交,少乘私家车我们也可以通过随手关灯,重复利用水要节约能源如果我们每个人都进到自己的责任,我们的国家就会变成一个更好的地方
What Environmental Disaster? We have developed a huge and thriving society; and in the process we deforest huge sections of land for living and livestock This decreases oxygen and increases carbon dioxide in the atmosphere; possibly adding to global warming though the greenhouse This mass population produces mass amounts of waste, so to deal with that we just throw it into the ground, which in turn contaminates our water supply and contributes to further We develop motorized transportation; and then burn non-renewable fossil fuels that put lead, carbon monoxide, sulfur and nitrogen oxides, ozone, excess carbon dioxide, and other harmful particulates into the atmosphere (Skjel & Whorton 95-108) This produces dangers like smog and cancer and contributes to global In the production of fuel we exhaust oil reserves and pollute the oceans through spills from This endangers wilderness and We produce an inert, easily producible propellant for aerosols; and then realize it's only inert on the Once it's bombarded by UV ray in the upper atmosphere it releases a highly destructive ion that wreaks havoc on the protective ozone layer shielding us from those same deadly UV rays, creating a hole in the layer allowing the radiation through, increasing cancer and other genetic We build rockets capable of going into space and breaking the earth's gravitational pull; and then immediately start to pollute this new environment with spent rockets and boosters along with other miscellaneous particles of debris (Curran and Haw 3) Michael Crichton writes, "What we call nature is a complex system of far greater subtlety than we are willing to We make a simplified view of nature and then botch it all You have to understand what you don't How many times must the point be made? How many times must we see the evidence? We build the Aswan Dam and claim it is going to revitalize the Instead, it destroys the fertile Nile Delta, produces parasitic infestation, and wrecks the Egyptian economy" (Jurassic Park 91) To the common person our current situation contains little All the advancement and improvements have done little to further our With each one has come a new environmental You almost need to evaluate each situation in terms of positives and However, at the root of all this chaos you'll find anthropocentrism, a human centered way of This way of thinking as an attitude, and moral theory, centers on humans as the highest of the significant The theory views nature and the environment in terms of their use value for humans only (Michaels 7) So all of the above developments with costs can be justified through their usefulness for The human centered ethic is deeply rooted in the past through the ancient Greek and Roman To pursue further development based on this ethic would be With our current numbers of population and rate of growth we're just asking for an environmental catastrophe of the highest magnitude to act as a wake up Granted that a great deal of the population realizes that unless action is taken today then we'll have to face that disaster The principle question is how to go about alleviating and repairing the damage we've already We also need to address how to prevent doing further damage for the sake of future The only problem with this view is that it is still a human centered It still sees the environment as a thing to be utilized by humans for their own It doesn't do The problems aren't getting Better ways of doing things are being researched, but the underlying problem is not receiving any So the environmental downward spiral is only slowed down and is not We've still got the same To take the conservationist attitude further you would see all sentient beings as holding moral standing and due This includes most of the animals in the world; any animal capable of experiencing pleasure and Through these experiences you form the basis for the extended moral If the animals perish through their habitat's destruction or outside influences, then their future pleasures will no longer When you take into account whole societies and communities of animals then the added value to the environment increases exponentially as you combine their happiness with the happiness never experienced by their future generations (Singer 275-276) So by taking this viewpoint you place even more intrinsic value on the environment through the experiences of all sentient animals But at a time when our behavior may well lead us to extinction, I see no reason to assume that we have any awareness at We are stubborn, self-destructive Any other view of our species is just a self-congratulatory delusion" (The Lost World 7-8) Granted this does not present a case for sentience on the basis of pain pleasure, but it does present an interesting way to think about classifying So you can see drawing the cut off line for even lower animals could present considerable You have trouble reaching an adequate definition of "" You are now facing how much awareness a creature has to perceive pain and pleasure along with joy from anticipation of future events to consider it morally If a cat is significant, but not a fish, what makes the cat a moral patient while the fish is not? Where is there a difference? There is a problem of arbitrarily assigning moral value when actual feelings and emotions are beyond To go a step further away from human sentience you would hold all living thing to be of moral This would then bring plants and non-sentient animals into the This view holds life as the ultimate intrinsic Beings have moral value in just being So life is viewed as an intrinsic good, and no verifying pleasures or pains being experienced are needed to allot this Anything living is held with a reverence for that life (Singer 277-278) 2】The Environmental Revolution - We Can Make a Difference! Since the first time having blown bubbles in my Open Water class, I've logged over 100 This love for diving has evolved into an intense passion towards protecting the ocean, and all of its I've chosen to put my love for the ocean into action, as an Actually, this passion extends out towards efforts that look to help all the planetary domains gain As such, I appreciate when others take the time educate me on those other realms for which I know less To be an environmentalist, one must choose the cause which resonates within ones sole, and run with One must be willing to educate people about the environment while being open to education from those people who support other Together we can help each other towards learning how to become a true "Environmentalist" We must all encourage positive collaboration and education as opposed to being against For example, sharks are being decimated to near extinction simply for their The fins are used to make Shark Fin soup, a delicacy popular particularly in Taiwan and S It would be easy to blame these communities for creating the However, in conversing with Asian environmentalists, they liken the culture around eating Shark Fin soup to the culture surrounding Americans eating turkey for Thanksgiving There are ongoing efforts to educate these people, by members of their own community, on just how dangerous this cultural practice is and the devastating impact this could have on their (our) world if all the sharks were to disappear as a Environmentalists everywhere are making a difference! Famous restaurants have taken endangered Swordfish off their menus, these same restaurants are buying wild-caught salmon (and boosting the economy of local fisheries in the process), laundromats have started selling green detergent, this just to name a few of these enlightened This is how the "Environmentalist" can begin the Just find something you believe in and make a One by one, we can make our planet a cleaner place to live, steeped in healthy bio-diversity for generations to 3Giving 1% to Protect Our Environment Though most of the world's surface is covered by water, since the Earth is so large relative to human horizons, there doesn't appear to be a shortage of However, when one begins to think of land in terms of a human resource, , a producer of food, a provider of wood, an expanse for passage, one realizes that many portions are either too lacking in nutrients, too high in elevation, too prone to flooding, or too cold or ice-ridden for extensive Furthermore, habitable lands are becoming less abundant due to desertification (the expansion of deserts due to the misuse of land), agricultural expansions and rising sea Since humans aren't the only species that need land, it isn't surprising that this resource is becoming limited for other forms of life In part as a result of this added stress on living things, we are also witnessing extinctions of grand proportions-at a rate of many thousands species per Since these losses are largely due to human actions, such as deforestation and non-native species introduction, many are beginning to pay attention to how we use and protect Recent ecological research has also recently provided a message of hope concerning the future well-being of life on this In the world today, scientists estimate that the Earth is losing at least 1 percent of species every ten years, and the percentage loss may be close to 5 Even if only the lower rate persists, the Earth will have lost near half of its biological diversity by Can this be possible? Many esteemed scientists think While the future appears bleak, several recent insights tell us that we have the potential to significantly reduce what amounts to a biotic holocaust, one not witnessed on Earth for over 60,000,000 While there are hopeful signs in the area of human activities (such as increased acreage of nature preserves and national parks), the hope of which I speak of here stems from specific characteristics of the other forms of life which may enable us to mutually coexist in the long The Earth's organisms are wonderfully varied in size, shape, function, behavior, and genetic One only need to consider that there are ~ 15,000 species of butterflies and ~50,000 species of mushrooms worldwide to begin to fathom the immensity of variety that this planet Yet, as different as the species come, the bulk of living things are also similar in a couple of very important Most living things live in relatively small regions and do not travel far from where they or their parents were In fact, recent biological and ecological work has determined that most land species are very particular about where they As opposed to humans whose choice of home is largely driven by economic and political forces (mobility driven by availability of wealth or forced relocation), flora and fauna find themselves in locations for which they are We now know that many species of insects and plants have a very restricted range in which they Very few organisms are ubiquitous like we It goes without saying that you aren't going to find a Great Blue Heron or a Grizzly visiting Antarctica or climbing M Everest; yet you might find the snow bear (recently discovered and previously known as the Abominable Snowman) doing the Recognizing that most living things are rather localized during their lifetimes has profound implications, both hopeful and On the one hand, it suggests that we can learn a lot about species by parking our scientific minds in specific On the other hand, it means that if we destroy even small areas of the globe we are likely causing great and even irreversible destruction to the species that are found We have also determined that there are specific locations on our planet where a disproportionate number of species For our species, Asia serves as the homeland for In fact more than 60 percent of humans lives on this largest of continents (which only makes up 24 percent of the land surface on the planet) With other life forms, geographic concentrations sometimes defy We only recently became aware that the vast majority of terrestrial (as distinguished from oceanic or riparian) species collectively live on just 1 percent of the Earth's land (If humans lived at a comparable concentration level, we'd all have to cluster together in an area roughly the size of Antarctica or twice that of A) This mind-blowing realization has prompted those that have been struggling to protect organisms a new way of thinking about such They have concluded that if we humans could somehow find a way to avoid disturbing just 1-2 percent of the land surface, nearly 70 percent of the world's terrestrial species might be able to Recently some conservationists have refocused their attention on these unique The regions of the globe that contain such a splendid array of biological diversity have been named "hot spots," a name that communicates their critical In what has to be the most beautiful books I have seen, Hotspots represents the collective work of scientists Russ and Cristina Mittermeier and Norman Myers as well as photographer Patricio Robles G In this oversized volume, these four scholars have assembled more than three hundred vivid photographs of some of the world's endangered species and threatened These absolutely breath-taking images come from the what they refer to as "the 25 most critically important regions" in the These regions originally constituted almost 12 percent of the world's land surface but now, due to human pressure at many levels, only a little more than 1 percent remains What makes these locations, which are found on all continents except Antarctica, so "hot" is that they are home to hordes of the Earth's plants and animals and they face imminent danger from a variety of human The Hotshot authors and others strongly believe that the global community can do wonders if these areas move to the top of our priority But what will have to happen for these spots to be protected? There are no simple answers to this central Unfortunately, those of us in the United States who have the luxury of time to even ponder such questions, face many obvious First, nearly all of the hotspots are located outside of our territorial boundaries, exceptions being the forests of Oregon and California as well as portions of Southern Florida (namely the Keys and the Everglades) Key hotspots are found in New Zealand, Madagascar, and Indonesia as well as the continental parts of south-east A Obviously we cannot expect that we will be able to force other countries to enact and enforce laws that will greatly reduce biological Yet, while many other countries have ratified the Biodiversity Treaty that was drafted at the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, it has never reached the floors of the US Congress for a vote; Canada, Japan, and the European Union are among those to ratify By this inaction our nation apparently lacks the wherewithal to support global conservation efforts as a matter of However, given that the wealthy nations in concert with international banks promote unsustainable extraction of resources in the world's developing countries, it would appear that we have an obligation to do If our national policy makers are unwilling to commit themselves to the protection of global ecosystems and species, we still have ourselves to look to for sources of positive All of us have tremendous purchasing power, especially in comparison to the majority of the other human residents on this planet; Barry Bearak, a Pulitzer Prize-winner journalist who recently spoke at Knox College's convocation, referred to the residents of the United States as "filthy rich," a conclusion he came to after spending a great deal of time in the poorer regions of the world, particularly Afghanistan and I What we buy makes a The environmental campaign to support shade coffee rather than sun coffee is just one of many attempts for the consumer to support sustainable practices in regions of great ecological According to the Northwest Shad Coffee Campaign, shade coffee agricultural allows for the extraction of a desired resource but at the same time allows between 3-8 times as many birds species to persist not to mention many more mid-size mammals as well as amphibians and Coffee is also a particularly important commodity in terms of the health of ecological systems because the countries that produce the bulk of it are precisely the same countries that are home to the majority of the world's species; the countries of Brazil, Bolivia, Indonesia, Vietnam collectively produce ~40 percent of the 17 billion pounds of coffee that are harvested each year (folks, that's more than 3 pounds per person!) Burdensome debts also force many developing countries to endlessly delay infrastructure Debt-for-nature swaps, an idea proposed by D Thomas Lovejoy of the World Wildlife Federation in the mid-1980s, have enabled poor countries to relieve foreign debt and international nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to increase commitment to conservation programs both at the same In these swaps, NGOs pay off a poor country's debt to a bank or well-to-do country at greatly reduced costs in order to establish agreements for investment in national parks, for While not a cure-all, these efforts have begun the paradigm shift from unabated expansion and unhealthy extraction to one supportive of saving natural ecosystems and securing the health and welfare of all human Threats to these locations represent massive scale intrusions taken by societies found on every Unfortunately, there is so much that will be lost if these "special" places aren't quickly protected from future On the bright side though, so much of the world's genetic diversity lives in just a couple handfuls of "hotspots" that if these locations were saved hordes of species would be able to persist into the next The time is now to respond to this fairly recent observation and It is time for the world to begin to act like a civilized 21st Century It is incumbent upon us, those with time and wealth, to maintain the momentum that others have The masses of life forms are relying on us to make the best attempt at this daunting yet critical Hopefully our species will be sensible enough to leave at least 1 percent of land alone, so that other life forms may continue to Do we need all 100 percent? 写不下了，如果觉得不够，邮箱可否留一下，我继续补充
[1]程发良，孙成访环境保护与可持续发展[ M]北京：清华大学出版社，[2]曲向荣环境保护与可持续发展[ M]北京:清华大学出版社,[3]周敬宣环境与可持续发展[ M]武汉:华中科技大学出版社，[4]蒋展鹏，杨宏伟环境工程学[ M]北京:高等教育出版社,[5]徐新华，吴忠标，陈红环境保护与可持续发展[ M]北京:化学工业出版社，[6]伊武军资源、环境与可持续发展[M]北京:海洋出版社,
1、AP瑟尔沃（A P Thirlwall），《增长与发展》(第六版)，中国财政经济出版社，20012、张坤民，《可持续发展论》，中国环境科学出版社，19993、黄辉，《WTO与环保:自由贸易与环境保护的冲突与协调》，中国环境科学出版社，20044、戴星翼：《环境与发展经济学》，立信会计出版社，1995年版。5、曲福田：《可持续发展的理论与政策选择》，中国经济出版社，2000年版。6、范金：《可持续发展的最优经济增长》，经济管理出版社，2002年版。7、翟新生等：《可持续发展与自然资源消耗的成本补偿---大循环成本理论具体运用的研究》，《财经研究》，1996年第12期。8、（美）罗伯特•艾尔斯：《转折点---增长范式的终结》，上海译文出版社，2001年版。9、（英）戴维•赫尔德等：《全球大变革---全球化时代的政治、经济与文化》，社会科学文献出版社，2001年版。10、（英）D•皮尔斯等：《世界无末日---经济学、环境与可持续发展》，中国财经政治出版社，1996年版。11、（美）丹尼尔•A•科尔曼等：《生态政治---建设一个绿色社会》，上海译文出版社，2002年版。
学园部落3000左右得读后感
[1]刘南威自然地理学[M]北京:科学出版社,2001: [2]李春华环境科学原理[M]南京:南京大学出版社,2003,(4) [3]叶文虎可持续发展引论[M]北京:高等教育出版社,2003:21
[1]程发良，孙成访环境保护与可持续发展[ M]北京：清华大学出版社，[2]曲向荣环境保护与可持续发展[ M]北京:清华大学出版社,[3]周敬宣环境与可持续发展[ M]武汉:华中科技大学出版社，[4]蒋展鹏，杨宏伟环境工程学[ M]北京:高等教育出版社,[5]徐新华，吴忠标，陈红环境保护与可持续发展[ M]北京:化学工业出版社，[6]伊武军资源、环境与可持续发展[M]北京:海洋出版社,
西藏环境保护与城市可持续发展摘要：围绕西藏环境保护与城市可持续发展问题，阐述了西藏生态环境保护现状及城市发展所产生的负面影响，论述了西藏城市可持续发展的必要性和评价标准，并从政策制度、城市规划、城市发展模式以及发掘民族文化四个层面,提出了实现西藏自然生态环境与城市经济协调发展的相关对策。关键词：西藏生态保护城市建设可持续发展一、西藏生态保护与城市发展概况区内地理环境现状与生态保护工作存在的问题西藏自治区位于我国西南边陲的青藏高原，地域辽阔（面积达84万km2，约占我国土地面积的1/8，仅次于新疆，位居全国第二）。人口7万，以藏族为主（占95%以上）。全区辖7个地（市）73个县（市、区）。[3]西藏高原风光旖旎，那里有湛蓝的天，清澈的水，清新的空气，悠久灿烂的藏民族文化，浓郁的民族风情和神秘的藏传佛教，自然景观与人文景观独具特色。在这片神秘的土地上蕴藏着丰富的生物多样性资源，草地资源，矿产资源，水资源，太阳能资源。西藏主要城镇环境空气中二氧化硫，氮氧化物等污染物的含量都很低，主要江河的水质都能达标，至今未出现过酸雨和放射性污染，这些独特的人文地理环境为西藏实施西部大开发，全面加快经济发展和社会进步提供了很好的技术和条件，西藏已成为人们向往的圣地。然而，正是由于西藏独特的地理环境，区内1%的土地位于海拔4000m以上，受高寒恶劣自然条件的影响，生态环境十分脆弱，一旦破坏将很难恢复。西藏自治区生态环境的脆弱性使其成为关系能否实现经济社会可持续发展的关键。西藏解放后，由于起初人口较少，城市化和工业化水平低下以及国家的种种保护措施使得青藏高原的生态环境保持了较好的状况。但是近几年来，随着西藏经济的快速发展，城市化水平不断提高，目前，西藏的生态环境保护总体而言质量不高，且有退化的趋势。经过我们的研究分析西藏当前生态环境保护面临的主要问题是：粗放型经济增长方式与有限的生态环境承载力之间的矛盾不断加剧；生态环境退化，投资严重短缺及环境意识淡薄产生的全部与局部，眼前与长远利益之间的矛盾日益激化；政府对生态环境的保护监管水平的要求越来越高与西藏实际监管能力严重滞后的矛盾日益明显。所以只有切实解决这些矛盾与问题，保护和建设好生态环境，才能保证西藏城市的可持续发展，从而使西部大开发的战略得以顺利实施。西藏城市发展现状及对环境产生的负面影响城市是社会产生发展到一定阶段的产物。西藏的城镇有着悠久的历史，拉萨、日喀则、昌都、江孜等城镇均属历史古城，也曾显赫一时。但是，长期以来西藏封建农奴制度严重地阻碍了社会生产力的发展。过去的城镇可以说没有基本的城市设施，加之生产力低下，人口少，对环境的影响也较小。在西藏，现代意义的城镇是在和平解放以后才发展起来的。尤其是党的十一届三中全会以来，党中央先后四次召开西藏工作座谈会，研究制定了一系列的特殊政策和有力措施，西藏的各项事业进入了一个发展较快的时期。80年代，中央政府和西藏自治区人民政府先后投资几亿元，大部分用于城市住房改造，城市扩建，市政建设，公共服务设施等基础建设。1984年，中央决定由北京、天津、上海、江苏、浙江、山东、四川、福建、广东等9省市为西藏援建43项工程，工程总投资8亿元，总建筑面积6万m2，一座座饭店、宾馆以及文化、教育、卫生、通讯、交通、生活等现代化建筑拔地而起，使高原城镇的容貌焕然一新。1994年，中央召开了第三次西藏工作座谈会，决定由中央和有关省市为西藏援建62项工程，总投资达8亿元。[1]目前，该项目已大部分建成并也投入使用。2003年又召开的第四次西藏工作座谈会，为西藏未来经济的发展绘制了一张壮丽的蓝图，西藏城镇的发展也必将进入一种历史上发展最好的时期。随着西藏经济的发展，城镇现代化建设水平的提高。2007年，青藏铁路将要建成通车，西藏总人口将达到250万到280万（含外来流动人口在内），尽管西藏地域辽阔，资源丰富，但是西藏高原自然条恶劣，人类的生存空间有限，可利用的耕地仅占全区总面积的2%-3%，而且面临着人均耕地面积不断减少的态势，人口的增加，必将引起人为地对西藏脆弱生态环境的掠夺与破坏。比如：西藏自治区首府拉萨市，作为自治区的政治、经济、文化中心，由原先不足20万人口，目前已增加到45万人，城市人口已达39万人(占19%)，已达到了一定的城市化水平。[2]由于拉萨目前还没有一座现代化的垃圾处理场及污水处理中心，人口的增加，随之而来的是“白色”污染物的增加，污水的横流。人类为了生存，非法地破坏自然资源的现象便会产生，诸如不合理的森林砍伐，非法盗猎野生动物，乱采乱挖自然矿藏等。如何在有限的生存空间中实现城市经济的快速、稳定、持续发展，保护好自然生态环境，走可持续发展的道路，是我们当前面临的严峻课题。二、西藏实现城市可持续发展的内涵城市可持续发展的概念及其必要性“可持续发展”自1987年联合国世界环境与发展委员会提出,现已成为人类共同追求的发展理念和发展模式。城市可持续发展是一种先进的城市发展观，它强调城市在增长的同时更注重城市质量的提高，包括城市的生态结构质量、环境质量、建筑美学质量以及精神文化氛围质量等方面，最终要实现城市社会经济、生态环境的均衡发展。西藏的城市可持续发展应站在区域经济整体发展的高度，立足于当前城市发展的现状，着眼于城市发展的未来，而不应以今天的经济发展建立在明天的环境质量降低和子孙生活水平降低的基础上为代价。现代城市和城镇都是一定区域经济社会发展的中心。西藏正面临进一步提高人民生活水平，发展社会经济，缩小与内地差距，迎接新一轮西部开发的历史任务，因此尤其要重视中心城市和城镇的发展，使其具备应有的经济文化辐射中心的地位，从而切实带动全区的社会发展进步。这一城市的中心地位决定了必须要实现西藏城市的可持续发展。其次，实现西藏城市的可持续发展是区内生态环境保护的需要。可持续发展强调生态环境的保护，城市建设通过城市规划和设计，其最终目标是要使自然、城市经济、人类社会和谐的发展。可持续发展要求生态环境的保护，生态环境的保护同时会促进城市社会的持续健康的运行。再次，实现西藏城市可持续发展是西藏产业多元化发展的客观要求。严格的讲，西藏的经济是比较典型的单一结构，是以农牧业为主体的经济发展，缺乏真正意义上的多元产业和专业化、集约化的社会经济运作。因而制约着整个区域的经济发展水平和速度。而区域内城市的发展会产生复杂的分工和交换关系，对经济的带动，作用是巨大的，工业和社会服务的发展与发达，需要城市的拉动。根据现实情况西藏要走发展新型工业化和服务业的道路必须重视中心城镇的发展，走可持续发展的道路。最后，实现西藏城市可持续发展是西藏进一步对外开放的需要。西藏早期的发展经验告诉我们，西藏要发展必须在客观上打破地域的界限，使各种生产要素在资源配置中自由合理的流动，积极的接受周边区域的有益经济辐射。根据目前的发展现状，西藏只有进一步扩大对外开放的力度，才能促进自身区内资源的有效开发利用。而西藏城市只有处在开放的条件下，才能促进资金、技术、人员等生产资料的流动和合理配置，城市的企业才能够建立复杂多样的分工协作关系。随着西藏改革开放的不断深入，城市发展的进一步完善，西藏城市的开放程度有了很大提高，但是与我国发达地区城市相比，还有一定距离。城市可持续发展的衡量指标城市生态经济效益是衡量城市可持续发展的重要指标。它是社会经济协调规律的要求，是人口、资源、环境同步进行，均衡发展的结果。城市生态经济效益就是指城市的经济效益和城市生态效益的统一。人们在社会劳动过程中既会产生有益的经济成果，同时也会对人们的生活和生产环境带来某种负面影响，产生生态效应。这两种效益是在劳动过程中同时产生的，是辩证统一的。只有将经济效益和生态效益放在同一认识高度，重新优化组合各种资源，达到资源的优化配置，提高生产资源的有效利用，才能够实现城市的可持续发展。人口、资源、环境是城市生态经济效益的表现形式，城市可持续发展要求人口适度增长，合理利用资源，积极保护环境，这三者任何一项处理不好或者是三者不能协调发展，都不能使城市持续协调的发展。三、实现西藏生态保护与城市可持续发展的对策加强生态保护宣传，提高全区可持续发展意识西藏是我国西部的一片“净土”，由于特殊的高原气候环境，其生态环境非常脆弱。生态保护工作是一项公益事业，需要国家及地方各级政府的领导和支持。为了进一步加强生态保护，各级政府要把环境保护纳入国民经济和社会发展计划之中，明确有关部门对生态环境保护工作的责任和义务，制定有效环保优惠政策。由于历史原因和发展水平所致，西藏大多地区乡村干部群众文化水平较低，加上文化交流少，信息较闭塞，对科学技术和新生事物接受能力差，加之对生态环境保护的目的和意义宣传不够，使人们对生态环境保护工作产生误解，甚至把环境保护和资源开发对立起来。因此，政府要采取措施提高全民的生态环境保护意识，唤起更多的干部和群众对生态环境保护工作的重视，让群众充分认识到保护环境就是保护自己美好的家园，生态环境的优劣直接关系到人民群众生产效益和生活水平的提高，同时动员社会一切有利条件，有能力的部门，社会团体，企事业单位及个人共同参与生态保护事业，为维护西藏生态环境良性发展，实现经济社会与环境相互协调，走可持续发展道路做出积极的贡献。提高城市规划决策质量，树立科学的城市发展观在中央关心西藏，全国各地支援西藏的大好形势下，西藏城市的发展已初具规模，城市基础设施建设逐步完善，一座座具有现代化气息的新城拔地而起，城市面貌焕然一新。但是我们还应看到城镇发展的同时，出现了局部的城市“高原反应”现象，产生了一系列城市问题。东部城市的发展模式是否适合西藏地区？如何解决这些前所未有的城市问题？我国东部正面临着日益严重的环境、资源和发展方面的挑战，高速的经济发展再带来累累硕果的同时也伴随着环境的恶化，生态破坏和资源的匮乏，许多大中城市和乡镇面临空气、水、垃圾、噪声污染等问题，以及土地质量下降，自然资源退化等现实。随着2007年青藏铁路通车，必将掀起西藏的新一轮的城市经济发展。面对现实，我们必须提高西藏城市规划质量，尽早树立科学的城市发展观。因此为了解决西藏城市的不可持续发展问题，我们必须从“决策”源头控制污染和减少环境破坏，关键在于城市发展有关的制度安排和决策是否具有可持续发展性，由于决策失误引起重大环境污染的生态破坏的教训很多，比如“三江平原农业开发”导致的大规模湿地破坏；片面执行“以粮为纲”的方针，导致滥伐森林及由此引起的水土流失和洪水泛滥；上世纪80年代制定的支持乡镇企业政策。包括“十五小”企业对部分地区的环境造成的严重污染。[6]从东部城市发展的教训中表明，政策、规划和计划所产生的影响具有宏观性，累积性、长期潜在性等特点。如果在决策初期不注意决策的科学和质量，造成的后果往往难以弥补，只有在政策或计划层次上进行环境影响评价，才能为实现可持续发展奠定基础。因此，在城市发展过程中，可持续原则应作为政策的核心和主体。因地制宜，走生态城市可持续发展道路现代化的城市不仅需要有完善的城市功能，还需要有更加美好的生存空间和更广阔的发展空间。但是，随着我国东部城市化进程的不断加速对生态环境和自然资源的压力日益增大，形成了城市发展中无限膨胀的城市人口与城市有限土地，城市经济发展与城市环境恶化之间日渐突出的矛盾和问题，影响城市的可持续发展。近年来国内外提出了一种新的城市发展模式——生态城市。生态城市是一种人与自然高度和谐的城市发展模式，是实施可持续发展战略的必然选择。生态城市规划着眼于“生态导向”的整体性规划，其实质是从生态学思想出发，把人与自然看作一个整体系统地进行规划，使城市向更加有序、更加稳定的方向发展。[4]西藏有着得天独厚的生态自然条件，该区域内城市的发展正处于起步或加速阶段，可以充分利用现有城镇污染少，管理运行成本低和环境可塑性强的有利因素，按照“绿色城镇”理念促进城镇建设与生态建设相统一。我们应该充分吸取国内外城市发展的教训，不能走“先污染，后治理”的老的城市发展模式，避免部分发达地区出现的“大城市病”和“反城市化现象”，从长远发展角度出发，因地制宜，首先建立合理的生态城市建设目标体系，城市的规划过程应合理协调自然、社会、经济等诸方面要求，实现城市调控和管理的高效运作。其次，把西藏城市，西部区域以及国家不同层次的规划相结合，使城市发展与区域经济发展相结合。第三，力求使城市空间体系和生态体系相结合，空间规划、生态规划及经济规划相结合，寻求最佳规划方案，以适应西藏城市的长远发展要求。充分发掘民族文化，为西藏城市的发展提供保障西藏的历史是中国历史文化中的重要组成部分，藏族人民是中华五十六个民族统一大家庭的重要成员。千百年来，藏族人民以他们的勤劳、勇敢、智慧，开发了雪域高原，并在这块神奇的土地上创造了独具特色，博大精深的民族传统文化，使其在人类历史和世界文化中占有一席之地。[5]西藏和平解放以来，民族文化建设成果喜人，悠久的历史文化得到了传承和发展。在今天西部大开发的战略中，，博大精深的藏民族文化将会为西藏城市经济发展提供强有力的精神保障，将直接影响西藏城市文化的形成与发展。城市文化不仅包括艺术和文化，还包括城市成员的生活方式、基本权利、价值系统、传统以及信仰。城市文化对于其所有成员的行为会产生巨大的推动作用，从而影响城市的各个方面。在西藏城市发展中，应该进一步重视藏民族文化在城市发展中的导向、凝聚、激励以及约束、辐射作用，使其成为西藏城市的生存和发展基础，成为建设有浓郁地方民族特色城市的典范。四、结语西藏城市经济的发展，不能以牺牲生态环境为代价，必须精心规划，以科学的发展观，从可持续发展的角度出发，提高全民族素质，以谋求人类、自然、社会经济的协调发展。让西藏永远成为人们心目中的一片“净土”。参考文献普布次仁城市化与西藏城镇发展刍论中国藏学，1995（3），140~洛桑江村拉萨树立经营城市的理念，着力提高城市化水平中国民族，2002（10），44~罗绒战堆刘洪平环保大潮中的西藏发展—小议西藏的可持续发展问题西藏研究，1996（3），28~唐立国城市化建设新思路——生态城市生态经济，2002（4），26~西珠郎杰高原文化展新姿西藏艺术研究，1995（3），4~西宝李一军城市可持续发展与战略环境评价数量经济技术经济研究，2002（11），104~10