我是外语学院的，我们经常搞这些，记得上铺写过这么一篇，给分吧，我晚上问问
《大地之歌》，取自马勒同名交响乐
European political map Europe is the abbreviation of Europa continent, "Europa," a word it is said that initially from Phoenicia language "Erie cloth" a word that means "" sunset place" or "western land" The European average terrain height is 330 m, give priority to with plain terrain, the south, stands a series of mountains, the floorboard of the Alps, including mont blanc elevation 4807 meters, mont blanc is the French territory, become the highest peak in Western E Thanks to the European populated, plenty of Is the longest river in the volga river, is 3690 kilometers long, and the second is the Danube river, 2850 kilometers, is the world's most river flows through the Europe is a permanent population in the state of a tropical climate not only state, at the same time, frigid climate accounts for the area is not large also, so mild climate, precipitation distribution is Most of the maritime climate temperate, also have a Mediterranean climate, temperate continental climate, polar climate and mountain plateau climate and Among them the most typical temperate oceanic Remember to give points , thank U
Abstract: America’s history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and After that, American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long It was not until America’s independence, did Americans realized that they need national literature strongly, and American literature began to The Civil War was a watershed in the history, after which American literature entered a period of full Romantics, which emphasized individualism and intuition and Tnscendentalism represented by Emerson came out into This was an exciting period in the history of American Like the flowers of spring, there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same They have given depth and strength to American literature, and accelerated the forming of High R But due to the influence of Civil War, the American society was in a turbulent The writings about local life, critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were After The First World War, Americans were at a loss postwar, and the Modern American literature Keywords: National Literature, Romanism, Transcendentalism, Local Color, Realism, Modern literature 摘要： 从殖民地时期起，欧洲殖民者和清教徒翻开了美国文学史的第一页。 这往后很长一段时期， 美国文学一直都受到欧洲文化的很大 影响 。一直到美国独立后，美国人强烈地感觉到了民族文学的需要，美国的民族文学开始 发展 。 南北战争是美国文学史上一个分水岭， 战后美国文学进入了一个全盛时期，产生了强调个性主义和直觉的早期浪漫主义，和以爱默生为代表的超验主义文学。爱默生的 时代 是美国前所未有的文学变动时代，产生了一大批优秀的作家和作品。 他们突出地给予了当时美国文学以深度和力量，也促进了罗曼主义高潮的来临。但是由于战争的影响， 社会 动荡不安，这时的作品更注重于揭示社会的阴暗面， 同时美国的民族文学进一步发展，创作出许多带有本土色彩和批判现实主义的作品。 一战后，美国人陷入战后的茫然， 美国也开始进入了 现代 文学阶段。 关键词： 民族文学， 浪漫主义， 超验主义， 本土色彩， 现实主义， 现代文学 American is a multi-national Just like a big container, which put in various kinds of Different cultures, that can not only be co-existed but also form a sharp contrast, mixed together, It makes American literature style has a flavor of distinct and various aesthetic Many writers come from lower level, which makes American literature has the rich flavor of life and local Furthermore, many new styles of literature in the world are oriented in America since 20th The process of American literature can be divided into following main periods: Colony and Puritan literature; early national literature; latter national literature and Modern America’s history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and After that, American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long It was not until America’s independence, did Americans realize that they need national literature strongly, and American literature began to The Civil War was a watershed in the history, after which American literature entered a period of full Romantics, which emphasized individualism and intuition，and Tnscendentalism represented by Emerson came out into This was an exciting period in the history of American Like the flowers of spring, there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same They have given depth and strength to American literature, and accelerated the forming of High R But due to the influence if Civil War, the American society was in a turbulent The writings about local life, critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were After The First World War, Americans were at a loss postwar, and the Modern American literature Colonial and early American literature (1) Travelers and Explorers When the European explorers first came to this new continent, the native Indians who probably got here from Asia about fifteen thousand years ago were still in origin, and they even had no written language, “The traditional literature was originally transmitted almost entirely by word of mouth, and therefore belongs to the category of oral literature,” (Wu Dingbo, 1) As time past, more and more travelers and explorers swarmed They wrote a lot of diaries、letters, and travel accounts to describe the new land as second E No wander somebody said that the earliest American literature were the travel accounts written by European Among the most remained were Captain John Smith’s True Relation of Virginia (1608), and Description of New England (1616) Although most of the Indian history was preserved in tales and songs, they had thoughts about life and They loved the natural world around them deeply, and they believed that when a person was dead, he would give back what had borrowed while he was alive to This kind of philosophy had influenced later or even modern American It’s interesting that when we look at the literature of the Puritans, the Transcendentalists, the Naturalists, and even the Moderns, when we read Anne Bradstreet, Emily Dickinson, Stephen Crane, and Ernest Hemingway, we can find similar (2) Pilgrim settlements Several years later, another group of settlers also arrived in the New W This group was looking for the Jamestown However , because of bad navigation, they landed in M They were also coming to the New World with dreams of success, but their goal was different from the Jamestown They wanted to start a new world governed by the B They were called Puritans because they wanted to live a better life by making themselves They first arrived on the Mayflower and settled in P This is the group we are usually thinking about when we talk about the "first A"The clearest history of their journey to the New World can be found in History of Plymouth Plantation (1608) written by William Bradford, who was also one of the Mayflower The History of Plymouth Plantation is a Puritan book in the best “It’s loosely annalistic, but a direct and simple style gives charm, as a sincere faith in Puritanism gives purity, to the entire ” (W P Trent, 1997) The Puritans had several kinds of By far the most common form is the writing related to Biblical teachings, or sermons, that the church leaders The Puritans believed that they were in the New World because God had brought them there for a special They thought that by studying the Bible they could learn more about this way of So they were very strict to their life, and they didn’t allow any kind of entertainment even in That’s way Wu Dingbo said in his book “Literature of the New England Settlement is mainly a literary expression of the Puritan idealism” and “The literature of the colonial settlement served either God or colonial expansion or ” (Wu Dingbo, 4) Another important form of writing from this period is the These books, like Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation, are important because they tell us about life at the time of the P People also wrote many But a lot of works were hidden and lost because people often considered poetry to be an inferior form of writing and not totally acceptable to Puritan One of the most significant poets from this period was Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672) Her poems in Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up In America (1650) reflected the con concerns of women who came to settle in the colonies, and in all her poems, however, she shows her strong belief in G 18th century—the Age of reason (1) The Age of reason In the 18th century, people believed in man’s own nature and the power of human With Franklin as its spokesman, the 18th century America experienced an age of Words had never been so useful and so important in human People wrote a lot of political Numerous pamphlets and printings were These works agitated revolutionary people not only in America but also around the Among the most renowned was the work Common Sense (1776) of Thomas Paine (1737-1809) It’s the ringing call for the decoration of He also wrote Crisis (1774-1783) and The Age of Reason (1794-1796), according to Wu, “He thought that religion should be based on rational, reasonable ” (Wu Dingbo, 12) The pamphlets helped complete the debate that resulted in America's separation from E And of course for all the Americans, the most important document from this period was a single sheet of paper called The Declaration of Independence (1776), mainly written by Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin F Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790), the most distinguished person and giant in American history, he wrote and worked for American independence hardly and had made so many great efforts to America that he has been called "The First A" a world-renowned scientist, diplomat, philosopher, and He perfected the smooth, clear, short sentences of the Puritan plain His Autobiography encourages hard work and emphasizes the importance of Another work that is well known is Poor Richard's Almanack, and many of the sentences have become popular During this time writers thought that the truth should be relied on Bible, churchmen, authorities, or practice and (2) Early National Literature During the period of American Revolution War, American national literature came into Since before the war, American people have already had the awareness of national independence, so they wrote many political writings revolutionary The war helped the first important American prose writers and poets grow up both culturally and Furthermore, the independence of nation led to the independence of national From this moment on, American people began to understand of meaning of being a real ”American“ 放不下了，后面还有，在下面的网站里。满意拿分
European political map Europe is the abbreviation of Europa continent, "Europa," a word it is said that initially from Phoenicia language "Erie cloth" a word that means "" sunset place" or "western land" The European average terrain height is 330 m, give priority to with plain terrain, the south, stands a series of mountains, the floorboard of the Alps, including mont blanc elevation 4807 meters, mont blanc is the French territory, become the highest peak in Western E Thanks to the European populated, plenty of Is the longest river in the volga river, is 3690 kilometers long, and the second is the Danube river, 2850 kilometers, is the world's most river flows through the Europe is a permanent population in the state of a tropical climate not only state, at the same time, frigid climate accounts for the area is not large also, so mild climate, precipitation distribution is Most of the maritime climate temperate, also have a Mediterranean climate, temperate continental climate, polar climate and mountain plateau climate and Among them the most typical temperate oceanic Remember to give points , thank U
我只知道区别 中国建筑中具有审美价值的特征形式和风格。自先秦至19世纪中叶以前基本上是一个封闭的独立的体系，2000多年间风格变化不大，通称为中国古代建筑艺术。 19世纪中叶以后，随着社会性质的改变，外国建筑，特别是西方建筑的大量输入，中国建筑与世界建筑有了较多的接触和交流，建筑风格发生了急剧变化，通称为中国近现代建筑艺术。 中国古代建筑艺术 中国古代建筑艺术在封建社会中发展成熟，它以汉族木结构建筑为主体,也包括各少数民族的优秀建筑,是世界上延续历史最长、分布地域最广、风格非常显明的一个独特的艺术体系。中国古代建筑对于日本、朝鲜和越南的古代建筑有直接影响，17世纪以后，也对欧洲产生过影响。 艺术特征 和欧洲古代建筑艺术比较，中国古代建筑艺术有3个最基本的特征: ①审美价值与政治伦理价值的统一。艺术价值高的建筑，也同时发挥着维系、加强社会政治伦理制度和思想意识的作用。 ②植根于深厚的传统文化，表现出鲜明的人文主义精神。建筑艺术的一切构成因素，如尺度、节奏、构图、形式、性格、风格等，都是从当代人的审美心理出发，为人所能欣赏和理解，没有大起大落、怪异诡谲、不可理解的形象。 ③总体性、综合性很强。古代优秀的建筑作品，几乎都是动员了当时可能构成建筑艺术的一切因素和手法综合而成的一个整体形象，从总体环境到单座房屋，从外部序列到内部空间，从色彩装饰到附属艺术，每一个部分都不是可有可无的，抽掉了其中一项，也就损害了整体效果。 这些基本特征具体表现为： 重视环境整体经营 从春秋战国开始，中国就有了建筑环境整体经营的观念。《周礼》中关于野、都、鄙、乡、闾、里、邑、丘、甸等的规划制度，虽然未必全都成为事实，但至少说明当时已有了系统规划的大区域规划构思。《管子·乘马》主张，“凡立国都，非于大山之下，必于广川之上”，说明城市选址必须考虑环境关系。中国的堪舆学说起源很早，除去迷信的外衣，绝大多数是讲求环境与建筑的关系。古代城市都注重将城市本体与周围环境统一经营。秦咸阳北包北坂，中贯渭水，南抵南山，最盛时东西达到二三百里，是一个超级尺度的城市环境。长安（今陕西西安）、洛阳（北魏）、建康（今江苏南京）、北京（明清）等著名都城，其经营范围也都远远超过城墙以内；即使一般的府、州、县城，也将郊区包容在城市的整体环境中统一布局。重要的风景名胜，如五岳五镇、佛道名山、邑郊园林等，也都把 环境经营放在首位；帝王陵区，更是着重风水地理，这些地方的建筑大多是靠环境来显示其艺术的魅力
修改好了。给分！
我是外语学院的，我们经常搞这些，记得上铺写过这么一篇，给分吧，我晚上问问
我给你发了一篇，你看行不行
难找，至少得给2500分才帮你。。。。这是搜索价。
Abstract: America’s history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and After that, American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long It was not until America’s independence, did Americans realized that they need national literature strongly, and American literature began to The Civil War was a watershed in the history, after which American literature entered a period of full Romantics, which emphasized individualism and intuition and Tnscendentalism represented by Emerson came out into This was an exciting period in the history of American Like the flowers of spring, there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same They have given depth and strength to American literature, and accelerated the forming of High R But due to the influence of Civil War, the American society was in a turbulent The writings about local life, critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were After The First World War, Americans were at a loss postwar, and the Modern American literature Keywords: National Literature, Romanism, Transcendentalism, Local Color, Realism, Modern literature 摘要： 从殖民地时期起，欧洲殖民者和清教徒翻开了美国文学史的第一页。 这往后很长一段时期， 美国文学一直都受到欧洲文化的很大 影响 。一直到美国独立后，美国人强烈地感觉到了民族文学的需要，美国的民族文学开始 发展 。 南北战争是美国文学史上一个分水岭， 战后美国文学进入了一个全盛时期，产生了强调个性主义和直觉的早期浪漫主义，和以爱默生为代表的超验主义文学。爱默生的 时代 是美国前所未有的文学变动时代，产生了一大批优秀的作家和作品。 他们突出地给予了当时美国文学以深度和力量，也促进了罗曼主义高潮的来临。但是由于战争的影响， 社会 动荡不安，这时的作品更注重于揭示社会的阴暗面， 同时美国的民族文学进一步发展，创作出许多带有本土色彩和批判现实主义的作品。 一战后，美国人陷入战后的茫然， 美国也开始进入了 现代 文学阶段。 关键词： 民族文学， 浪漫主义， 超验主义， 本土色彩， 现实主义， 现代文学 American is a multi-national Just like a big container, which put in various kinds of Different cultures, that can not only be co-existed but also form a sharp contrast, mixed together, It makes American literature style has a flavor of distinct and various aesthetic Many writers come from lower level, which makes American literature has the rich flavor of life and local Furthermore, many new styles of literature in the world are oriented in America since 20th The process of American literature can be divided into following main periods: Colony and Puritan literature; early national literature; latter national literature and Modern America’s history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and After that, American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long It was not until America’s independence, did Americans realize that they need national literature strongly, and American literature began to The Civil War was a watershed in the history, after which American literature entered a period of full Romantics, which emphasized individualism and intuition，and Tnscendentalism represented by Emerson came out into This was an exciting period in the history of American Like the flowers of spring, there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same They have given depth and strength to American literature, and accelerated the forming of High R But due to the influence if Civil War, the American society was in a turbulent The writings about local life, critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were After The First World War, Americans were at a loss postwar, and the Modern American literature Colonial and early American literature (1) Travelers and Explorers When the European explorers first came to this new continent, the native Indians who probably got here from Asia about fifteen thousand years ago were still in origin, and they even had no written language, “The traditional literature was originally transmitted almost entirely by word of mouth, and therefore belongs to the category of oral literature,” (Wu Dingbo, 1) As time past, more and more travelers and explorers swarmed They wrote a lot of diaries、letters, and travel accounts to describe the new land as second E No wander somebody said that the earliest American literature were the travel accounts written by European Among the most remained were Captain John Smith’s True Relation of Virginia (1608), and Description of New England (1616) Although most of the Indian history was preserved in tales and songs, they had thoughts about life and They loved the natural world around them deeply, and they believed that when a person was dead, he would give back what had borrowed while he was alive to This kind of philosophy had influenced later or even modern American It’s interesting that when we look at the literature of the Puritans, the Transcendentalists, the Naturalists, and even the Moderns, when we read Anne Bradstreet, Emily Dickinson, Stephen Crane, and Ernest Hemingway, we can find similar (2) Pilgrim settlements Several years later, another group of settlers also arrived in the New W This group was looking for the Jamestown However , because of bad navigation, they landed in M They were also coming to the New World with dreams of success, but their goal was different from the Jamestown They wanted to start a new world governed by the B They were called Puritans because they wanted to live a better life by making themselves They first arrived on the Mayflower and settled in P This is the group we are usually thinking about when we talk about the "first A"The clearest history of their journey to the New World can be found in History of Plymouth Plantation (1608) written by William Bradford, who was also one of the Mayflower The History of Plymouth Plantation is a Puritan book in the best “It’s loosely annalistic, but a direct and simple style gives charm, as a sincere faith in Puritanism gives purity, to the entire ” (W P Trent, 1997) The Puritans had several kinds of By far the most common form is the writing related to Biblical teachings, or sermons, that the church leaders The Puritans believed that they were in the New World because God had brought them there for a special They thought that by studying the Bible they could learn more about this way of So they were very strict to their life, and they didn’t allow any kind of entertainment even in That’s way Wu Dingbo said in his book “Literature of the New England Settlement is mainly a literary expression of the Puritan idealism” and “The literature of the colonial settlement served either God or colonial expansion or ” (Wu Dingbo, 4) Another important form of writing from this period is the These books, like Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation, are important because they tell us about life at the time of the P People also wrote many But a lot of works were hidden and lost because people often considered poetry to be an inferior form of writing and not totally acceptable to Puritan One of the most significant poets from this period was Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672) Her poems in Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up In America (1650) reflected the con concerns of women who came to settle in the colonies, and in all her poems, however, she shows her strong belief in G 18th century—the Age of reason (1) The Age of reason In the 18th century, people believed in man’s own nature and the power of human With Franklin as its spokesman, the 18th century America experienced an age of Words had never been so useful and so important in human People wrote a lot of political Numerous pamphlets and printings were These works agitated revolutionary people not only in America but also around the Among the most renowned was the work Common Sense (1776) of Thomas Paine (1737-1809) It’s the ringing call for the decoration of He also wrote Crisis (1774-1783) and The Age of Reason (1794-1796), according to Wu, “He thought that religion should be based on rational, reasonable ” (Wu Dingbo, 12) The pamphlets helped complete the debate that resulted in America's separation from E And of course for all the Americans, the most important document from this period was a single sheet of paper called The Declaration of Independence (1776), mainly written by Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin F Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790), the most distinguished person and giant in American history, he wrote and worked for American independence hardly and had made so many great efforts to America that he has been called "The First A" a world-renowned scientist, diplomat, philosopher, and He perfected the smooth, clear, short sentences of the Puritan plain His Autobiography encourages hard work and emphasizes the importance of Another work that is well known is Poor Richard's Almanack, and many of the sentences have become popular During this time writers thought that the truth should be relied on Bible, churchmen, authorities, or practice and (2) Early National Literature During the period of American Revolution War, American national literature came into Since before the war, American people have already had the awareness of national independence, so they wrote many political writings revolutionary The war helped the first important American prose writers and poets grow up both culturally and Furthermore, the independence of nation led to the independence of national From this moment on, American people began to understand of meaning of being a real ”American“ 放不下了，后面还有，在下面的网站里。满意拿分
首先，是人的发现。在中世纪，理想的人应该是自卑、消极、无所作为的，人在世界上的意义不足称道。文艺复兴发现了人和人的伟大，肯定了人的价值和创造力，提出人要获得解放，个性应该自由。(1)重视人的价值，要求发挥人的聪明才智及创造性潜力，反对消极的无所作为的人生态度，提倡积极冒险精神。(2)重视现世生活，藐视关于来世或天堂的虚无飘渺的神话，因而追求物质幸福及肉欲上的满足，反对宗教禁欲主义。在文学艺术上要求表达人的感情，反对虚伪和矫揉造作。如：彼特拉克的《歌集》，薄伽丘的《十日谈》。(3)重视科学实验，反对先验论；强调运用人的理智，反对盲从；要求发展个性，反对禁锢人性；在道德观念上要求放纵，反对自我克制；提倡“公民道德”，认为事业成功及发家致富是道德行为。(4)提倡乐观主义的人生态度。这些不可抑制的求知欲和追根究底的探求精神，为创造现世的幸福而奋斗的乐观进取精神，把人们从中世纪基督教神学的桎梏下解放出来，资产阶级正是在这种精神的指引下创造近代资本主义世界的。 其次，文艺复兴打破了宗教神秘主义一统天下的局面，有力地推动和影响了宗教改革运动，并为这个运动提供了重要的助力。文艺复兴提倡重视现世生活，反对权威，在当代人中间唤起了对天主教会及神学的怀疑和反感。文艺复兴中的人文主义者通过文学、艺术等形式讽刺、揭露天主教会的腐败和丑恶。 第三，文艺复兴打破了以神学为核心的经院哲学统一的局面，为以后的思想解放进步扫清了道路，使各种世俗哲学兴起。其中有英国的经验论唯物主义(培根)。它也推动了政治学说的发展，马基雅维利为后来启蒙运动奠定了基础，霍布斯、洛克等一大批思想家，发展起“自然权利”、 “社会契约”、“人民主权”以及“三权分立”等理论。 第四，否定了封建特权。在中世纪，封建特权是天经地义，门第观念根深蒂固。文艺复兴则使这些东西在衡量人的天平上丧失了过去的重量。人的高贵被赋予新的内涵。彼特拉克说：“真正的贵族并非天生，而是自为的。”在当时意大利的社会生活中，才干、手段和金钱代替了出身门第，成为任何出身的人爬上社会高层的阶梯。 第五，破除迷信，解放思想。文艺复兴恢复了理性、尊严和思索的价值。虽然文艺复兴在哲学上成就不大，但是它摧毁了僵化死板的经院哲学体系，提倡科学方法和科学实验，提出“知识就是力量”，开创了探索人和现实世界的新风气。人们坚信自己的眼睛和自己的头脑，相信实验和经验才是可靠的知识来源。这种求实态度、思维方式和科学方法为17到19世纪的自然科学的大发展打下了坚实的基础。 第六，文艺复兴时期创造出大量富有魅力的精湛的艺术品及文学杰作，成为人类艺术宝库中无价的瑰宝。中世纪，圣经传说充斥艺坛，窒息了艺术的生命。文艺复兴则不但把圣母变成人间妇女(拉斐尔)，把图像化为对人体的歌颂，而且开始了日常生活和现实人的直接描写。解剖、透视等科学也第一次结合于艺术。西欧近代现实主义艺术从此发端。 这场广泛持久的思想文化运动，在意识形态领域中，冲破了封建专制和宗教神学思想对人的束缚，解放了人的思想，为资本主义的发展创造了必要的思想文化前提。 （细化） 达芬奇 (Leonardo Da Vinci 1452-1519)作为文艺复兴时期作卓越的代表人物，他的成就和贡献是多方面的。达芬奇出生在佛罗伦萨附近的一个小镇——芬奇镇。他是一位天才，他一面热心于艺术创作和理论研究，他研究如何用线条与立体造型去表现形体的各种问题；另一方面他也同时研究自然科学。达芬奇是意大利文艺复兴时期最伟大最著名的巨匠，他不仅是一位天才的画家，并且是大数学家、科学家、力学家和工程师，是一位多才多艺、全面发展的人。他有着多方面的才能，对人类作出过多方面的贡献。他不仅会画画，雕塑，建筑房屋，还会发明武器，设计过世界上第一个飞行机、他又是一个医学家、音乐家和戏剧家，而且在物理学、地理学和植物学等其它科学的研究上也很有成就。他道德高尚，举止温雅，且体格健壮，力量过人，据说他一只手就能轻易地折断马蹄铁。他左右手都会写字、作画，他用左手写的字是反向的，人们只有在镜子里才能看懂。 “这是世界美术史上最美的一只右手；这副脸庞，只要见过一次，就永远离不开我们的记忆。”（《蒙娜丽莎》）“这是人类绘画的极品，这幅画的巨大成功致使以后的画家没人敢再涉足这个题材。”（《最后的晚餐》）“这是画家62岁时的自画像，寥寥数笔，就为后人留下了素描艺术史上的典范之作。”（《达芬奇自画像》） 在同时代的人看来，达芬奇就像一位充满传奇色彩的魔术师，有万能天才的美誉。在现代人眼中，令人惊异的是，他仅用十二幅完整的作品就奠定了最伟大的画家的地位。 人们一般认为，艺术不是科学。但是按照达芬奇的界定，艺术，尤其绘画，不但是一种科学，甚至是“所有科学之后”。 达芬奇既能发现事物表面迷人的美感，又不丧失物理学者与解剖学者的视角。他同时具有科学家的观察力与艺术家的表现力，是艺术史上第一位对人体和动物的比例做过系统研究的艺术家。他研究解剖长达40年之久，还亲自解剖了三十几具各种年龄的尸体。他不但熟悉人体外部的比例，而且了解人体的内部构造，因此笔下人物的比例、结构、动态都十分准确，无懈可击。这幅著名的人体解剖素描把完美的人体造型包含在一个圆形和正方形中，被认为是最成功的设想。 达芬奇对几何比例与构图十分着迷。《蒙娜丽莎》除了那永恒的神秘微笑外，还创造性地解决了半身肖像的构图问题。三个多世纪以来，西方那些卓越的半身像无一不受这幅画的影响。他还丰富和发展了前人的金字塔型构图，《岩间圣母》中群像以圣母的头部为顶点，形成的等腰三角形，如金字塔般稳定而和谐。与其他作品一样，《最后的晚餐》以几何图形为基础设计画面，体现出数学的对称美。有人评价这幅画是科学与艺术成了婚，而哲学又在这种完美的结合上留下了亲吻。 达芬奇最大的艺术贡献是运用明暗法使平的画面呈现出空间感和立体感。在文艺复兴初期，画家一般都用线条来表现透视，单线平涂，色彩较单调。而达芬奇研究光影学，首创明暗渐进法，用光线和阴影的技巧来描绘人物、景致，使之呈现逼真的立体感。一直到印象派出现的几百年内，无人能够逾越达芬奇建立的三度空间绘画体系。由他首创的明暗法使这一时期的绘画为之一变，艺术史家普遍认为它是绘画艺术的一个转折点。他的艺术成就直接影响了后来的米开朗其罗、拉斐尔等艺术大师。从《最后的晚餐》起，西方绘画才真正进入了文艺复兴的鼎盛时期。 达芬奇画的人物像 达芬奇还进一步归纳整理了解剖、透视、明暗和构图等零碎的技法知识，并从科学的角度进行审视。在他的《论绘画》手稿中，最初是想记录下对物理世界客观描述，但不久就转而注意到透视、比例、几何与光学，之后是解剖学与机械学，最后则是探索宇宙本身的机械功能问题。《论绘画》是后人从达芬奇十八本笔记中抽取出来编撰而成的，有人称它是整个艺术史上最珍贵的文献。 尽管有的时候，对科学的兴趣浓厚到使他不愿提笔作画，但绘画毕竟是他最初的事业。达芬奇就像研究别的学问一样，努力把绘画当成一种科学，终其一生都在孜孜不倦的探索中。在同时代的人看来，达·芬奇就像一位充满传奇色彩的魔术师，有万能天才的美誉。在现代人眼中，令人惊异的是，他仅用十二幅完整的作品就奠定了最伟大的画家的地位。 人们一般认为，艺术不是科学。但是按照达芬奇的界定，艺术，尤其绘画，不但是一种科学，甚至是“所有科学之后”。 达芬奇既能发现事物表面迷人的美感，又不丧失物理学者与解剖学者的视角。他同时具有科学家的观察力与艺术家的表现力，是艺术史上第一位对人体和动物的比例做过系统研究的艺术家。他研究解剖长达40年之久，还亲自解剖了三十几具各种年龄的尸体。他不但熟悉人体外部的比例，而且了解人体的内部构造，因此笔下人物的比例、结构、动态都十分准确，无懈可击。这幅著名的人体解剖素描把完美的人体造型包含在一个圆形和正方形中，被认为是最成功的设想。 达芬奇对几何比例与构图十分着迷。《蒙娜丽莎》除了那永恒的神秘微笑外，还创造性地解决了半身肖像的构图问题。三个多世纪以来，西方那些卓越的半身像无一不受这幅画的影响。他还丰富和发展了前人的金字塔型构图，《岩间圣母》中群像以圣母的头部为顶点，形成的等腰三角形，如金字塔般稳定而和谐。与其他作品一样，《最后的晚餐》以几何图形为基础设计画面，体现出数学的对称美。有人评价这幅画是科学与艺术成了婚，而哲学又在这种完美的结合上留下了亲吻。 达芬奇最大的艺术贡献是运用明暗法使平的画面呈现出空间感和立体感。在文艺复兴初期，画家一般都用线条来表现透视，单线平涂，色彩较单调。而达·芬奇研究光影学，首创明暗渐进法，用光线和阴影的技巧来描绘人物、景致，使之呈现逼真的立体感。一直到印象派出现的几百年内，无人能够逾越达·芬奇建立的三度空间绘画体系。由他首创的明暗法使这一时期的绘画为之一变，艺术史家普遍认为它是绘画艺术的一个转折点。他的艺术成就直接影响了后来的米开朗其罗、拉斐尔等艺术大师。从《最后的晚餐》起，西方绘画才真正进入了文艺复兴的鼎盛时期。 达芬奇还进一步归纳整理了解剖、透视、明暗和构图等零碎的技法知识，并从科学的角度进行审视。在他的《论绘画》手稿中，最初是想记录下对物理世界客观描述，但不久就转而注意到透视、比例、几何与光学，之后是解剖学与机械学，最后则是探索宇宙本身的机械功能问题。《论绘画》是后人从达芬奇十八本笔记中抽取出来编撰而成的，有人称它是整个艺术史上最珍贵的文献。 尽管有的时候，对科学的兴趣浓厚到使他不愿提笔作画，但绘画毕竟是他最初的事业。达芬奇就像研究别的学问一样，努力把绘画当成一种科学，终其一生都在孜孜不倦的探索中。 二、“宁愿在探索中失败” 《岩间圣母》 他已经画出了一幅足以同《最后的晚餐》相媲美的巨型壁画，但最后关头却因为一个低级错误毁于一旦。 他盼望着像鸟儿一样扇动起飞翔的翅膀，但片刻间就摔碎了飞行的梦想。他要雕塑世界上最大的前蹄腾空的铜马雕像，但由于浇铸方面的困难两年后不得不将其改成步行的姿势。 被恩格斯称为文艺复兴时期“巨人中的巨人”的达芬奇，在人类知识的诸多领域都取得了非凡的成就。同时伴随着他的，也有鲜为人知的辛酸、磨难与失败。但是，他宁肯在探索中失败，也不愿无所用心，安然享乐生活。他一生都在实践着这种人生哲学。 在绘制可以与《最后的晚餐》相媲美的巨型壁画《安加利之战》时，他亲手研制新型颜料和外层涂油。壁画已经气势磅礴、栩栩如生地站在墙上，但墙上的涂料却迟迟不干，他有些迫不及待地想试验自己配制的外层涂油，于是让助手抬来两个大火盆放在壁画下烘烤，结果油料被烤化了。他用两个火盆把八个月的辛劳毁于一旦。 在壁画变成五颜六色的小溪淌下来后不久，他又满不在乎地开始了飞行试验。51岁的达芬奇就像一个狂热的少年，把自制的巨鸟搬到山顶。年轻的学徒抓住巨鸟的木架向山下飞去，可没多远就跌落下来。这个飞行器是靠手臂与双腿的肌肉来驾驶的，不过他忽略了人体自身所无法克服的重量问题：鸟类用于飞行的肌肉要占全身重量的二分之一，而人却仅有五分之一。但是，如果对他飞行探索的失败过于苛求，就等于在责备用风筝引来闪电的富兰克林为什么没能发明电灯。当时，教会思想主宰着世人的一切观念。比如几乎所有人都相信地球是平的，而接近赤道的海洋一定热得像烧开的水。 他曾被任命为宫廷建筑师，雕塑世界上最大的骑士青铜雕像，设计中马的前蹄要腾空跃起。他用蜡像模型试验了无数次，工棚地上堆起十几厘米厚的残肢碎片。最困难的是，必须将重达10吨的金属溶液快速注入铸模中，同时还要考虑到不均匀的冷却问题。当时的技术条件显然无法支持这种设想。两年的期限到了，他无法使马站立起来，最后只好改成步行的姿势。在他死后100年，西班牙人继续尝试这一技法，才建立起一座马上骑士的纪念碑。 异想天开的灵感能让他抓住别人抓不住的东西，可他又常常半途而废。也许是为了追逐永远在飞的思想，他不得不时常停下手头的工作。当时羊毛纺织业在意大利很发达，而纺织作坊里最容易磨损的是织布针。他在笔记本上画满了各种磨针的机器，经过反复比较，终于确定了最理想的一种。但是他随即产生了织布机的设想，于是又沉浸在织布机和滚珠轴承机的发明设计中。遗憾的是，这些设计图只是躺在了草稿纸上，最终没有变成机器，而他又转向了其它研究。 达芬奇的大多数著作和手稿都没有发表，直到他逝世后多年才被人们发现。科学史学家丹皮尔这样评论道：“如果他当初发表他的著作的话，科学本来一定会一下就跳到一百年以后的局面的。” 旷世奇才达芬奇为后人留下了充满智慧的财富。他那具有先知灼见的才华和永不满足的探索精神，在几个世纪之后看来，仍然令人叹为观止。 三、“阻碍我的只是时间不够” 达芬奇画的人物像 他怀有神灵般漫无边际的梦想，却只拥有凡人的生命和力量；他设想过千百个计划，但只完成了少数几个；他最大的抱负是发现一切、研究一切、创造一切，然而只有那些线条、色彩组成的艺术为他带来永恒的赞誉。 达芬奇的生命是一条没有走完的道路，路上洒满了未完成作品的零章碎页。他说：“我不曾被贪欲或懒散所阻挠，阻挠我的只是时间不够。”他想做工程师、军事家、音乐家、数学家、哲学家、建筑师，但世人认为他只是一名画出了永恒微笑的画家。 达芬奇曾以军事工程师、建筑师、画家、雕刻家和音乐师的身份为米兰公爵工作了十七年之久。他当时是最受欢迎的宫廷司仪官，负责组织宫廷节日庆典，独自担当了相当于中央电视台春节晚会的总导演、主持人、编剧、作曲、服装设计师和舞美设计师等多种角色。 从留给后人的十二幅绘画作品和七千多页手稿、设计图可见，达芬奇对科学的兴趣要比对绘画大得多。他在科学研究上的成就决不亚于他的艺术成就。 在天文学方面，他观察天体，曾作出“太阳是不动的”结论，早在哥白尼之前就否定了地球中心说，并幻想过如何去利用太阳能。他认为月亮本身并不发光，只能反射太阳的光辉。 在物理学方面，他发现了液体压力，提出了连通器设想，还发展了杠杆原理，推导出作用力与臂长的关系。他关于物体惯性的描述后来为伽利略的实验所证明。他还否定了制造“永动机”的可能性。 达芬奇对解剖学和生理学十分着迷。他研究解剖最初是为了让艺术造型更加准确，后来却发展成了一个独立的科学研究领域。他在解剖学上的最大贡献是创造了一套图解，这种样式至今仍被广泛应用着。他最先采用蜡来表现人脑的内部结构，是设想采用玻璃和陶瓷制作心脏和眼睛的第一人，他甚至绘制过婴儿在母体中的发育图。达芬奇研究过心脏和血液循环系统，发现心脏有四个腔，并画出了心脏瓣膜，这是有史以来第一幅有关动脉硬化的解剖图。 达芬奇的研究和发明还涉及到军事和机械领域，他设计了飞行机械、直升机、降落伞、机枪、坦克、潜水艇、双层船壳战舰、起重机、纺车、机床、冲床、自行车等等。他在数学和水利工程领域等方面也作出过重大贡献。 达芬奇还是一位杰出的思想家。他坚信科学，常常流露出对宗教的怀疑和厌倦。他曾写道：真理只有一个，它不是在宗教之中，而是在科学之中。他提出以自然造化为师，鼓励人们向大自然学习。他认为认识起源于实践，知识的获得是依靠直接的观察和经验。他的实验工作方法经伽利略从实践上加以发展，后来由英国哲学家培根从理论上予以总结，成为近代自然科学最基本的研究方法。为伽利略、开普勒、牛顿等人的发明创造开辟了道路。 艺术史家曾评论说：只有一个达芬奇走在时代之前，他是包罗万象、精湛无比的天才，永不满足的孤独的探险家；他的思索的触角远远超越了他的时代，有的竟然能够和我们的时代会合。 后人对达芬奇研究想法的实践 之所以说是对达芬奇“研究想法”的实践，是因为在其所处的年代，达芬奇的研究只能体停留在“想法”阶段，没办法前进到“成果”阶段。但他的一些想法已被现代人成功的实现了。 一、达芬奇“设计”降落伞 英一男子成功仿制 南非报章28日报道，一名英国男子使用按照15世纪发明家达芬奇设计草图制造的降落伞，在空中下降2120米的高度，证明这款金字塔形的降落装置运作良好。降落伞在空中缓慢飘落，直至900米高度，他割断与降落伞的联系，用现代降落伞完成着陆的动作。他表示，虽然使用15世纪发明家设计的降落装置可以安全降落，但他无法操作它来准确选择着陆点。 达芬奇1485年设计的降落伞草图，过去从未有人照此做出实物，因为专家怀疑它的可行性。降落伞由油布、绳索和6根1米长的木棍组成，重量达到180公斤。 二、挪威建成达芬奇设计的桥 10月31日，在北欧的寒风细雨中，挪威王后和500多名各界来宾为一座造型独特的大桥剪彩。直升机在人们头顶盘旋，起重机缓缓掀起了足有8万平方英尺的白布，一座100米长、8米高的木桥展现在大家面前，三个浅色的木拱如同三只被射手用力向后拉的硬弓，牢牢地支撑着桥身。令人难以置信的是，这座桥的设计者竟是500年前的达芬奇。也正因如此，桥被命名为“蒙娜丽莎”。 1502年，达芬奇为土耳其横跨两大洲的伊斯坦布尔市绘制了一幅美妙绝伦的拱形桥设计草图。该桥长346米，横跨博斯普鲁斯海峡，如果能建成，它将成为当时世界上最长的桥。但土耳其苏丹却拒绝建造此桥，他认为该工程难度太大、造价太高。于是，这座桥在图纸上呆了500年。 1995年，挪威艺术家韦比约恩·桑德因一次偶然的机遇见到了这张设计草图。他回忆说：“我第一次见到她，就被她精美的造型征服了。她是功能与审美的完美结合。”桑德通过种种努力，终于使挪威公路管理局相信，达芬奇设计该桥的原理完全成立，这座桥是可以被造出来的。经过一翻考察，建桥地点被确定为挪威首都奥斯陆以南30多公里的奥斯，正好毗邻从斯德哥尔摩到奥斯陆的欧洲18号公路。 目前落成的这座步行桥，共耗资136万美元，除扶手使用了不锈钢之外，完全采用木料建造。其实，达芬奇当年的设计是用石头作材料，但是挪威人觉得石头太贵了，所以将建桥的材料改为木料。 据悉，这是达芬奇的建筑设计首次被付诸实施，这个设计在美学和设计学上都是经典的范例。桑德自豪地说：“5个世纪前，人们认为这座桥不可能建起来，但我们把它建起来了。我们成功地证明了达芬奇设计该桥的原理是可行的。”桑德说他还有一个梦想，“我们要在全世界推广这种桥，让每个大陆都架起‘蒙娜丽沙桥’”。 其实达芬奇的想法被现代人实现的远不止以上两个，还有很多，譬如前面提到的飞机、直升飞机、潜艇、纺车、自行车等。这些设想加在一起充分反映了达芬奇的思想超越了他所处的时代，似乎时代局限性对他的思想不起作用一样。我觉得这一点才是达芬奇最值得人们回味的地方。 这一张是具有经典意义的画 达芬奇认为艺术 ， 不仅仅是一门手艺， 当然他的手艺在当时也是无与伦比的， 更是一门科学！以古希腊文明渊源的西方文艺复兴画家 无不博学多才多艺 达芬奇还发明了一系列的军事玩意 现在看来还是非常的有意思 还有象飞碟一样的飞行器 就象他自己所说 绘画只是自己的很小一部分的才能而已 米还是一个诗人 建筑师 雕塑家 兼画家。 他亲手解剖过数具尸4体 当然在当时一个基督教的权利 很牛的时期 是冒着很大的风险的 是不允许的 解剖了一定的动物 并列出其中的关系！ 达是一个贵族有着一定的经济基础 这为当时的他开展艺术研究提供了必要的前提条件 可以不估计生计，他和贝多芬 凡高 一样终生未婚，这些条件都是一定的前提 并且 达思考问题很有一套 很安静一个一个的来（参看绘画论 一部分已经遗失） 对自己画很在意（不能听他说绘画只是自己一部分的才能）蒙娜里莎画了 4年 ！ 很有探索精神 尝试做不同材料的绘画！
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European political map Europe is the abbreviation of Europa continent, "Europa," a word it is said that initially from Phoenicia language "Erie cloth" a word that means "" sunset place" or "western land" The European average terrain height is 330 m, give priority to with plain terrain, the south, stands a series of mountains, the floorboard of the Alps, including mont blanc elevation 4807 meters, mont blanc is the French territory, become the highest peak in Western E Thanks to the European populated, plenty of Is the longest river in the volga river, is 3690 kilometers long, and the second is the Danube river, 2850 kilometers, is the world's most river flows through the Europe is a permanent population in the state of a tropical climate not only state, at the same time, frigid climate accounts for the area is not large also, so mild climate, precipitation distribution is Most of the maritime climate temperate, also have a Mediterranean climate, temperate continental climate, polar climate and mountain plateau climate and Among them the most typical temperate oceanic Remember to give points , thank U
我有一篇完成了的~要就联系我~
你起码要说什么派的吧是浪漫派的还是什么不然怎么想啊
你可以去看看其他网址上面写的范文。希望能帮上你
European political map Europe is the abbreviation of Europa continent, "Europa," a word it is said that initially from Phoenicia language "Erie cloth" a word that means "" sunset place" or "western land" The European average terrain height is 330 m, give priority to with plain terrain, the south, stands a series of mountains, the floorboard of the Alps, including mont blanc elevation 4807 meters, mont blanc is the French territory, become the highest peak in Western E Thanks to the European populated, plenty of Is the longest river in the volga river, is 3690 kilometers long, and the second is the Danube river, 2850 kilometers, is the world's most river flows through the Europe is a permanent population in the state of a tropical climate not only state, at the same time, frigid climate accounts for the area is not large also, so mild climate, precipitation distribution is Most of the maritime climate temperate, also have a Mediterranean climate, temperate continental climate, polar climate and mountain plateau climate and Among them the most typical temperate oceanic Remember to give points , thank U
我是外语学院的，我们经常搞这些，记得上铺写过这么一篇，给分吧，我晚上问问
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