1,不论是文末的参考文献还是行文中引文的外文文献,一般均用原始文献的名称、作者及出处亦可视情在括号中译出中文文献名 2,如果是纸质文献,还需注明期刊期号（某年某期）或书籍原出版社及出版时间如果是来自网络,当注明网址 3,如果采用的是中译本的外文文献,则直接用中译本作为参考文献 4,行文中引用外文文章,有两种办法,一是直接引用外文,（此办法多半用于比较专业的学术论文,读者均具有理解能力）或者在外文后用括号译成中文另一种是直接译成中文,然后在译文后用括号给出原文,或者在注释中给出原文视情而定 5,如果是给专业刊物投稿,最好了解一下该刊物对于参考文献列表以及注释的有关规定,按要求做
需要的。既然是外文期刊，肯定来说是满足外文阅读者的需求
不需要的啊
首先来看一下问题“英语学术文献翻译”，重点并非在于“英语”而是在于“学术文献”。因此，推荐百度、有道、谷歌这些就没有太大意义了。正是由于这些通用的翻译工具无法应对学术文献翻译，所以才寻求北京译顶科技人工翻译。
一般要的
不需要
当然 不能算自己的文章
外文翻译的参考文献一般都要翻译，注意翻译的时候要参考<参考文献>翻译标准，出版单位、作者、文献/期刊名称、卷/段等的译法要专业准确，不可有错。
这个不用全部翻译的
可以的。我也打算翻译一半的。
不可以，毕业论文是一件很严谨的事情，如果呗发现可能还得二次答辩，严重的话可能影响毕业，为了顺利毕业，还是多花点时间认真点
不需要全文，只需要选用的部分就行。
翻译一整篇。一般各个学校论文外文翻译都有相应的规定，如果只有翻译字数要求但是没有说明是翻译一篇还是翻译选取段落的情况下，翻译一整篇是最保险的。在选取时，要选取与论文相关的外文，还要选取字数符合规定的外文。扩展资料：论文外文翻译注意事项1、专业词汇翻译。专业词汇的本意和专业汉语词汇可能不一样，所以翻译时，英文专业词汇一定要翻译成汉语的专业术语。2、翻译语序。英文的语序习惯和汉语是不一样的，在翻译时，要将语序调整成汉语的习惯，使翻译后的文章语序通顺。
根据联合国的数据，涉及跨境交易的236亿美元相比，1997年6万亿美元的整体合并和收购活动。但是，他们所代表的所有外国直接投资（FDI）流入约60％。这表明，跨国并购已成为迄今为止最大的单一整合的世界经济手段。图 图1显示了所有的M＆A（兼并和收购）的跨境并购活动的价值的价值之间的关系。图 图2显示了跨国并购的价值，只要在有关外国直接Fig总额。1。有关外资并购总额。联合国“世界投资报告1998”，介绍跨境交易：全球跨境并购，由于大多是在银行，保险，化工，医药，电信，旨在在全球重组或在这些行业中的企业战略定位，又经历了1997年激增。价值达236亿美元，占多数股权的并购为代表的近五分之三在1997年的全球外国直接投资流入量，增加在1996年几乎一半。许多1997年的并购交易已经很大，而且其中58分别价值超过100亿美元。其次是英国，法国，德国，美国，占最大份额的大型的并购交易。总之，发达国家占全球拥有多数股权的并购购买的约90％。这些优惠不仅是发达国家的外国直接投资流量的主要驱动力，但也揭示现行战略的跨国公司（即跨国公司）：剥离非核心活动和加强竞争优势，通过收购的核心活动。自由化和放松管制，这些策略已成为可能。一个结果是一个更大的产业集中度在每个行业的几个企业手中，通常跨国公司。在光的作用越来越大，跨国并购及整合的世界经济体，举行了一次会议1999年4月21日在福克斯坦普尔大学的商业和管理学院。本次会议的题目是，“跨国并购与收购：全球和区域的观点。”这篇文章的目的是在更广阔的背景下，检查周边跨境兼并和收购的重要问题提交本次会议的亮点。的会议程序和简短的履历摘要演讲者和讨论者都提出了在附录AÅ的问题非常广泛的范围内进行讨论的会议期间：并购à趋势和区域模式;国内和跨境的中号的动机&As;的实际利益，公司实现;比较国内和跨境合并&As;的特殊，由于尽职调查和谈判的问题和跨国并购的陷阱&As;跨境比较中号＆作为和其他模式入境;各类跨境中号＆à，似乎是最成功的收购后的整合和相关问题Fig。2。跨国并购有关这些主题外国直接Some的有一节专门为他们准备的这篇文章。其他的主题是讨论在整篇文章中的各点。并购趋势和区域模式据克里斯托弗M层出不穷的美邦，所罗门兄弟公司，旅鼠理论“一点点”是工作在解释最近一波的并购。“人们彼此跟随悬崖。”取决于对行业的兼并和收购趋势。一些交易有很大的意义。他们是战略性质。但在其他情况下，交易热似乎赶上。“1998年，我们看到了共约2万亿美元。早在1999年第一季度，已经宣布的交易价值775亿美元的身价，一共有976交易，当然，你会得到在1999年达到约1万亿美元的交易量。再次，创纪录的数字。有趣的是，第一季度的业绩高出约86％，比1998年第一季度的35％，较少的交易。因此，这里的现象是你走向发生较大的交易，推动市场。我们呼吁那些大型并购定义为超过$ 10亿美元的交易中。“在1998年，三十大交易涉及非美国政党。在第一季度的1999年，七十大交易涉及非美国政党。因此，这个大型的交易现象真的已经全球性的。这是第一季度的数字。在1999年第一季度，有14个大型交易总额达384亿元，在总量。四，这14个大型交易跨境。Aegon的收购泛美金融服务的泛美Aegon的交易。为什么这些交易一举完成？Aegon的成为三大寿险在美国通过泛美收购。所以这样做的原因是一个战略。空中联系沃达丰合并为约6,600亿美元。再次，该交易允许沃达丰，英国手机公司，以取得空中联系，马上成为前三名的移动运营商在美国再次之一，非常具有战略意义的交易。前沿公司和环球电讯。边境是一家美国公司，环球电讯公司是一家在百慕达。再有就是马可尼电子英国航空航天公司合并。因此，那些四个大型跨境并购交易在第一季度。有趣的是，欧元的预期，导致了大量的欧洲范围内的并购活动。而且它有，但它实际上是一个公平的活动量内的国家，每个国家都试图有市场交易。所以，我们看到的是在欧洲范围内的国内交易存续实体的位置是幸存者在未来的交易浪潮，我们将在欧洲的跨境交易。所以会有一些压力，欧洲统一，相关的交易后，将发生一些内，在市场兼并发生。 For example, according to UN data, cross-border deals involved 236 billion dollars in 1997 compared with overall merger and acquisition activity of $6 But they represented approximately 60 percent of all foreign direct investment (FDI) This suggests that crossborder mergers and acquisition have become by far the single biggest means of integrating the world’s F 1 shows the relationship between the value of all M&A (, merger and acquisition) activity and the value of cross-border M&A F 2 shows the value of cross-border M&As in relation to total foreign direct F Foreign acquisitions in relation to The UN’s “World Investment Report 1998” describes cross-border deals:Worldwide cross-border M&As, mostly in banking, insurance, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and telecommunications, were aimed at the global restructuring or strategic positioning of firms in these industries and experienced another surge in Valued at $236 billion, majority-owned M&As represented nearly three-fifths of global FDI inflows in 1997, increasing from almost half in Many of the 1997 M&A deals have been large, and 58 of them were each worth more than $1 The United States, followed by the United Kingdom, France, and Germany, accounted for the biggest share of the large M&A Together, developed countries accounted for approximately 90 percent of the worldwide majority-owned M&A These deals are not only a major driver of FDI flows for developed countries but also shed light on the prevailing strategies of TNCs (, transnational corporations): divesting noncore activities and strengthening competitive advantages through acquisitions in core These strategies have been made possible by liberalization and One outcome is a greater industrial concentration in the hands of a few firms in each industry, usually TNCIn light of the growing role of cross-border M&As in integrating the world’s economies, a conference was held at the Fox School of Business and Management of Temple University on April 21, The conference was titled, “Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions: Global and Regional P”The purpose of this article is to present the highlights of this conference in the context of a broader examination of the important issues surrounding cross-border mergers and The conference program and brief biographical summaries for the presenters and discussants are presented in Appendix A A very wide range of issues were discussed during the conference: M&A trends and regional patterns; the motives for domestic and cross-border M&As; the actual benefits that firms achieve; comparison of domestic and cross-border M&As; the special due diligence and negotiation problems and pitfalls of cross-border M&As; comparison of cross-border M&As and other modes of entry; types of cross-border M&A that seem to be the most successful; postacquisition integration and related issues on F Cross-border M&A in relation to foreign direct Some of these topics have a section of this article devoted to Others topics are discussed at various points throughout the M&A trends and regional patternsAccording to Christopher M Foskett of Smith Barney, Salomon Brothers, “a little bit of the lemming theory” is at work in explaining the recent wave of mergers and “People are following each other off the ” The merger and acquisition trends depend on the Some transactions make a lot of They are strategic in But in other cases, deal fever seems to catch “In 1998, we saw a total of about 2 Already in the first quarter of 1999, there have been $775 billion worth of deals announced, a total of 976 deals, which would get you on course to reach about $1 trillion in deal volume in Once again, a record Interestingly enough, the first quarter results are approximately 86 percent higher than the first quarter of 1998 on 35 percent fewer So the phenomenon here is you’re moving towards the larger deal taking place and driving the We call those mega-mergers— defined as deals in excess of $10 “In 1998, three of the ten largest deals involved non-US In the first quarter of 1999, seven of the ten largest deals involved non-US So this mega deal phenomenon really has gone And these are numbers for the first In the first quarter of 1999, there were 14 mega deals totaling $384 billion in total And four of these 14 mega deals were cross- There’s the TransAmerica-Aegon transaction in financial services where TransAmerica was acquired by A Why were these deals were done in one fell swoop? Aegon became the number three life insurer in the United States through the acquisition of TransA So there was a strategic reason for doing The AirTouch-Vodafone merger was approximately $66 And again, that transaction allowed Vodafone, a UK cellular phone company, to acquire Airtouch and right away become one of the top three cellular providers in the United States Again, a very strategic Frontier Corporation and Global C Frontier was a US company, and Global Crossing is a company in B And then there was the Marconi Electronics–British Aerospace So those were four large cross-border M&A transactions in the first Interestingly enough, the Euro was expected to lead to a tremendous amount of M&A activity within E And it has, but it actually has been a fair amount of activity within the countries, each country trying to have in-market So what we’re seeing is within Europe in-country deals to position the surviving entity to be the survivor in the next wave of deals that we will be the cross-border deals with-in E So there will be some pressure to unify Europe, and the associated deals will take place after some intra, in-market mergers take