你也太抠了吧 一分都没有
关于“Modern Architecture”的Modern architecture, not to be confused with 'contemporary architecture', is a term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of While the style was conceived early in the 20th century and heavily promoted by a few architects, architectural educators and exhibits, very few Modern buildings were built in the first half of the For three decades after the Second World War, however, it became the dominant architectural style for institutional and corporate OriginsSome historians see the evolution of Modern architecture as a social matter, closely tied to the project of Modernity and hence to the Enlightenment, a result of social and political Others see Modern architecture as primarily driven by technological and engineering developments, and it is true that the availability of new building materials such as iron, steel, concrete and glass drove the invention of new building techniques as part of the Industrial R In 1796, Shrewsbury mill owner Charles Bage first used his ‘fireproof’ design, which relied on cast iron and brick with flag stone Such construction greatly strengthened the structure of mills, which enabled them to accommodate much bigger Due to poor knowledge of iron's properties as a construction material, a number of early mills It was not until the early 1830s that Eaton Hodgkinson introduced the section beam, leading to widespread use of iron construction, this kind of austere industrial architecture utterly transformed the landscape of northern Britain, leading to the description, "Dark satanic mills" of places like Manchester and parts of West Y The Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton at the Great Exhibition of 1851 was an early example of iron and glass construction; possibly the best example is the development of the tall steel skyscraper in Chicago around 1890 by William Le Baron Jenney and Louis S Early structures to employ concrete as the chief means of architectural expression (rather than for purely utilitarian structure) include Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple, built in 1906 near Chicago, and Rudolf Steiner's Second Goetheanum, built from 1926 near Basel, SOther historians regard Modernism as a matter of taste, a reaction against eclecticism and the lavish stylistic excesses of Victorian Era and Edwardian Art NWhatever the cause, around 1900 a number of architects around the world began developing new architectural solutions to integrate traditional precedents (Gothic, for instance) with new technological The work of Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright in Chicago, Victor Horta in Brussels, Antoni Gaudi in Barcelona, Otto Wagner in Vienna and Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Glasgow, among many others, can be seen as a common struggle between old and Modernism as Dominant Style By the 1920s the most important figures in Modern architecture had established their The big three are commonly recognized as Le Corbusier in France, and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Walter Gropius in G Mies van der Rohe and Gropius were both directors of the Bauhaus, one of a number of European schools and associations concerned with reconciling craft tradition and industrial Frank Lloyd Wright's career parallels and influences the work of the European modernists, particularly via the Wasmuth Portfolio, but he refused to be categorized with Wright was a major influence on both Gropius and van der Rohe, however, as well as on the whole of organic In 1932 came the important MOMA exhibition, the International Exhibition of Modern Architecture, curated by Philip J Johnson and collaborator Henry-Russell Hitchcock drew together many distinct threads and trends, identified them as stylistically similar and having a common purpose, and consolidated them into the International SThis was an important turning With World War II the important figures of the Bauhaus fled to the United States, to Chicago, to the Harvard Graduate School of Design, and to Black Mountain C While Modern architectural design never became a dominant style in single-dwelling residential buildings, in institutional and commercial architecture Modernism became the pre-eminent, and in the schools (for leaders of the profession) the only acceptable, design solution from about 1932 to about Architects who worked in the international style wanted to break with architectural tradition and design simple, unornamented The most commonly used materials are glass for the facade, steel for exterior support, and concrete for the floors and interior supports; floor plans were functional and The style became most evident in the design of Perhaps its most famous manifestations include the United Nations headquarters (Le Corbusier, Oscar Niemeyer, Sir Howard Robertson), the Seagram Building (Ludwig Mies van der Rohe), and Lever House (Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill), all in New Y A prominent residential example is the Lovell House (Richard Neutra) in Los ADetractors of the international style claim that its stark, uncompromisingly rectangular geometry is Le Corbusier once described buildings as "machines for living", but people are not machines and it was suggested that they do not want to live in Even Philip Johnson admitted he was "bored with the " Since the early 1980s many architects have deliberately sought to move away from rectilinear designs, towards more eclectic During the middle of the century, some architects began experimenting in organic forms that they felt were more human and Mid-century modernism, or organic modernism, was very popular, due to its democratic and playful Alvar Aalto and Eero Saarinen were two of the most prolific architects and designers in this movement, which has influenced contemporary Although there is debate as to when and why the decline of the modern movement occurred, criticism of Modern architecture began in the 1960s on the grounds that it was universal, sterile, elitist and lacked Its approach had become ossified in a "style" that threatened to degenerate into a set of Siegfried Giedion in the 1961 introduction to his evolving text, Space, Time and Architecture (first written in 1941), could begin "At the moment a certain confusion exists in contemporary architecture, as in painting; a kind of pause, even a kind of " At the Metropolitan Museum of Art, a 1961 symposium discussed the question "Modern Architecture: Death or Metamorphosis?" In New York, the coup d'état appeared to materialize in controversy around the Pan Am Building that loomed over Grand Central Station, taking advantage of the modernist real estate concept of "air rights",[1] In criticism by Ada Louise Huxtable and Douglas Haskell it was seen to "sever" the Park Avenue streetscape and "tarnish" the reputations of its consortium of architects: Walter Gropius, Pietro Belluschi and the builders Emery Roth & S The rise of postmodernism was attributed to disenchantment with Modern By the 1980s, postmodern architecture appeared triumphant over modernism, including the temple of the Light of the World, a futuristic design for its time Guadalajara Jalisco La Luz del Mundo Sede International; however, postmodern aesthetics lacked traction and by the mid-1990s, a neo-modern (or hypermodern) architecture had once again established international pre- As part of this revival, much of the criticism of the modernists has been revisited, refuted, and re-evaluated; and a modernistic idiom once again dominates in institutional and commercial contemporary practice, but must now compete with the revival of traditional architectural design in commercial and institutional architecture; residential design continues to be dominated by a traditional
论文写作，先不说内容，首先格式要正确，=========现在的论文，只要是原创都要收费，一篇完整的论文，题目，摘要（中英文），=========商业社会也没办法谁愿意免费给你写论文目录，正文（引言，正文，结语），致谢，=========你在这问也没用，我去年的论文找参考文献。规定的格式，字体，段落，页眉=========【4930页脚，开始写之前，都得清楚的，你的论文=============92524写的】算是写好了五分之一。然后，选题，你的题==================质量还不错,你可以去看下目时间宽裕，那就好好考虑，选一个你思考最成熟的，可以比较多的阅读相关的参考文献，从里面获得思路，确定一个模板性质的东西，照着来，写出自己的东西。如果时间紧急，那就随便找一个参考文献，然后用和这个参考文献相关的文献，拼出一篇，再改改。正文，语言必须是学术的语言。一定先列好提纲，这就是框定每一部分些什么，保证内容不乱
写作思路：从文章的写作目的、中心主旨入手，结合自身感受，真实得描述，新鲜有趣的材料，以使文章中心思想鲜明、深刻地表现出来，正文：我国土建工程造价管理存在着“三超”现象相当普遍，建设工程周期长、消耗量大， 不但受科学技术条件的限制，而且受客观过程的发展及其表现程度的限制，常常出现概算超估算、预算超概算、决算超预算的问题，通常称为“三超”现象。土建工程造价的管理与投资控制的实质，就是运用科学技术原理和经济及法律手段，解决工程建设活动中的技术与经济经营与管理等实际问题，只有在项目建设的各个阶段；采用科学的计价方法和切合实际的计价依据，合理确定投资估算，才能把握市场经济的脉搏，减少或避免建设资金的流失，最大限度地提高建设资金的投资效益。土建工程造价的管理，能把建设项目的投资用在各工程项目、各单位以至各分部分项工程之间。在各投资项目之间进行均衡而合理的分配，能使建设单位的投资获得尽可能高的效益。控制成本费用，有利于我国建筑业节省大量的建设资金，推进我国现代化建设的进程。
学术堂整理了二十个建筑工程类毕业论文题目供大家参考: 1、招标控制价模式下建设工程投标报价规律研究 2、建设工程招投标过程中围标现象探讨 3、地方政府对公共建设工程监督过程现状及问题研究 4、基于并行工程的建设工程项目管理模式研究 5、建设工程施工合同纠纷案件审判实务研究 6、建设工程价款优先受偿权问题研究 7、实验室建设工程项目进度管理研究 8、建设工程项目设计信息安全风险管理和对策研究 9、场地建设工程地质灾害危险性评估研究 10、建设工程价款优先受偿权问题研究 11、建设工程造价信息管理系统集成研究 12、建设工程施工进度BIM预测方法研究 13、建设工程质量政府监督管理研究 14、建设工程项目承包商索赔研究 15、建设工程招投标社会成本研究 16、建设工程生命周期信息管理(BLM)的理论与实现方法研究 17、建设工程项目总承包风险管理研究 18、建设工程合同效率研究 19、建设工程契约信用制度与体系构建 20、建设工程项目管理模式的对比分析与研究
先选定题目啦可以多和导师交流然后自己查看相关论文寻找思路实在不会找我采纳哦！
go to wikipedia , search for "construction" 或者“building construction”lots of info and lots of links at the bottomafter that 左边下面还有中文版面所以，中英文都有了
Architectural acoustic teaching softwareAutomation in Construction, Volume 8, Issue 1, November 1998, Pages 107-123James A Turner, Norman E Barnett The future of architectural acoustics research and testing in AustraliaApplied Acoustics, Volume 18, Issue 4, 1985, Pages 283-292 A comparison between results from a physical scale model and a computer image source model for architectural acousticsApplied Acoustics, Volume 38, Issues 2-4, 1993, Pages 245-265M Kleiner, R Orlowski, J Kirszenstein Review of Auditorium Acoustics and Architectural Design, by Michael BarronJournal of Sound and Vibration, Volume 166, Issue 3, September 1993, Pages 565-568 来源网址:_ob=ArticleListURL&_method=list&_ArticleListID=1275379519&view=c&_acct=C000053667&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1553400&md5=fa9838c12b980d421de1fdaa09e838cd
《不只中国木建筑》赵广超
有关建筑壁画的古代历史文献记载，最早见于春秋战国时期。《孔子家语》记载了孔子看了图画于东周明堂内有关古代贤君尧、舜和暴君桀、纣以及周公辅成王朝会诸侯等壁画内容后，深有触动、感慨万分。王逸的《楚辞章句》记载屈原写出《天问》的原因是观看了楚国先卫宗庙和公卿祠堂壁画受到的启发：“屈原放逐，彷徨山泽，见楚有先王之庙及公卿祠堂，图画天地山川神灵，琦玮僪佹，及古贤圣怪物行事，因书其壁，呵而问之，以渫愤懑”。王逸之子王延寿的《鲁灵光殿赋》更是用抒情的笔调，描述了图画于鲁灵光殿的内容：“图画天地，品类群生。杂物奇怪，山海神灵。写载其状，托之丹青。千变万化，事各缪形。随色象类，曲得其情。上纪开辟，遂古之初。五龙比翼，人皇九头。伏羲鳞身，女娲蛇躯。鸿荒朴略，厥状睢盱。焕炳可观，黄帝唐虞。轩冕以庸，衣裳有殊。上及三后，淫妃乱主。忠臣孝子。烈士贞女。贤愚成败，靡不载叙。恶以诫世，善以示后”。
金融学专科学生必读 撰写调查报告、毕业论文指南 集中实践环节教学工作是广播电视大学教学过程管理的重要环节。财经类集中实践性教学环节包括社会调查和毕业论文两项主要内容。集中实践环节不得免修。 财经系各个专业专科集中实践环节的指导工作现已开始，为落实人才培养模式改革的目标，确保该项工作有序、准时、高质、高效地完成，特编写《金融学专科学生撰写调查报告、毕业论文指南》材料，供学生认真学习，严格遵守。现将各环节具体要求规定如下： 调查报告 每位学生必须在撰写毕业论文前参加社会调查活动，并撰写出具有一定价值的社会调查报告。调查报告最好反映工作单位的情况（尚未工作的同学要以本地区企业为调查对象）。调查报告开头要介绍调查的时间、地点、调查的对象、调查的内容。正文用一级标题注明以下几部分：一、某单位的概况；二、经营管理特点；三、存在问题；四、思考与建议。 调查报告必须在3000字以上，交电子文档和打印材料各一份。 调查报告不准写成小论文，也不能写成报告文学、通讯报道。必须是一个金融机构的真实情况的反映，要用事实、数据说话。调查报告不需要目录、摘要、关键词、脚注、参考文献等。其打印格式与毕业论文的要求一致。 调查报告要在封面加盖被调查单位的公章（定稿后再盖章）。 写作提纲 写作提纲是学生在正式开始写作论文之前提交给论文指导教师的一份关于选题理由、文章结构及实例分析、个人见解的报告。要用一级标题注明四个部分的内容。具体要求如下： 一、选题理由部分，要介绍自己的学习、工作经历与背景；说明该选题的意义、研究价值、实际作用 等等。 二、文章结构部分，要求学生写清楚整个论文的基本观点，这些观点必须逻辑清楚、合理。学生结合自己的基本观点写清楚整个论文的结构。这是学生向指导教师说明自己如何论证观点的一个部分。例如学生要写清楚整篇文章包含那几个部分，第一部分写什么，其中包括几个小部分，每个小部分写什么等等，以此类推。 三、实例分析部分，要以本地区实例为主。这一部分非常重要，体现同学分析问题解决问题的能力。 四、个人见解部分，是对文章的总结。 写作提纲的字数在500字以上。文字方面要求语言流畅、思路清晰，说清楚自己的观点。 毕业论文 （一）毕业论文选题、内容与字数方面的要求 1．撰写毕业论文要避免选择已经完全得到解决的常识性问题作为论题。论文选题必须是本专业方面的研究题目，必须有明确的研究方向（不能是调查报告、工作研究、工作总结）。 2．毕业论文应做到观点新颖明确、材料详实有力、结构完整严谨、语言通顺、格式规范。毕业论文应由学生本人在指导教师的指导下独立完成，杜绝一切抄袭、剽窃行为。 3．专科论文字数在4000字以上。 （二）关于论文的修改与定稿 1．毕业论文初稿要认真修改。 2．论文的最后定稿应是封面填写准确、装订规范（论文夹、封面、写作提纲、目录、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献八项）、字体符合要求的文章。 （三）相关记录表格的填写 与论文指导、答辩相关的表格（包括论文指导记录表、答辩情况记录等），应填写清楚、不得空项。 交第一稿之前学生要在班主任处领取论文夹。按指导记录得要求进行修改，每次交稿时应带前次指导记录。 （四）、论文用纸、装订、打印份数与字体要求 1．论文用张一律为A4纸，左侧装订。 2．定稿后文字稿一式3份。 3．字体要求 （1）封面 主标题（3#字黑体，粗体，居中）；副标题（4#字黑体，居中） 封面学生姓名等内容居中，文字楷体小四号字加粗，详细内容见附表。 （2）写作提纲 主标题（3#字黑体，粗体，居中）；副标题（4#字黑体，居中） 内容宋体小4#字 （2）论文目录 目 录 摘要 、关键词 …………… 1 正文 [目录要深入到二级标题层次] …………… 2 参考文献 …………… 10 （3）论文正文 主标题3#字黑体，粗体，居中 副标题4#字黑体，居中 署名（楷体小4#字）（之后空一行） 〖摘要〗：概括论文主要观点，200字以上，楷体五号字。 〖关键词〗：（3—5个，楷体五号字）（之后空二行） 论文正文（论文内各标题4#黑体，其他宋体小4#字）（之后空几行） 参考文献：（不得少于3篇，宋体小5#字，要注明何人所著何时何社出版） 四、进度安排 2006年3月15日前交第一稿（交调查报告和论文。论文包括论文夹、封面、写作提纲、目录、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献八项）。3月31日为第一稿的最后截止日期。此后不再接收04秋金融学专科学生论文的第一稿。 2006年3月15日－5月20 日为论文指导过程，师生之间要进行3次以上的面对面的交流与指导。直至论文达到前述要求。 2006年5月31日前学生要在完成论文修改之后将规定的资料交给指导教师（包括：调查报告和论文。论文包括论文夹、封面、开题报告、目录、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献八项）。 2006年6－7月为专科科论文答辩时间。每位学生必须参加毕业答辩。毕业答辩的具体时间另行通知。 大连电大财经系 2005年12月 附：论文、调查报告封面样本 利率市场化后企业投融资策略的调整 学生姓名： 学 号： 入学时间： 年 季 专 业： 直属/分校： 指导教师： 大连广播电视大学 2006年5月
先选定题目啦可以多和导师交流然后自己查看相关论文寻找思路实在不会找我采纳哦！
论文写作，先不说内容，首先格式要正确，=========现在的论文，只要是原创都要收费，一篇完整的论文，题目，摘要（中英文），=========商业社会也没办法谁愿意免费给你写论文目录，正文（引言，正文，结语），致谢，=========你在这问也没用，我去年的论文找参考文献。规定的格式，字体，段落，页眉=========【4930页脚，开始写之前，都得清楚的，你的论文=============92524写的】算是写好了五分之一。然后，选题，你的题==================质量还不错,你可以去看下目时间宽裕，那就好好考虑，选一个你思考最成熟的，可以比较多的阅读相关的参考文献，从里面获得思路，确定一个模板性质的东西，照着来，写出自己的东西。如果时间紧急，那就随便找一个参考文献，然后用和这个参考文献相关的文献，拼出一篇，再改改。正文，语言必须是学术的语言。一定先列好提纲，这就是框定每一部分些什么，保证内容不乱