开题报告的一般内容课题来源、开题依据和背景情况，课题研究目的以及理论意义和实际应用价值。文献综述。在阅读规定文献量(不少于50篇，其中外文文献占40%以上)的基础上，着重阐述该研究课题国内外的研究现状及发展动态，同时介绍查阅文献的范围以及查阅方式、手段。主要研究内容。包括学术构思、研究方法、关键技术、技术路线、实施方案、可行性分析、研究中可能遇到的难点、解决的方法和措施以及预期目标。拟采用的实验手段，所需科研和实验条件，估计课题工作量和所需经费，研究工作进度计划。主要参考文献，列出至少10篇所查阅参考的文献。写好开题报告的技巧提出问题注意“层次”在提出问题时，要以“内行”看得懂的术语和明确的逻辑来表述。选题来源包括：与自己实际工作或科研工作相关的、较为熟悉的问题；自己从事的专业。问题发展迅速，需要综合评价；反映本学科的新理论、新技术或新动向的题目。所选题目不宜过大，越具体越容易收集资料，从某一个侧面入手，容易深入。瞄准主流文献，随时整理文献资料是撰写好学术论文的基础。选择文献时应选择本学科的核心期刊、经典著作等，要注意所选文献的代表性、可靠性及科学性；选择文献应先看近期的(近3～5年)，后看远期的，广泛阅读资料，有必要时还应找到有关文献所引用的原文阅读，在阅读时，注意做好读书卡片或读书笔记。整理资料时，要注意按照问题来组织文献资料，写文献综述时不是将看过的资料都罗列和陈述出来，而是要按照一定的思路将其提炼出来。只有这样，才能写出好的文献综述，也才能写出好的开题报告，进而为写出好的论文打下基础。研究目标具体而不死板一般开题报告都要求明确学位论文的研究目标，但笔者认为，研究目标不宜规定得太死板，这是因为，即使条件一定，目标是偏高还是偏低，往往难于准确判断，研究工作本身，涉及求知因素，各个实验室条件不同，具体研究时条件也不同。学位论文选题和研究目标体现了研究工作的价值特征。搜索技能篇google学术搜索google学术搜索的功能可以说是相当强大，这里先介绍了几个实用的小技能~查找图书馆试用资源试试搜索栏里输入："intitle:试用数据库 inurl:lib" 便可以快速找到各高校图书馆的免费资源了。这些密码虽然持久不了，但是足够解燃眉之急。这是一个密码页。你可以保存起来，说不定今后你会用到它们。需要说明的是：百度查找中文的期刊还是很管用，因为百度中文页面更新很快，而google在中文方面就不是很在行了，但是英文网页，google则是一个星期更新一次，频率较快，优先采用检索国外数据！站内直接搜索谷歌对于一些流量大户，比如知乎，直接在搜索结果页面呈现了站内搜索框，很是方便。InfoSeek提供全文检索功能，并有较细致的分类目录，还可搜索图像。网页收录极其丰富，以西文为主，支持简体和繁体中文检索，但中文网页收录较少。查询时能够识别大小写和成语，且支持逻辑条件限制查询（AND、OR、NOT等）。高级检索功能较强，另有字典、事件查询、黄页、股票报价等多种服务。Wolfram Alpha图表数据伸手可得的神器！Wolfram Alpha是一个绘图计算器、在线图书馆、和搜寻引擎的综合体。它不像Google一样给出零碎的混杂的内容，而是直接将每一帧信息拼接成有效的影像，更直观地呈现结果。举个例子，想要了解中国人口数量变化，Wolfram Alpha会直接给出折线图；相当的方便、直观。英文论文开题报告是一篇高质量论文的开始，只有良好的开端，才可以给你的论文奠定坚实的基础。
英语论文开题报告范文 function and application of descriptive translation studies 1 introduction the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts) dts approaches translation from an empirical translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target the method of dts is basically the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is translation phenomena are noted with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this a convenient tool has been set up to conduct “norm” is operative at every stage of description and function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of 2 outline 1 development and major concepts of dts in this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm 2 methodolgy i will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept 3 dts in contrast to other theories a contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese xin da ya some advantage will possibly be shown in this 4 case study in this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be under investigation in light of translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at 5 conclusion based on the above elaboration of dts and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of suggestions on further research efforts will be made (note: while the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of ) 0 000
论文开题报告基本要素标题开题摘要目录介绍文献综述研究问题与假设方法论工作安排预期结果和结果的意义暂定论文章节大纲参考文献列表各部分撰写内容标题论文标题应该简洁，且能让读者对论文所研究的主题一目了然。 开题摘要摘要是对论文提纲的总结，通常不超过1或2页，摘要包含以下内容：问题陈述研究的基本原理假设建议使用的方法预期的结果研究的意义目录目录应该列出所有带有页码的标题和副标题， 副标题应缩进。 介绍这部分应该从宏观的角度来解释研究背景，缩小研究问题的范围，适当列出相关的参考文献。 文献综述这一部分不只是你已经阅读过的相关文献的总结摘要，而是必须对其进行批判性评论，并能够将这些文献与你提出的研究联系起来。 研究问题与假设这部分应该告诉读者你想在研究中发现什么。在这部分明确地陈述你的研究问题和假设。在大多数情况下，主要研究问题应该足够广泛，而次要研究问题和假设则更具体，每个问题都应该侧重于研究的某个方面。
开题报告主要是以表格的形式呈现的，如下表就是一个例子：学院： 专业： 课题名称 姓名 学号 指导教师 职称学历 一、 开展本课题的意义及工作内容：二、 课题工作的总体安排及进度：三、 课题预期达到的效果：四、 指导教师意见：签名： 年 月 日
英语方面内容肯定好
开题报告的一般内容课题来源、开题依据和背景情况，课题研究目的以及理论意义和实际应用价值。文献综述。在阅读规定文献量(不少于50篇，其中外文文献占40%以上)的基础上，着重阐述该研究课题国内外的研究现状及发展动态，同时介绍查阅文献的范围以及查阅方式、手段。主要研究内容。包括学术构思、研究方法、关键技术、技术路线、实施方案、可行性分析、研究中可能遇到的难点、解决的方法和措施以及预期目标。拟采用的实验手段，所需科研和实验条件，估计课题工作量和所需经费，研究工作进度计划。主要参考文献，列出至少10篇所查阅参考的文献。写好开题报告的技巧提出问题注意“层次”在提出问题时，要以“内行”看得懂的术语和明确的逻辑来表述。选题来源包括：与自己实际工作或科研工作相关的、较为熟悉的问题；自己从事的专业。问题发展迅速，需要综合评价；反映本学科的新理论、新技术或新动向的题目。所选题目不宜过大，越具体越容易收集资料，从某一个侧面入手，容易深入。瞄准主流文献，随时整理文献资料是撰写好学术论文的基础。选择文献时应选择本学科的核心期刊、经典著作等，要注意所选文献的代表性、可靠性及科学性；选择文献应先看近期的(近3～5年)，后看远期的，广泛阅读资料，有必要时还应找到有关文献所引用的原文阅读，在阅读时，注意做好读书卡片或读书笔记。整理资料时，要注意按照问题来组织文献资料，写文献综述时不是将看过的资料都罗列和陈述出来，而是要按照一定的思路将其提炼出来。只有这样，才能写出好的文献综述，也才能写出好的开题报告，进而为写出好的论文打下基础。研究目标具体而不死板一般开题报告都要求明确学位论文的研究目标，但笔者认为，研究目标不宜规定得太死板，这是因为，即使条件一定，目标是偏高还是偏低，往往难于准确判断，研究工作本身，涉及求知因素，各个实验室条件不同，具体研究时条件也不同。学位论文选题和研究目标体现了研究工作的价值特征。搜索技能篇google学术搜索google学术搜索的功能可以说是相当强大，这里先介绍了几个实用的小技能~查找图书馆试用资源试试搜索栏里输入："intitle:试用数据库 inurl:lib" 便可以快速找到各高校图书馆的免费资源了。这些密码虽然持久不了，但是足够解燃眉之急。这是一个密码页。你可以保存起来，说不定今后你会用到它们。需要说明的是：百度查找中文的期刊还是很管用，因为百度中文页面更新很快，而google在中文方面就不是很在行了，但是英文网页，google则是一个星期更新一次，频率较快，优先采用检索国外数据！站内直接搜索谷歌对于一些流量大户，比如知乎，直接在搜索结果页面呈现了站内搜索框，很是方便。InfoSeek提供全文检索功能，并有较细致的分类目录，还可搜索图像。网页收录极其丰富，以西文为主，支持简体和繁体中文检索，但中文网页收录较少。查询时能够识别大小写和成语，且支持逻辑条件限制查询（AND、OR、NOT等）。高级检索功能较强，另有字典、事件查询、黄页、股票报价等多种服务。Wolfram Alpha图表数据伸手可得的神器！Wolfram Alpha是一个绘图计算器、在线图书馆、和搜寻引擎的综合体。它不像Google一样给出零碎的混杂的内容，而是直接将每一帧信息拼接成有效的影像，更直观地呈现结果。举个例子，想要了解中国人口数量变化，Wolfram Alpha会直接给出折线图；相当的方便、直观。英文论文开题报告是一篇高质量论文的开始，只有良好的开端，才可以给你的论文奠定坚实的基础。
英语论文开题报告范文 function and application of descriptive translation studies 1 introduction the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts) dts approaches translation from an empirical translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target the method of dts is basically the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is translation phenomena are noted with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this a convenient tool has been set up to conduct “norm” is operative at every stage of description and function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of 2 outline 1 development and major concepts of dts in this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm 2 methodolgy i will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept 3 dts in contrast to other theories a contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese xin da ya some advantage will possibly be shown in this 4 case study in this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be under investigation in light of translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at 5 conclusion based on the above elaboration of dts and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of suggestions on further research efforts will be made (note: while the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of ) 0 000
英语论文开题报告范文 function and application of descriptive translation studies 1 introduction the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts) dts approaches translation from an empirical translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target the method of dts is basically the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is translation phenomena are noted with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this a convenient tool has been set up to conduct “norm” is operative at every stage of description and function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of 2 outline 1 development and major concepts of dts in this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm 2 methodolgy i will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept 3 dts in contrast to other theories a contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese xin da ya some advantage will possibly be shown in this 4 case study in this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be under investigation in light of translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at 5 conclusion based on the above elaboration of dts and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of suggestions on further research efforts will be made (note: while the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of ) 0 000
（1）提出问题注意“层次”选题是撰写学术论文的第一步，选题是否妥当，直接关系到论文的质量，甚至关系到论文的成功与否。不同于政策研究报告，学术文章聚焦理论层面、解决理论问题。有的学生的选题不具有新颖性，内容没有创新，仅仅是对前人工作的总结，或是对前人工作的重复。在选题时要坚持先进性、科学性、实用性及可行性的原则。在提出问题时，要以“内行”看得懂的术语和明确的逻辑来表述。选题来源包括：1、与自己实际工作或科研工作相关的、较为熟悉的问题；2、自己从事的专业某问题发展迅速，需要综合评价；3、从掌握的大量文献中选择反映本学科的新理论、新技术或新动向的题目。所选题目不宜过大，越具体越容易收集资料，从某一个侧面入手，容易深入。（2）瞄准主流文献，随时整理文献资料是撰写好学术论文的基础，文献越多，就越好写，选择文献时应选择本学科的核心期刊、经典著作等，要注意所选文献的代表性、可靠性及科学性；选择文献应先看近期的（近3~5年），后看远期的，广泛阅读资料，有必要时还应找到有关文献所引用的原文阅读，在阅读时，注意做好读书卡片或读书笔记。整理资料时，要注意按照问题来组织文献资料，写文献综述时不是将看过的资料都罗列和陈述出来，而是要按照一定的思路将其提炼出来。只有这样，才能写出好的文献综述，也才能写出好的论文开题报告，进而为写出好的论文打下基础。（3）研究目标具体而不死板一般论文开题报告都要求明确学位论文的研究目标，但认为，研究目标不宜规定得太死板，这是因为，即使条件一定，目标是偏高还是偏低，往往难于准确判断，研究工作本身，涉及求知因素，各个实验室条件不同，具体研究时条件也不同。学位论文选题和研究目标体现了研究工作的价值特征。英语硕士论文开题报告要想完成好，达到高标准，要满足几大要求。写作要求和格式要求想必大家都能规范好，如果连这点都做不到。那写好的论文别说高标准了，合格到达不到。因此学生首要必须了解并规范好写作格式要求，其次按照文中所写的步骤来完成好每一部分内容。该过程中，还要求学生们必须灵活运用一定的技巧。希望笔者分享的这篇文章，可以指导大家更好的完成英语硕士论文开题报告。（参考资料来源自中国论文网）
开题报告的一般内容课题来源、开题依据和背景情况，课题研究目的以及理论意义和实际应用价值。文献综述。在阅读规定文献量(不少于50篇，其中外文文献占40%以上)的基础上，着重阐述该研究课题国内外的研究现状及发展动态，同时介绍查阅文献的范围以及查阅方式、手段。主要研究内容。包括学术构思、研究方法、关键技术、技术路线、实施方案、可行性分析、研究中可能遇到的难点、解决的方法和措施以及预期目标。拟采用的实验手段，所需科研和实验条件，估计课题工作量和所需经费，研究工作进度计划。主要参考文献，列出至少10篇所查阅参考的文献。写好开题报告的技巧提出问题注意“层次”在提出问题时，要以“内行”看得懂的术语和明确的逻辑来表述。选题来源包括：与自己实际工作或科研工作相关的、较为熟悉的问题；自己从事的专业。问题发展迅速，需要综合评价；反映本学科的新理论、新技术或新动向的题目。所选题目不宜过大，越具体越容易收集资料，从某一个侧面入手，容易深入。瞄准主流文献，随时整理文献资料是撰写好学术论文的基础。选择文献时应选择本学科的核心期刊、经典著作等，要注意所选文献的代表性、可靠性及科学性；选择文献应先看近期的(近3～5年)，后看远期的，广泛阅读资料，有必要时还应找到有关文献所引用的原文阅读，在阅读时，注意做好读书卡片或读书笔记。整理资料时，要注意按照问题来组织文献资料，写文献综述时不是将看过的资料都罗列和陈述出来，而是要按照一定的思路将其提炼出来。只有这样，才能写出好的文献综述，也才能写出好的开题报告，进而为写出好的论文打下基础。研究目标具体而不死板一般开题报告都要求明确学位论文的研究目标，但笔者认为，研究目标不宜规定得太死板，这是因为，即使条件一定，目标是偏高还是偏低，往往难于准确判断，研究工作本身，涉及求知因素，各个实验室条件不同，具体研究时条件也不同。学位论文选题和研究目标体现了研究工作的价值特征。搜索技能篇google学术搜索google学术搜索的功能可以说是相当强大，这里先介绍了几个实用的小技能~查找图书馆试用资源试试搜索栏里输入："intitle:试用数据库 inurl:lib" 便可以快速找到各高校图书馆的免费资源了。这些密码虽然持久不了，但是足够解燃眉之急。这是一个密码页。你可以保存起来，说不定今后你会用到它们。需要说明的是：百度查找中文的期刊还是很管用，因为百度中文页面更新很快，而google在中文方面就不是很在行了，但是英文网页，google则是一个星期更新一次，频率较快，优先采用检索国外数据！站内直接搜索谷歌对于一些流量大户，比如知乎，直接在搜索结果页面呈现了站内搜索框，很是方便。InfoSeek提供全文检索功能，并有较细致的分类目录，还可搜索图像。网页收录极其丰富，以西文为主，支持简体和繁体中文检索，但中文网页收录较少。查询时能够识别大小写和成语，且支持逻辑条件限制查询（AND、OR、NOT等）。高级检索功能较强，另有字典、事件查询、黄页、股票报价等多种服务。Wolfram Alpha图表数据伸手可得的神器！Wolfram Alpha是一个绘图计算器、在线图书馆、和搜寻引擎的综合体。它不像Google一样给出零碎的混杂的内容，而是直接将每一帧信息拼接成有效的影像，更直观地呈现结果。举个例子，想要了解中国人口数量变化，Wolfram Alpha会直接给出折线图；相当的方便、直观。英文论文开题报告是一篇高质量论文的开始，只有良好的开端，才可以给你的论文奠定坚实的基础。
英语论文开题报告范文 function and application of descriptive translation studies 1 introduction the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts) dts approaches translation from an empirical translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target the method of dts is basically the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is translation phenomena are noted with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this a convenient tool has been set up to conduct “norm” is operative at every stage of description and function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of 2 outline 1 development and major concepts of dts in this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm 2 methodolgy i will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept 3 dts in contrast to other theories a contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese xin da ya some advantage will possibly be shown in this 4 case study in this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be under investigation in light of translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at 5 conclusion based on the above elaboration of dts and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of suggestions on further research efforts will be made (note: while the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of ) 0 000
英语论文开题报告范文 function and application of descriptive translation studies 1 introduction the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts) dts approaches translation from an empirical translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target the method of dts is basically the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is translation phenomena are noted with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this a convenient tool has been set up to conduct “norm” is operative at every stage of description and function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of 2 outline 1 development and major concepts of dts in this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm 2 methodolgy i will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept 3 dts in contrast to other theories a contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese xin da ya some advantage will possibly be shown in this 4 case study in this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be under investigation in light of translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at 5 conclusion based on the above elaboration of dts and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of suggestions on further research efforts will be made (note: while the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of ) 0 000
本科毕业论文开题报告 论文题目the Application and Innovation of Gothicism in Wuthering Heights 一、选题的意义和研究现状 1．选题的目的、理论意义和现实意义 长时期以来, 人们视艾米莉•勃朗特为英国文学中的“斯芬克斯”。关于她本人和她的作品都有很多难解之谜, 许多评论家从不同的角度、采用不同的方法去研究, 得出了不同的结论, 因而往往是旧谜刚解, 新谜又出, 解谜热潮似永无休止。 本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉, 指出艾米莉• 勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统, 同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力, 将现实与超现实融为一体, 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力, 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一, 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”, 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”, 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。 2．与选题相关的国内外研究和发展概况 各民族的文学中都有许多惊险、恐怖的故事, 但似乎没有哪一种文学像英美文学那样不仅创作出数量众多、质量优秀的恐怖文学作品, 而且还形成了一个持续发展、影响广泛的哥特传统( Gothic tradition) 。哥特文学现在已经成为英美文学研究中的一个重要领域。对哥特文学的认真研究开始于20 世纪二三十年代, 到70 年代以后, 由于新的学术思潮和文学批评观念的影响, 该研究出现了前所未有而且日趋高涨的热潮。根据在国际互联网上的搜索, 到2000 年9月为止, 英美等国的学者除发表了大量关于哥特文学的论文外, 还至少出版专著达184部, 其中1970 年以后为126 部, 仅90 年代就达59 部, 几乎占总数的三分之一。当然,近年来哥特文学研究的状况不仅在于研究成果迅速增加, 更重要的是它在深度和广度方面都大为拓展, 并且把哥特传统同英美乃至欧洲的历史、社会、文化和文学的总体发展结合起来。 二、研究方案 1．研究的基本内容及预期的结果（大纲） 研究的基本内容:本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉, 指出艾米莉• 勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统, 同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力, 将现实与超现实融为一体, 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力, 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一, 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”, 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”, 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。 预期的结果（大纲）: 1．A Survey of Gothic 1 Definition of Gothic 2 the Origin of Gothic Novels 1 Historical Reasons 1 Folklore in Germantic Nationality 2 Drama in the Renaissance 3 the Bible and Legends in Christianity 2 Development of the Novel Itself 1 Challenge of Romanticism to Rationalism 2 Sublime and Beautiful Emily’s Gothic Heritage 1 Theme 1 Good and Evil 2 Revenge 2 Characters Description 1 Villain-hero 2 Delicate Young Girl 3 Atmosphere, Environment and Plot 1 Terror 2 Mystery 3 Supernatural Emily’s Gothic Innovation 1 Combination of romanticism and Realism 1 Change of the Background 2 Use of Symbolism 3 Stream of Consciousness 4 Illusion and Subconsciousness Description of Figure Emotion and Psychology Reference 2．拟采用的研究方法 主要有资料查找、理论探讨研究、阅读法 研究所需条件和可能存在的问题 研究所需条件：纸张、打印设备、图书馆、互联网上获取国内外文献资料； 可能存在的问题：(1)文献不足; (2) 由于个人的观点和能力，使对研究对象分析不够全面和深入。 三、研究进度安排、参考文献及审查意见 1．研究进度安排 （1）论文指导第一周（学期第八周）：学生完成初稿。 （2）论文指导第二周（学期第九周）：指导教师审阅论文初稿后发回修改。 （3）论文指导第三周（学期第十周）：学生交论文第二稿。 （4）论文指导第四周（学期第十一周）：指导教师审阅第二稿并发回给学生进一步修改。 （5）论文指导第五周（学期第十二周）：定稿 （6）论文指导第六周（学期第十三周）：交定稿的打印稿和电子文本。 （7）论文指导第六周（学期第十三周）：本周星期五至论文指导第七周（学期第周）星期五，指导教师和评阅教师写评语，学生做好答辩准备。 （8）论文指导第七周（学期第十四周）：星期三至论文指导第八周（学期第十五周）开展答辩工作。 应收集资料及主要参考文献（不少于8条） [1] Bronte, C Charlotte Bronte’s preface to the second edition, Wuthering H London: J M Dent Sons L [2] Gerin, W Emily Bronte [M] New York: Oxford University P [3] Marie, Mulvey-R The handbook to gothic literature [A] New York: New York University P [4] Punter, D The Literature of Terror [M] London: L [5] 方平 1993 希望在人间—论〈呼啸山庄〉(《呼啸山庄》译序) [M] 上海译文出版社 第24页 [6] 盖斯凯尔夫人 2000 夏洛蒂•勃朗特传[M] 张淑荣等译 北京: 团结出版社 第11—12页 [7] 肖明翰 英美文学中的哥特传统[J] 外国文学评论第3期 [8] 鲜于静 神秘和怪诞的魅力——福克纳小说《八月之光》的哥特艺术研究[MA] 中国学位论文全文库
就是对论文的平价，论文的好处，优点，有什么提升的地方都写出来。
一篇优秀的英语论文离不开开题报告的撰写。那么，如何写好开题报告成为同学们非常苦恼的问题。下面是学术堂分享的英文论文开题报告的写作技巧： 1、开题报告的一般内容 课题来源、开题依据和背景情况，课题研究目的以及理论意义和实际应用价值。 文献综述。在阅读规定文献量(不少于50篇，其中外文文献占40%以上)的基础上，着重阐述该研究课题国内外的研究现状及发展动态，同时介绍查阅文献的范围以及查阅方式、手段。 主要研究内容。包括学术构思、研究方法、关键技术、技术路线、实施方案、可行性分析、研究中可能遇到的难点、解决的方法和措施以及预期目标。 拟采用的实验手段，所需科研和实验条件，估计课题工作量和所需经费，研究工作进度计划。 主要参考文献，列出至少10篇所查阅参考的文献。 2、写好开题报告的技巧 提出问题注意“层次” 在提出问题时，要以“内行”看得懂的术语和明确的逻辑来表述。 选题来源包括：与自己实际工作或科研工作相关的、较为熟悉的问题;自己从事的专业。 问题发展迅速，需要综合评价;反映本学科的新理论、新技术或新动向的题目。 所选题目不宜过大，越具体越容易收集资料，从某一个侧面入手，容易深入。 瞄准主流文献，随时整理 文献资料是撰写好学术论文的基础。选择文献时应选择本学科的核心期刊、经典著作等，要注意所选文献的代表性、可靠性及科学性;选择文献应先看近期的(近3～5年)，后看远期的，广泛阅读资料，有必要时还应找到有关文献所引用的原文阅读，在阅读时，注意做好读书卡片或读书笔记。 整理资料时，要注意按照问题来组织文献资料，写文献综述时不是将看过的资料都罗列和陈述出来，而是要按照一定的思路将其提炼出来。只有这样，才能写出好的文献综述，也才能写出好的开题报告，进而为写出好的论文打下基础。 3、研究目标具体而不死板 一般开题报告都要求明确学位论文的研究目标，但笔者认为，研究目标不宜规定得太死板，这是因为，即使条件一定，目标是偏高还是偏低，往往难于准确判断，研究工作本身，涉及求知因素，各个实验室条件不同，具体研究时条件也不同。学位论文选题和研究目标体现了研究工作的价值特征。
学术堂整理了四条论文评语范例，供大家进行参考： 1、全文结构基本合理科学，逻辑思路清晰，观点表达准确，语言流畅，论证方法较合理，参考的文献资料符合主题要求，从主题到内容符合专业要求，部分与本分之间衔接的比较紧密，但个别引文没有标著出来，真正属于自己创新的内容还不是很多，个别概念比较模糊，总体上达到毕业论文要求。 2、研究内容具有现实性和可操作性。选题社会热点问题，逻辑结构严谨。观点表达清楚，论述全面。语言平实简洁，通俗易懂。在论证过程中也能较好地将专业知识原理与现实问题结合起来。但论据还不够。总体上符合毕业论文要求。 3、选题较具时代性和现实性。全文结构安排合理。观点表达基本准确。全文内容紧扣行政管理专业要求来写，充分体现出行政管理专业特色。查阅的相关资料较多。但不足之处主要是属于自己创新的东西还不多。总体上符合毕业论文要求。 4、研究……为题，充分的体现时代特色性。能为中国行政管理问题的解诀提供参考价值。全文结构合理，思路清晰，观点明显。在论证过程中能教好的将论证与案例论证结合起来。不足之处是部分论点的论据还缺乏说服力。
英语论文开题报告范文 function and application of descriptive translation studies 1 introduction the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts) dts approaches translation from an empirical translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target the method of dts is basically the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is translation phenomena are noted with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this a convenient tool has been set up to conduct “norm” is operative at every stage of description and function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of 2 outline 1 development and major concepts of dts in this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm 2 methodolgy i will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept 3 dts in contrast to other theories a contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese xin da ya some advantage will possibly be shown in this 4 case study in this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be under investigation in light of translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at 5 conclusion based on the above elaboration of dts and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of suggestions on further research efforts will be made (note: while the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of ) 0 000
课题研究的步骤，主要是指需要经过哪几步程序才能达到研究的目的。所以在这一部分作者需要仔细思考整个课题需要哪几步才能完成。它的基本步骤一般包含以下几步，准备阶段、查阅资料阶段、实地考察阶段、问卷调查阶段、采访阶段、资料的分析整理阶段、对本课题的总结与反思阶段，只要抓住这几步就可以。
论文开题报告基本要素标题开题摘要目录介绍文献综述研究问题与假设方法论工作安排预期结果和结果的意义暂定论文章节大纲参考文献列表各部分撰写内容标题论文标题应该简洁，且能让读者对论文所研究的主题一目了然。 开题摘要摘要是对论文提纲的总结，通常不超过1或2页，摘要包含以下内容：问题陈述研究的基本原理假设建议使用的方法预期的结果研究的意义目录目录应该列出所有带有页码的标题和副标题， 副标题应缩进。 介绍这部分应该从宏观的角度来解释研究背景，缩小研究问题的范围，适当列出相关的参考文献。 文献综述这一部分不只是你已经阅读过的相关文献的总结摘要，而是必须对其进行批判性评论，并能够将这些文献与你提出的研究联系起来。 研究问题与假设这部分应该告诉读者你想在研究中发现什么。在这部分明确地陈述你的研究问题和假设。在大多数情况下，主要研究问题应该足够广泛，而次要研究问题和假设则更具体，每个问题都应该侧重于研究的某个方面。