那就范围小，内容好的
最多9999字，除非一单词两字，才能贴够4000词，看这个中意不英文论文我这里很多，需要别的话再说。选自ATI在线课程The Global Positioning System by Robert A Nelson On a recent trip to visit the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, I flew from Washington, DC to Los Angeles on a new Boeing 747-400 The geographical position of the plane and its relation to nearby cities was displayed throughout the flight on a video screen in the passenger When I arrived in Los Angeles, I rented a car that was equipped with a The navigator guided me to my hotel in Pasadena, displaying my position on a map and verbally giving me directions with messages like way exit ahead on the right followed by a left ? When I reached the hotel, it announced that I had arrived at my Later, when I was to join a colleague for dinner, I found the restaurant listed in a menu and the navigator took me This remarkable navigation capability is made possible by the Global Positioning System (GPS) It was originally designed jointly by the US Navy and the US Air Force to permit the determination of position and time for military troops and guided However, GPS has also become the basis for position and time measurement by scientific laboratories and a wide spectrum of applications in a multi-billion dollar commercial Roughly one million receivers are manufactured each year and the total GPS market is expected to approach $ 10 billion by the end of next The story of GPS and its principles of measurement are the subjects of this EARLY METHODS OF NAVIGATION The shape and size of the earth has been known from the time of The fact that the earth is a sphere was well known to educated people as long ago as the fourth century BC In his book On the Heavens, Aristotle gave two scientifically correct First, the shadow of the earth projected on the moon during a lunar eclipse appears to be Second, the elevations of stars change as one travels north or south, while certain stars visible in Egypt cannot be seen at all from G SPACE SEGMENT There have been several generations of GPS The Block I satellites, built by Rockwell International, were launched between 1978 and They consisted of eleven prototype satellites, including one launch failure, that validated the system The ten successful satellites had an average lifetime of 76 The Block II and Block IIA satellites were also built by Rockwell I Block II consists of nine satellites launched between 1989 and Block IIA, deployed between 1990 and 1997, consists of 19 satellites with several navigation In April 1995, GPS was declared fully operational with a constellation of 24 operational spacecraft and a completed ground The 28 Block II/IIA satellites have exceeded their specified mission duration of 6 years and are expected to have an average lifetime of more than 10 Block IIR comprises 20 replacement satellites that incorporate autonomous navigation based on crosslink These satellites are being manufactured by Lockheed M The first launch in 1997 resulted in a launch The first IIR satellite to reach orbit was also launched in The second GPS 2R satellite was successfully launched aboard a Delta 2 rocket on October 7, One to four more launches are anticipated over the next The fourth generation of satellites is the Block II follow-on (Block IIF) This program includes the procurement of 33 satellites and the operation and support of a new GPS operational control The Block IIF program was awarded to Rockwell (now a part of Boeing) Further details may be found in a special issue of the Proceedings of the IEEE for January, CONTROL SEGMENT The Master Control Station for GPS is located at Schriever Air Force Base in Colorado Springs, CO The MCS maintains the satellite constellation and performs the stationkeeping and attitude control It also determines the orbit and clock parameters with a Kalman filter using measurements from five monitor stations distributed around the The orbit error is about 5 GPS orbits are derived independently by various scientific organizations using carrier phase and post- The state of the art is exemplified by the work of the International GPS Service (IGS), which produces orbits with an accuracy of approximately 3 centimeters within two The system time reference is managed by the US Naval Observatory in Washington, DC GPS time is measured from Saturday/Sunday midnight at the beginning of the The GPS time scale is a composite aper clock that is synchronized to keep step with Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) and International Atomic Time (TAI) However, UTC differs from TAI by an integral number of leap seconds to maintain correspondence with the rotation of the earth, whereas GPS time does not include leap The origin of GPS time is midnight on January 5/6, 1980 (UTC) At present, TAI is ahead of UTC by 32 seconds, TAI is ahead of GPS by 19 seconds, and GPS is ahead of UTC by 13 Only 1,024 weeks were allotted from the origin before the system time is reset to zero because 10 bits are allocated for the calendar function (1,024 is the tenth power of 2) Thus the first GPS rollover occurred at midnight on August 21, The next GPS rollover will take place May 25, SIGNAL STRUCTURE The satellite position at any time is computed in the user receiver from the navigation message that is contained in a 50 bps data The orbit is represented for each one hour period by a set of 15 Keplerian orbital elements, with harmonic coefficients arising from perturbations, and is updated every four This data stream is modulated by each of two code division multiple access, or spread spectrum, pseudorandom noise (PRN) codes: the coarse/acquisition C/A code (sometimes called the clear/access code) and the precision P The P code can be encrypted to produce a secure signal called the Y This feature is known as the Anti-Spoof (AS) mode, which is intended to defeat deception jamming by The C/A code is used for satellite acquisition and for position determination by civil The P(Y) code is used by military and other authorized GPS MODERNIZATION In 1996, a Presidential Decision Directive stated the president would review the issue of Selective Availability in 2000 with the objective of discontinuing SA no later than In addition, both the L1 and L2 GPS signals would be made available to civil users and a new civil 23 MHz signal would be To satisfy the needs of aviation, the third civil frequency, known as L5, would be centered at 45 MHz, in the Aeronautical Radio Navigation Services (ARNS) band, subject to approval at the World Radio Conference in According to Keith McDonald in an article on GPS modernization published in the September, 1999 GPS World, with SA removed the civil GPS accuracy would be improved to about 10 to 30 With the addition of a second frequency for ionospheric group delay corrections, the civil accuracy would become about 5 to 10 A third frequency would permit the creation of two beat frequencies that would yield one-meter accuracy in real A variety of other enhancements are under consideration, including increased power, the addition of a new military code at the L1 and L2 frequencies, additional ground stations, more frequent uploads, and an increase in the number of These policy initiatives are driven by the dual needs of maintaining national security while supporting the growing dependence on GPS by commercial When these upgrades would begin to be implemented in the Block IIR and IIF satellites depends on GPS Besides providing position, GPS is a reference for time with an accuracy of 10 nanoseconds or Its broadcast time signals are used for national defense, commercial, and scientific The precision and universal availability of GPS time has produced a paradigm shift in time measurement and dissemination, with GPS evolving from a secondary source to a fundamental reference in The international community wants assurance that it can rely on the availability of GPS and continued US support for the The Russian Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) has been an alternative, but economic conditions in Russia have threatened its continued Consequently, the European Union is considering the creation of a navigation system of its own, called Galileo, to avoide relying on the US GPS and Russian GLONASS The Global Positioning System is a vital national Over the past thirty years it has made the transition from concept to reality, representing today an operational system on which the entire world has become Both technical improvements and an enlightened national policy will be necessary to ensure its continued growth into the twenty-first
测绘工程产品价格 项目：地图编制单位：元 产品名称计量 单位价格主要工作内容说明 ⅠⅡⅢ 四、地图编制 （一）地形图 1、编绘 1∶1000000 1∶500000 1∶250000 1∶100000 1∶50000 1∶25000 1∶10000 1∶5000 1∶2000 1∶1000 2、清绘（刻绘） 1∶1000000 1∶500000 1∶250000 1∶100000 1∶50000 1∶25000 1∶10000 1∶5000 1∶2000 1∶1000 1∶500 3、连编带绘（刻） 1∶1000000 1∶500000 1∶250000 1∶100000 1∶50000 1∶25000 1∶10000 幅 幅 幅 幅 幅 幅 幅 幅 幅 幅 幅 幅 幅 幅 幅 幅 幅 幅 幅 幅 幅 幅 幅 幅 幅 幅 幅 幅 88 55 48 08 86 56 38 97 28 66 08 65 14 79 59 38 28 13 44 40 73 40 93 09 47 05 86 66 67 73 43 12 55 64 98 62 59 87 31 39 91 45 25 04 89 54 18 13 06 63 47 11 93 11 28 33 81 50 96 97 28 84 46 12 99 87 81 61 93 35 80 54 32 00 89 87 78 08 52 88 13 14 46 96 熟悉编辑指示，制定编图计划，编写图幅编绘说明，基本资料加工，增补现势资料，展绘图廓、坐标网、控制点，兰图拚帖，编制图例及各要素指标图，编绘各要素，书写注记，抄接边，图廓外整饰，填写图历簿，检查，修改。 熟悉编辑指示，准备工作，编注记表，分版或一版清（刻）绘各要素，剪贴注记，抄接边，作分色样图，填写图历簿，检查，修改。 熟悉编辑指示，制订编图计划，编写图幅技术说明，增补现势资料，展绘图廓、坐标网、控制点，兰图拚贴，编制图例及各要素指标图，做各要素草图，连编带绘（刻）各要素，编注记表，剪贴注记，抄接边，做分色样图（或做撕膜版），填写图历簿，检查，修改。 （二）普通地理图 1、全国图、世界图 编绘 清绘 2、省、市、自治区图 编绘 清绘 3、地、县、乡图 编绘 清绘 平方分米 平方分米 平方分米 平方分米 平方分米 平方分米 54 03 29 35 76 04 72 07 00 97 12 89 45 08 43 03 75 97 编制：熟悉编辑指示，收集、整理、分析、增补制图资料，基本资料加工，展绘图廓、坐标网，拚贴兰图，编绘地图各要素，书写注记，绘制图例，整饰，填写图历簿，检查，修改。 清绘：与地形图清绘（刻绘）相同。 计量单位为图上面积； 图集图册编绘加15%； 连编带绘（刻）按编绘价格的120%计。 （三）数字制图 1、普通地理图 2、地形图 1∶5000 1∶2000 1∶1000 平方分米 幅 幅 幅 31 34 14 93 14 92 49 11 77 50 84 28 原稿准备（不含原稿编篡），扫描，图形处理，分层矢量化，符号化，编辑整理，回放校对，检查修改，输出印刷胶片。 下面有个文件下载~~你可以去看看
在国际学术交流部分精心选编了与测绘有关的国际学术组织、国际学术期刊和知名测绘仪器厂商的简要介绍。最后,简述了科技英语论文写作和翻译技巧的有关知识。本书可作为高等学校测绘工程专业及相关专业本科生和研究生的专业英语教材、双语教学的参考教材,也可作为相关专业工程技术人员学习科技英语之用。
onsciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless I
在国际学术交流部分精心选编了与测绘有关的国际学术组织、国际学术期刊和知名测绘仪器厂商的简要介绍。最后,简述了科技英语论文写作和翻译技巧的有关知识。本书可作为高等学校测绘工程专业及相关专业本科生和研究生的专业英语教材、双语教学的参考教材,也可作为相关专业工程技术人员学习科技英语之用。
需要结合自己亲身经历来写，不得抄袭！需要帮助请继续提问，绍堂
可去知网找，自己不会找的话，我baidu空间里找论文的去处和步骤
在国际学术交流部分精心选编了与测绘有关的国际学术组织、国际学术期刊和知名测绘仪器厂商的简要介绍。最后,简述了科技英语论文写作和翻译技巧的有关知识。本书可作为高等学校测绘工程专业及相关专业本科生和研究生的专业英语教材、双语教学的参考教材,也可作为相关专业工程技术人员学习科技英语之用。
武测的专业英语就有很多论文。去看看
我是老刘 你挂了
摘要:分析测绘专业英语教学改革的必要性,在指出测绘专业英语教学中存在的弊端和不足的基础上,有针对性地提出了一系列改革的建议和措施。 关键词:测绘工程;专业英语;教学改革 一、测绘专业英语教学改革的必要性 随着科学技术的迅猛发展和经济跨区域交流合作的日益增多,社会对人才的要求也不断提高,具备英语和计算机能力成为了基本要求。 在测绘领域,一些进口的先进仪器设备如三维激光扫描仪、GPS接收机等都只配有英文说明书;高精度GPS数据处理软件GAMIT和BERNESE也是全英文版,不仅如此,其系统也是英文界面。当前,中国与东盟、非洲等世界各地的往来不断加强,每年均有不少测绘专业毕业生出国进修或工作,英语成为了他们日常交流用语。因此,没有过硬的专业英语能力,就无法在第一时间掌握前沿的知识和技术,无法完成跨区域合作项目的本职工作。 我国高校的测绘类专业大都设置了测绘专业英语这门课程,它既是基础英语教学的延伸,又是基础英语与专业教学的结合,对学生的全面素质教育具有十分重要的作用。然而测绘专业英语教学普遍存在“费时较多,收效较低”的问题。学生在毕业走上工作岗位后或者继续深造的过程中,面对英语的听、说、读、写依然感觉非常吃力。所以,为了进一步提高测绘专业英语的教学质量,以培养出合格的、能适应社会发展并与国际接轨的高级专门技术人才,有必要对测绘专业英语课程进行必要的改革。 二、测绘专业英语教学现状及存在的问题 教学发展不平衡。在我国,测绘专业英语的教学存在地区差异性大,不同地区、不同高校对这门课的重视程度和投入水平差距较大等问题。另外,学生对学习专业英语的期望差异也较大。特别是近几年学生的大量扩招,使得学生的英语水平良莠不齐。总体来说,由于这门课程的定位是专业考查课,学校、老师、学生对其重视程度都不够,学生的学习积极性不高,所以,实际教学效果不是很理想。 教学模式单一,教学手段落后。目前,测绘专业英语在各高校普遍采用的教学模式主要是“语言分析+阅读+翻译”。由老师逐句对课文内容进行翻译,对课文中涉及到的专业词汇进行重点讲解,对较复杂的句子进行单独分析。这种模式的教学有助于学生掌握一定语言知识和翻译技能,提高学生专业文献阅读的能力。但在实际教学过程中,该教学模式沿用传统的以教师为中心的语法翻译教学法,教师主宰整个课堂,学生是被动的知识接受者,学生学习兴趣不高,未能达到培养和提高学生实际运用英语语言能力的目的。教学中很少应用现代教育技术,对有助于提高教学质量的录音、录像、网络及多媒体课件等的使用和推广力度不够,影响综合能力的培养和提高。 教学师资不足,教师能力有限。教师能力问题也是制约测绘专业英语发展的一个重要因素。现有的测绘专业英语的教师,除个别有条件的学校聘请外教,绝大部分都是专业课教师兼任。专业课教师的专业知识较强,但未经过专门的英语教学训练和口语训练,缺乏用英语授课的能力,并且其教学水平参差不齐,在很大程度上影响了教学质量。而学校对教师进修的政策不够宽松,资金帮助少,教师缺少进修和提高的机会,这在一定程度上影响了专业英语的教学和科研的质量。 教材陈旧。目前,测绘工程专业英语使用的教材主要是尹晖编著的2005年武汉大学出版社出版的《测绘工程专业英语》和曲建光编著的1996年测绘出版社出版的《测绘工程专业英语》。教材内容不能与同时进行的专业课学习内容同步,不能跟踪世界前沿领域的动态。现在数字化测图已经得到普及,GPS已得到广泛应用,而教材还在教授经纬仪平板测量、圆水准器整平原理等知识,这显然无法激发学生的学习兴趣,也达不到课程设置的目的。另外,随着测绘科技的飞速发展,与国际接轨的脚步日益加快,测绘领域产生了许多新的术语,比如“Grid GIS”“INSAR”“CORS”等,需要学生有所了解,但是由于教材的陈旧,大多数学生无法知道这些术语的含义。再者,教材还在一定程度上存在知识面狭窄的情况,仅仅局限在测量学以及工程测量方面,没有扩大到整个测绘类学科,这对学生开阔专业视野不利。 三、测绘专业英语教学方法改革建议 针对测绘专业英语教学存在的问题,高等院校需要采取有效手段和措施,进行必要的改革。对此,笔者进行了广泛的调研,并结合自身的教学经验,在测绘专业英语教学改革方面给出以下几点建议: 变更教学模式。改变传统的以教师为中心“阅读+翻译”的模式,突出学生在教学实践活动中的主体地位。教师重在启发、引导,让学生由被动的接受转为主动的学习,为学生创造足够多的语言实践、交流的空间和时间。 采用双语教学。教师在课堂上要尽可能采用双语教学。根据段落、句子的难易程度和学生的接受能力,采用双语教学可以达到更好的教学和学习效果。如在讲解翻译的技巧、分析句子成分、讨论同一词在专业英语和普通英语中的区别和联系时,尽量使用英语,以提高学生的听力水平、运用英语思维的能力和理解能力。 改进教学内容。由于目前测绘专业英语的课本过于陈旧,无法跟上现代测绘的步伐,亟待选用新的教材。然而,目前还没有比较新的、与测绘技术发展同步的教材。因此,笔者建议教师在讲解教材内容的基础上,下载测绘领域的前沿资料给学生讲解,以激发学生的兴趣并拓宽他们的视野和知识面。另外,考虑到学生将来工作和继续深造的需要,教师要讲解一些论文摘要及内容的翻译及写作技巧和注意事项等,并教会学生查阅、记录和使用英文文献的方法。 设计专题讨论,学以致用。为活跃课堂气氛、充分调动学生学习的积极性和主动性,教师要设计一些能与学生形成良好互动的课堂环节,如:开展专题讨论,教师根据授课内容并结合当前测绘技术的发展现状,提出几个讨论专题,让学生根据自己的兴趣进行咨询和选题,查阅相关的英文文献,形成研究报告,并将自己所查阅和研究的专题的主要内容制成PowerPoint进行交流,展开讨论,教师做最终的小结和点评,对比较出色的学生进行适当的物质和精神奖励。这样既能提高学生自主学习和实践创新的能力,又锻炼了他们语言组织和表达的能力,同时还能达到使学生拥有理论联系实际、学以致用等能力的效果。经过笔者亲身的教学实践体会,效果良好。 利用多媒体教学。教师在授课过程中要充分利用多媒体和现代化的教育技术,以提高测绘专业英语的教学质量。如:配合授课内容,给学生播放一些与之相关的英文视频片段,并让学生讲解翻译视频资料中的内容。这样可以一并锻炼学生的听、说、译等能力。 改革考核方式。测绘专业英语的课程性质是考查课,笔者认为其考核方式应突出能力测评,以学生的语言综合应用能力为出发点,建立多元化评价体系。如:除了对重点的专业词汇、表达方式进行测验以外,平时课堂表现应该占相当一部分比重,在课程结束之际,教师可以选择合适的外文文章若干,让学生翻译,译文质量高低也占考核成绩的一部分。教师根据学生以上三部分的综合表现评定最终成绩。 三、结束语 为了培养和提高学生的专业英语综合应用能力,特别是听、说、译的能力,使他们在今后走上工作岗位时或继续深造的过程中,能有效地进行口头和书面的信息交流,以适应测绘技术的发展和国际交流合作的需要,本文指出了目前测绘专业英语教学中存在的一些问题和不足,并有针对性地提出了一些改革的建议,希望能对同行有所帮助。由于笔者知识和经验有限,文中观点有片面和不妥之处,恳请广大师生与业界人士批评指正。
英汉汉英测绘专业词汇手册(English-Chinese-English Vocabulary Handbook for Geomatics Engineering)高等学校测绘工程系列教材•测绘工程专业英语 尹晖 (编者) 测绘专业英语 曲建光测绘学专业英语 杨维芳, 韩惠, 闫浩文