google scholar （谷歌学术）可以找到你键入的任何你感兴趣的课题、撰稿人在各个年份的不同文章。
1、可以了解经济学研究的现状，使自己的研究站在巨人的肩膀上。2、可以学到经济学新的思想和知识。3、可以发现经济学研究的新趋势、新热点。4、从他人研究中凝练你自己的研究选题。
Jstor西文文献阅览
可参考以下外文文献衔接地址，也许对你的论文写作会有所帮助 国外区域经济网址经济地理网站(International Trade, Geography and Specialisation: Empirical Evidence):外文文献搜索 世界顶级的城市经济学家J VERNON HENDERSON 网址: 上面有很多论文资料,且有区域经济学手册可阅读下载国外的著作代表性成果: boardID=92527&ID=51593区域经济学的书单: boardID=92527&ID=44276
中国加入世贸组织之后经历了高增长低通胀黄金5年，然而从06年下半年开始地产出现泡沫，通胀开始抬头，股市奔腾向前，大批热钱涌入，国内货币流动性过剩，而人民银行不断调高利息，效果却是杯水车薪（调高利息虽然可以减少银行放贷，但直接加速人民币升值，更多热钱流入，对冲了调控效果）中国经济出现了严重的过热（严重过热是我个人说法）。经济转型势在必行。 中央政府的十一五计划中有增加农民收入这条，意味着低廉的农产品时代已经过去，农产品涨价将长期存在，直到回归到真正的市场价值（过去政府一直压低农产品价格以执行以农补工的政策）2007年初，以猪肉价格上涨为导火索的全面通胀拉开序幕，从而最终导致了整个劳动力成本上升，加之人民币升值，使东南沿海地区低附加值加工业无法生存，迫使企业向中高附加值加工转型，这样也许过个三五年的阵痛期，中国经济在突破了这个瓶颈这后会继续飞速向前。 然而国际形势的发展确给国内过热的情况又添了把油。07到08年上半年，铁矿石，石油，大豆，几乎中国需要进口战略性资源全部大幅上涨，这里的上涨不全都是市场供求的体现，2004年中国豆内加工企业要去美国采购大豆，芝加哥商品交易所的黄豆价格在短时间内翻番，随着采购的结束，其价格便大幅回落，中国企业为此损失巨大。石油价格在世界经济衰退预期明显的情况下仍然涨到了近150美元每桶（中国对外石油依存度为50%）,其中必然有大的利益集团在幕后操纵（具体情况下次更新）。在这种情况下国内形势不容乐观。 China's accession to the WTO has experienced high growth and low inflation gold 5 years, however, start from the second half of 2006 real estate bubble, inflation began to rise, the stock market Pentium forward, a large number of hot money influx of excess liquidity in domestic currency, while the people the constant increase in bank interest rates, the effect is a drop in the ocean (although the increase in interest rates can be reduced bank lending, but directly to accelerate the appreciation of the renminbi, more hot money flows, hedge effectiveness of the regulation and control) of China's economic emergence of a serious overheating (Severe overheating is my personal argument) Imperative of economic Central government's Eleventh Five-Year Plan has increased the income of the farmers this means that low-cost agricultural products is over time, agricultural prices will exist for a long time, until the return to the real market value (In the past the Government has been suppressing the prices of agricultural products to farmers up to perform Public policy) early in 2007 to pork prices for the fuse of a comprehensive inflation began, thus finally led to a rise in the cost of the entire labor force, coupled with the appreciation of the renminbi to the southeast coastal areas with low value-added processing industry can not survive, forcing enterprises Medium to high value-added processing in transition, so too may be a painful period in 2035, China's economy broke through the bottleneck at the latter will continue to move forward However, development of the international situation does give domestic overheating adds to the 07-08 in the first half, iron ore, oil, soybeans, China needs to import almost all the significant increases in strategic resources, where prices are incomplete manifestation of market supply and demand in 2004, Chinese soybean processing enterprises in the procurement of soybean to go to the United States, Chicago Mercantile Exchange, the soybean price doubled in a short time, with the procurement of the end of its price will have fallen very sharply, Chinese companies a huge loss for this Oil prices in the world economic recession is expected to significantly despite a rise to near 150 US dollars per barrel (China's foreign oil dependence to 50%), one of the inevitable big interest groups have manipulated behind the scenes (the specific circumstances of the next update) In this case the domestic situation is not 所幸的是还没等中国热的喘不过气，美国就倒下了，全球经济前景史无前例的黯淡，几乎所有的大宗商品价格都回落到06年以前的水平，石油价格更是低估到40美元每桶，国外消费市场的低迷更是增加了扩大内需的决心，使国内居民能真正享受到自己的劳动果实（而不是借给美国人）短期来看，失业短期增多，但经济的转型必然带来失业，但从长期来看低增长低通涨要比低增长高通胀要好的多（实际上中国09年增长率也会相当的高，至少7%） 股市从6000点跌到2000点以下这段过程（不讨论操纵，黑幕），这时也许大家会说没有赢家，其实赢家就是所有没有炒股但有大批现金的人，这些人未来不一定能赚，但至少有这个机会，而且机会相当的大。08年前中国人想买什么什么涨，中投，中铝，平安的海外投资都浮亏大半，但没关系，现在机会来了，手握2万亿美元储备的中国人到底能买入多少廉价的资产，就要看看这些当权者的本事了（PS：不要对中国平安的表现有所希望因为平安老总马明哲手拿6600万年薪但毫无战略眼光。200多亿亏的不到10亿，现在却畏缩不前） 以上是从仅经济角度来看金融危机给中国带来的好处。而政治上，军事上带来的利益可能无法用数字来表示。 Fortunately, the Chinese are not such as the hot breath, the United States fell, an unprecedented global economic outlook bleak, almost all of the bulk commodity prices are back down to 2006 levels, oil prices are underestimated to 40 US dollars a barrel, foreign consumer market downturn is an increase of expanding domestic demand is determined, so that domestic residents can really enjoy the fruits of their labor (rather than lend American) the short term, short-term increase in unemployment, but the restructuring of the economy will inevitably bring to unemployment, but in the long term low inflation and low growth than low growth and high inflation to well many (in fact 09 annual growth rate of China will still be very high, at least 7%) The stock market dropped 2000 points from 6000 points, following this process (not to discuss the manipulation, dark), then maybe everyone will say there are no winners, in fact, is that all there is no winner stocks but there is a large number of people in cash, these people do not necessarily earn the future, But at least there is this opportunity, but the chances are fairly China before 2008, what to buy, what up, cast, aluminum, safety of overseas investment are most浮亏, but no matter, and now the opportunity to come, holding reserves of 2 trillion US dollars in the end China will buy the number of low-cost assets, we have to look at the ability of those in power (PS: not to the safety of China's performance manager hoped that because Ma Mingzhe Ping'an 66 million annual salary in hand but there is no strategic more than 200 billion deficit to less than one billion , but now they are vine) The above is only an economic point of view from the financial crisis give the benefits of C The political and military benefits may not be able to use figures to
纯英文的行不行啊？
1 作者：CWS题目：Economics and Ethics:THe case of Salomon Brothers出处：Journal of Applied Corporate Finance 5(Summer 1992),PP23-2 作者：JBrickley, CWSJR, and JZimmerman,题目：Ethics,Incentives,and Organizational Design出处：Journal of Applied Corporate Finance 7(summer 1994)PP8-19
建议你使用google直接搜索英文的关键字，可以直接找到英文版的。 另外可以查找香港类似的网站或报道，一般会带有中英两个版本， 就不会出现翻译的问题。再者国内的一些大型官方网站也都附带了英文的界面。
-11-26/htmlpdf类的，自己去下载!
1、可以了解经济学研究的现状，使自己的研究站在巨人的肩膀上。2、可以学到经济学新的思想和知识。3、可以发现经济学研究的新趋势、新热点。4、从他人研究中凝练你自己的研究选题。
google scholar （谷歌学术）可以找到你键入的任何你感兴趣的课题、撰稿人在各个年份的不同文章。
各大智库中心 和国外的著名经济类网站
纯英文的行不行啊？
30分太少了 给我三个200分帮你搞
-11-26/htmlpdf类的，自己去下载!
-11-26/htmlpdf类的，自己去下载!
Exchange rateIn finance, the exchange rates (also known as the foreign-exchange rate, forex rate or FX rate) between two currencies specifies how much one currency is worth in terms of the For example an exchange rate of 102 Japanese yen (JPY, ¥) to the United States dollar (USD, $) means that JPY 102 is worth the same as USD The foreign exchange market is one of the largest markets in the By some estimates, about 2 trillion USD worth of currency changes hands every The spot exchange rate refers to the current exchange The forward exchange rate refers to an exchange rate that is quoted and traded today but for delivery and payment on a specific future QuotationsAn exchange rate quotation is given by stating the number of units of "term currency" or "price currency" that can be bought in terms of 1 unit currency (also called base currency) For example, in a quotation that says the EURUSD exchange rate is 3 (3 USD per EUR), the term currency is USD and the base currency is EURThere is a market convention that determines which is the base currency and which is the term In most parts of the world, the order is:EUR - GBP - AUD - USD - *** (where *** is any other currency)Thus if you are doing a conversion from EUR into AUD, EUR is the base currency, AUD is the term currency and the exchange rate tells you how many Australian dollars you would pay or receive for 1 Cyprus and Malta which were quoted as the base to the USD and *** were recently removed from this list when they joined the In some areas of Europe and in the non-professional market in the UK, EUR and GBP are reversed so that GBP is quoted as the base currency to the In order to determine which is the base currency where both currencies are not listed ( both are ***), market convention is to use the base currency which gives an exchange rate greater than This avoids rounding issues and exchange rates being quoted to more than 4 decimal There are some exceptions to this rule the Japanese often quote their currency as the base to other Quotes using a country's home currency as the price currency (, EUR 00 = $45 in the US) are known as direct quotation or price quotation (from that country's perspective) ([1]) and are used by most Quotes using a country's home currency as the unit currency (, £4762 = $00 in the US) are known as indirect quotation or quantity quotation and are used in British newspapers and are also common in Australia, New Zealand and the direct quotation: 1 foreign currency unit = x home currency units indirect quotation: 1 home currency unit = x foreign currency units Note that, using direct quotation, if the home currency is strengthening (, appreciating, or becoming more valuable) then the exchange rate number Conversely if the foreign currency is strengthening, the exchange rate number increases and the home currency is When looking at a currency pair such as EURUSD, the first component (EUR in this case) will be called the base The second is called the term For example : EURUSD = 33866, means EUR is the base and USD the term, so 1 EUR = 33866 USDCurrency pairs are often incorrectly quoted with a "/" (forward slash) In fact if the slash is inserted, the order of the currencies should be This gives the exchange if EUR1 is worth USD35, euro is the base currency and dollar is the term currency so the exchange rate is stated EURUSD or USD/EUR To get the exchange rate divide the USD amount by the euro amount 35/00 = 35Market convention from the early 1980s to 2006 was that most currency pairs were quoted to 4 decimal places for spot transactions and up to 6 decimal places for forward outrights or (The fourth decimal place is usually referred to as a "") An exception to this was exchange rates with a value of less than 000 which were usually quoted to 5 or 6 decimal Although there is no fixed rule, exchange rates with a value greater than around 20 were usually quoted to 3 decimal places and currencies with a value greater than 80 were quoted to 2 decimal Currencies over 5000 were usually quoted with no decimal places ( the former Turkish Lira) (GBPOMR : 765432 - EURUSD : 3386 - GBPBEF : 234 - EURJPY : 29) In other words, quotes are given with 5 Where rates are below 1, quotes frequently include 5 decimal In 2006 Barclays Capital broke with convention by offering spot exchange rates with 5 or 6 decimal The contraction of spreads (the difference between the bid and offer rates) arguably necessitated finer pricing and gave the banks the ability to try and win transaction on multibank trading platforms where all banks may otherwise have been quoting the same A number of other banks have now followed Free or peggedMain article: Exchange rate regimeIf a currency is free-floating, its exchange rate is allowed to vary against that of other currencies and is determined by the market forces of supply and Exchange rates for such currencies are likely to change almost constantly as quoted on financial markets, mainly by banks, around the A movable or adjustable peg system is a system of fixed exchange rates, but with a provision for the devaluation of a For example, between 1994 and 2005, the Chinese yuan renminbi (RMB) was pegged to the United States dollar at RMB 2768 to $ China was not the only country to do this; from the end of World War II until 1966, Western European countries all maintained fixed exchange rates with the US dollar based on the Bretton Woods [2]Nominal and real exchange ratesThe nominal exchange rate e is the price in domestic currency of one unit of a foreign The real exchange rate (RER) is defined as , where P is the domestic price level and P * the foreign price P and P * must have the same arbitrary value in some chosen base Hence in the base year, RER = The RER is only a theoretical In practice, there are many foreign currencies and price level values to take into Correspondingly, the model calculations become increasingly more Furthermore, the model is based on purchasing power parity (PPP), which implies a constant RER The empirical determination of a constant RER value could never be realised, due to limitations on data PPP would imply that the RER is the rate at which an organization can trade goods and services of one economy ( country) for those of For example, if the price of a good increases 10% in the UK, and the Japanese currency simultaneously appreciates 10% against the UK currency, then the price of the good remains constant for someone in J The people in the UK, however, would still have to deal with the 10% increase in domestic It is also worth mentioning that government-enacted tariffs can affect the actual rate of exchange, helping to reduce price PPP appears to hold only in the long term (3–5 years) when prices eventually correct towards More recent approaches in modelling the RER employ a set of macroeconomic variables, such as relative productivity and the real interest rate Bilateral vs effective exchange rateBilateral exchange rate involves a currency pair, while effective exchange rate is weighted average of a basket of foreign currencies, and it can be viewed as an overall measure of the country's external A nominal effective exchange rate (NEER) is weighted with trade a real effective exchange rate (REER) adjust NEER by appropriate foreign price level and deflates by the home country price Compared to NEER, a GDP weighted effective exchange rate might be more appropriate considering the global investment Uncovered interest rate paritySee also: Interest rate parity#Uncovered interest rate parity Uncovered interest rate parity (UIRP) states that an appreciation or depreciation of one currency against another currency might be neutralized by a change in the interest rate If US interest rates exceed Japanese interest rates then the US dollar should depreciate against the Japanese yen by an amount that prevents The future exchange rate is reflected into the forward exchange rate stated In our example, the forward exchange rate of the dollar is said to be at a discount because it buys fewer Japanese yen in the forward rate than it does in the spot The yen is said to be at a UIRP showed no proof of working after Contrary to the theory, currencies with high interest rates characteristically appreciated rather than depreciated on the reward of the containment of inflation and a higher-yielding Balance of payments modelThis model holds that a foreign exchange rate must be at its equilibrium level - the rate which produces a stable current account A nation with a trade deficit will experience reduction in its foreign exchange reserves which ultimately lowers (depreciates) the value of its The cheaper currency renders the nation's goods (exports) more affordable in the global market place while making imports more After an intermediate period, imports are forced down and exports rise, thus stabilizing the trade balance and the currency towards Like PPP, the balance of payments model focuses largely on tradable goods and services, ignoring the increasing role of global capital In other words, money is not only chasing goods and services, but to a larger extent, financial assets such as stocks and Their flows go into the capital account item of the balance of payments, thus, balancing the deficit in the current The increase in capital flows has given rise to the asset market Asset market modelSee also: Capital asset pricing model The explosion in trading of financial assets (stocks and bonds) has reshaped the way analysts and traders look at Economic variables such as economic growth, inflation and productivity are no longer the only drivers of currency The proportion of foreign exchange transactions stemming from cross border-trading of financial assets has dwarfed the extent of currency transactions generated from trading in goods and The asset market approach views currencies as asset prices traded in an efficient financial Consequently, currencies are increasingly demonstrating a strong correlation with other markets, particularly Like the stock exchange, money can be made or lost on the foreign exchange market by investors and speculators buying and selling at the right Currencies can be traded at spot and foreign exchange options The spot market represents current exchange rates, whereas options are derivatives of exchange Fluctuations in exchange ratesA market based exchange rate will change whenever the values of either of the two component currencies A currency will tend to become more valuable whenever demand for it is greater than the available It will become less valuable whenever demand is less than available supply (this does not mean people no longer want money, it just means they prefer holding their wealth in some other form, possibly another currency)Increased demand for a currency is due to either an increased transaction demand for money, or an increased speculative demand for The transaction demand for money is highly correlated to the country's level of business activity, gross domestic product (GDP), and employment The more people there are unemployed, the less the public as a whole will spend on goods and Central banks typically have little difficulty adjusting the available money supply to accommodate changes in the demand for money due to business The speculative demand for money is much harder for a central bank to accommodate but they try to do this by adjusting interest An investor may choose to buy a currency if the return (that is the interest rate) is high The higher a country's interest rates, the greater the demand for that It has been argued that currency speculation can undermine real economic growth, in particular since large currency speculators may deliberately create downward pressure on a currency in order to force that central bank to sell their currency to keep it stable (once this happens, the speculator can buy the currency back from the bank at a lower price, close out their position, and thereby take a profit)In choosing what type of asset to is officially pegged, synthetic markets have emerged that can behave as if the yuan were floating)汇率在经济学上，汇率定义为两国货币之间兑换的比例。通常会将某一国的货币设为基准，以此换算金额价值他国几元的货币。在英文使用方面，有时简写为FX，此为外国货币Foreign Exchange的简写。通俗的说，是一国货币单位兑换他国货币单位的比率，也可以说是用一国货币表示的另一国货币的价格。汇率的特性在于它多半是浮动的比率。只要货币能够透过汇率自由交换，依交换量的多寡，就会影响隔天的汇率，因此，有人也以赚汇差营利，今日以较低的比率购进某一外币，隔日等到较高的比率出现时，再转手卖出。所以有时汇率也能看出一个国家的经济状况。了解外汇也能看出这个国家的出口贸易状况。交叉汇率所谓交叉汇率是指两种不同货币之间的价格关系，两个国家之间的货币汇兑是利用各自对美元的汇率套算得出。举例来看，若一美元可分别兑换8112欧元、28日圆，则欧元兑日圆的交叉汇率为71（= 28/8112）。
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