我毕业设计的时候翻译过英文论文，不过只有3000字，不知道行不行，如果需要给我发信息。
有一篇施工监控的论文，你查收一下吧，希望对你有用！
已经发到你邮箱。
刚好我也在做毕业设计 把我的给你用吧！ Traditional Construction ProceduresAs mentioned before, construction under the traditional construction procedure is performed by While they would like to satisfy the owner and the building designers, contractors have the main objective of making a Hence, their initial task is to prepare a bid price based on an accurate estimate of construction This requires development of a concept for performance of the work and a construction time After a contract has been awarded, contractors must furnish and pay for all materials, equipment, power, labor, and supervision required for The owner compensates the contractors for construction costs and A general contractor assumes overall responsibility for construction of a The contractor engages subcontractors who take responsibility for the work of the various trades required for For example, a plumbing contractor installs the plumbing, an electrical contractor installs the electrical system, and an elevator contractor installs Their contracts are with the general contractor, and they are paid by the general Sometimes, in addition to a general contractor, the owner contracts separately with specialty contractors, such as electrical and mechanical contractors, who perform a substantial amount of the work require for a Such contractors are called prime Their work is scheduled and coordinated by the general contractor, but they are paid directly by the Sometimes also, the owner may use the design-build method and award a contract to an organization for both the design and construction of a Such organizations are called design-build One variation of this type of contract is employed by developers of groups of one-family homes or low-rise apartment The homebuilder designs and constructs the dwellings, but the design is substantially completed before owners purchase the Administration of the construction procedure often is Consequently, some owners seek assistance from an expert, called a professional construction manager, with extensive construction experience, who receives a The construction manager negotiates with general contractors and helps select one to construct the Managers usually also supervise selection of During construction, they help control costs, expedite equipment and material deliveries, and keep the work on In some cases, instead, the owner may prefer o engage a construction program manager, to assist in administrating both design and Construction contractors employ labor that may or may not be Unionized craftspeople are members of unions that are organized by construction trades, such as carpenter, plumber, and electrician unions, Union members will perform only the work assigned to their During construction, all work should be For this purpose, the owner, often through the architect and consultants, engages The field inspectors may be placed under the control of an owner’s representative, who may be titled clerk of the works, architect’s superintendent, engineer’s superintendent, or resident The inspectors have the responsibility of ensuring that construction meets the requirements of the contract documents and is performed under safe Such inspections may be made at frequent In addition, inspections also are made by representatives of one or more governmental They have the responsibility of ensuring that construction meets legal requirements and have little or no concern with detailed conformance with the contract Such legal inspections are made periodically or at the end of certain stages of One agency that will make frequent inspections is the local or state building department, whichever has The purpose of these inspections is to ensure conformance with the local or state building Following is a description of the basic traditional construction procedure for a multistory After the award of a construction contract to a general contractor, the owner may ask the contractor to start a portion of the work before signing of the contract by giving the contractor a letter of intent or after signing of the contract by issuing a written notice to The contractor then obtains construction permits, as required, form governmental agencies, such as the local building, water, sewer, and highway The general contractor plans and schedules construction operations in detail and mobilizes equipment and personnel for the Subcontractors are notified of the contract award and issued letters of intent or awarded subcontracts, then are given, at appropriate times, notices to Before construction starts, the general contractor orders a survey to be made of adjacent structures and terrain, both for the record and to become knowledgeable of local A survey is then made to lay out Field offices for the contractor are erected on or near the If desirable for safety reasons to protect passersby, the required to be removed from the site are demolished and the debris is carted Next, the site is prepared to receive the This work may involve grading the top surface to bring it to the proper elevations, excavating to required depths for basement and foundations, and shifting of utility For deep excavations, earth sides are braced and the bottom is Major construction starts with the placement of foundations, on which the building This is followed by the erection of load-bearing walls and structural Depending on the height of the building, ladders, stairs, or elevators may be installed to enable construction personnel to travel from floor to floor eventually to the Also, hoists may be installed to lift materials to upper If needed, temporary flooring may be placed for use of As the building rises, pipes, ducts, and electric conduit and wiring are Then, permanent floors, exterior walls, and windows are At the appropriate time, permanent elevators are If required, fireproofing is placed for steel Next, fixed partitions are built and the roof and its covering are put is place,Finishing operations There include installation of the following: ceilings; tile; wallboard; wall paneling; plumbing fixtures; heating furnaces; air-conditioning equipment; heating and cooling devices for rooms; escalators; floor coverings; window glass; movable partitions; doors; finishing hardware; electrical equipment and apparatus, including lighting fixtures, switches, transformers, and controls; and other items called for in the drawings and Field offices, fences, bridges, and other temporary construction must be removed from the Utilities, such as gas, electricity, and water, are hooked up to the The sit is landscaped and Finally, the building interior is painted and The owner’s representatives then give the building a final If they find that the structure conforms with the contract documents, the owner accepts the project and gives the general contractor final payment on issuance by the building department of a certificate of occupancy, which indicates that the completed building meets building-code 传统的施工程序众所周知，在传统的施工程序中进行施工的承包商。尽管他们想满足业主和建筑设计师的要求，但是最终还是以赚取利润为主要目标的。因此，他们最初的任务是对编写投标价格的建筑成本进行准确的估计。这就需要进行前期调查的工作并且做出施工时间表。等合约批出后，施工方必须提供所有材料并支付其费用，设备，电力，劳动力。业主此时需要进行必要的监督。一个总承包商承担一个建筑整体的责任。从事分包的承建商则需承担建造工程所需的各个工作。例如，管道承包商安装水管，电业承办商安装电气系统，电梯则由电梯承包商安装。他们与总承包商签订合同，费用由总承包商支付。有时候，除了一个总承包商，还有各种专业承包商，如电气和机械承包商，执行工作时需要与业主签订合同。这种承包商被称为间接承包商。他们的工作，由总承包商协调，但它们都是由业主直接联系。还有些时候，业主可以使用设计建造方法同时兼有设计和建筑施工单位的职能。这些单位被称为设计建造承包商。这方面的一个类型的合同聘用的变化是由一户住宅或低层住宅建筑群的开发。在房屋建筑设计和建造的住房，但设计之前需要由购买房屋的业主完成。施工过程管理往往是困难的。因此，一些业主会去寻求专家的协助，这些专家被称为专业施工经理，他们具有丰富的施工经验。施工经理与总承包商进行谈判，并选择其中一个项目。施工经理通常还监督分包商。在施工期间，它们有助于控制成本，加快运送设备和材料，并保持工作的进度。在依法行政，协助设计和建设的情况下，业主可以选择从事建筑项目经理。建筑承包商雇用的劳动力，一般有大工和小工。大工再建筑工程中从事技术活，如木工，管道工，工会成员和电工工会，小工则执行了分配给他们的工作。在施工期间，一切工作都要验收。因此，业主通过建筑师和监理经常进行督查。可能是名为工程员，建筑师或驻地工程师。作为业主的代表实地视察。核查人员必须确保工程符合合同文件的要求，并在安全的条件下进行的责任。这种检查可作出重复。此外，验收还是需要一个或多个政府机构的代表。他们必须确保工程符合法律要求，并负责检查与合同文件是否一致。这种视察一般定期或在某些阶段施工结束以后进行。地方或国家建设部门具有管辖权。这些检查的目的是确保符合当地或国家的建筑规范。以下是传统多层建筑施工的基本程序。建造开始后合同授予开发商，业主可要求开发商开始施工之前签约给或之后签约发出书面通知的同时另一部分工作继续进行。紧接着施工方根据需要获取建筑许可证，例如当地的建设，供水，污水处理，政府机构和公路部门。总承包商的计划和进度详细施工作业以及动员项目设备和人员。分包商得到通知后，做出签订合同的意向或授予分包合同书，然后给出在适当的时候进行通知。在施工前启动，总承包商要进行的一项调查就是邻近结构和地形，这些都要记录在案，并要熟悉当地情况。这项调查结束以后，随即进行布局建设。承建商的现场办事处都建在施工现场或附近。为了安全起见，必须从脚手架上移除的东西，产生的碎片都要运走。下一步，该网架是为建设工程准备的。这项工作为地下室开挖和基础开挖的深度，以及公用事业管道转移找到正确的标高。深挖掘，土方支撑，底部排出。建筑开始于基础上，然后是承重墙和结构框架的施工。梯子，楼梯，或电梯的安装，可让施工人员往返于各个楼层。此外，可安装卷扬机来运送材料。由于建筑高度的上升，管道，电力管道和线路安装以及永久地板，外墙，窗户和构造的影响。在适当的时候，永久的电梯安装。再需要的情况下可以安装防火卷帘。其次，屋顶等地方也需要安装。精加工工序安装有包括以下内容：天花板，瓷砖，墙板，墙壁镶板，水管装置，加热炉，空气调节设备，加热和冷却室装置;自动扶梯;地板，窗户玻璃;活动板，门;电气设备和仪器，包括照明灯具，开关，变压器，控制器，遵照项目的图纸和规格。外地办事处，围栏，桥梁和其他临时建筑，公共设备，如天然气，电力管道，水管，都连接到建筑上。最后，是建筑物内部的打扫和清洗。业主的代表，会给建设工程作最后检查。如果他们满意并认为符合合同文件，那么业主接受该项目，并交给总承包商的一个占用证书，这表明，总承包商已完成建设，建设部门再根据建筑规范的要求发放最后付款。请采纳。
外文原文可以去检索下载中文要自己搞定了～～～还有疑问联系我
[1] Allen H G and Bulson P SBackground to Bucking London Mcraw-Hill(UK) 1980 [2] D I Keli Lan Yang A Project Management Strategy and I China Machine Press 2002 (The first edition)
以下即可《施工技术》投稿正刊格式要求：为了进一步提高《施工技术》杂志质量，现对题名、作者署名、中英文摘要、关键词、第一作者简介、插图、表格、参考文献的格式做统一说明。 题名 1）字数：20字以内。 2）中文题名：可以反映出论文中特定的内容，是简明词语的逻辑组合。 3）英文题名：以短语为主要形式，尤其以名词短语最为常见。且每个实词的首字母大写， 虚词小写（超过4 个字母的虚词首字母大写）。 4）不得使用非公知公用、同行不熟悉的外来语、缩写词、符号、代号和商品名称。 作者署名 1）作者单位：准确列出所在单位的全称和英文名称。高校老师单位写到二级单位。例如： 同济大学土木工程学院。 2）一个作者只能列出一个所在单位。 3）作者的英文署名满足汉语拼音格式。例如：Zhang K 中文摘要 1）字数：150～200。 2）内容：包括研究背景、研究方法、研究内容、研究结果。力求结构严谨、表达简明。 语义确切。3）用第三人称。建议采用“对……进行了研究” ， “介绍了……技术” 、 “得出了……结论”等记述方法标明一次文献的性质和文献主题，不必使用“本文” 、 “作者”等作为主语。 4）使用规范化的名词术语，不得使用非公知的符号和术语。 英文摘要 1）字数：150～200。 2）内容：做到对中文摘要转译的准确性和简洁性。 3）常用一般现在时、一般过去时。 关键词 1）一般采用3～6 个关键词 2）经过规范化的词或词组，不得使用非公知的符号和术语。 第一作者简介 1）包括：姓名、单位、职务、职称、通邮地址、邮政编码、联系电话、E-mail。 例如： [作者简介]王新华，温州中城建设集团有限公司高级工程师，国家一级注册建造师，温州市将军桥长城大厦2 层 325005，电话：(0577)88526770, E-mail: 2）请确保以上信息的正确性。由于以上信息将公开出版，作者有权选择保护隐私权的联系方式。但请在文章后面提供作者手机，以便及时和作者保持联系。本刊会严格为其保密。 插图 1）作为文字的辅助说明。 2）插图的图名须相应的做英语转译。例如： 图1 施工过程仿真控制面板 F1 Control panel for construction 表格 1）作为文字的辅助说明。 2）表格的名称须相应的做英语转译。例如： 表1 各桅杆底座中心坐标测量结果 Table 1 Measurement results of control coordinates in mast bases 参考文献 1）最必要、最新的文献。 2）公开发表的文献。 3）采用标准化格式。 例如：(依次列出常用的图书、杂志、规范、论文集和毕业论文的格式) [1] 江正荣 建筑地基与基础施工手册[M]北京：中国建筑工业出版社， [2] 周黎光,仝为民,杜彦凯,等 中国石油大厦双向张弦梁工程预应力施工技术[J]施工技术， 2008，37(3) [3] 冶金工业部建筑研究总院 GB50205-2001 钢结构工程施工质量验收规范[S]北京： 中国计划出版社， [4] 刘鹏伟，邓开国 空间结构 12 汶川地震震害初步调查[A]//第十二届空间结构学术会议论文集[C] 北京, 2008: 722- [5] 高恒大跨预应力张弦结构的试验研究及其ANSYS二次开发 [D]北京： 北京航空航天大学， 《施工技术》 杂志社 2009-8-2
backing up slowly, choosing to leave his gun trained on the man on the As Grouard inchedbackward, he could see the woman across the room raising her UV li
参考文献就是你所引用的文字的来源，比如参考《建筑施工手册》2015版 xx编著，谢谢
[1] Allen H G and Bulson P SBackground to Bucking London Mcraw-Hill(UK) 1980 [2] D I Keli Lan Yang A Project Management Strategy and I China Machine Press 2002 (The first edition)
1论文—题目土木工程论文都有题目，不能“无题”。论文题目一般20字左右。题目大小应与内容符合，尽量不设副题。论文题目都用直叙口气，不用惊叹号或问号。2论文—署名土木工程论文应该署真名和真实的工作单位。主要体现责任、成果归属并便于后人追踪研究。严格意义上的论文作者是指对选题、论证、查阅文献、方案设计、建立方法、实验操作、整理资料、归纳总结、撰写成文等全过程负责的人，应该是能解答论文的有关问题者。3论文—引言论文引人入胜之言，很重要，要写好。一段好的论文引言常能使读者明白你这份工作的发展历程和在这一研究方向中的位置。要写出论文立题依据、基础、背景、研究目的。4论文—材料和方法 按规定如实写出实验对象、器材、动物和试剂及其规格，写出实验方法、指标、判断标准等，写出实验设计、分组、统计方法等。5论文—实验结果 应高度归纳，精心分析，合乎逻辑地铺述。应该去粗取精，去伪存真，但不能因不符合自己的意图而主观取舍，更不能弄虚作假。6论文—讨论 是论文中比较重要，也是比较难写的一部分。应统观全局，抓住主要的有争议问题，从感性认识提高到理性认识进行论说。要对实验结果作出分析、推理，而不要重复叙述实验结果。7论文—结语或结论 论文的结语应写出明确可靠的结果，写出确凿的结论。论文的文字应简洁，可逐条写出。不要用“小结”之类含糊其辞的词。8论文—参考义献 这是论文中很重要、也是存在问题较多的一部分。列出论文参考文献的目的是让读者了解论文研究命题的来龙去脉，便于查找，同时也是尊重前人劳动，对自己的工作有准确的定位。9论文—致谢 论文的指导者、技术协助者、提供特殊试剂或器材者、经费资助者和提出过重要建议者都属于致谢对象。论文致谢应该是真诚的、实在的，不要庸俗化。10论文—摘要或提要：以200字左右简要地概括论文全文。常放篇首。论文摘要需精心撰写，有吸引力。要让读者看了论文摘要就像看到了论文的缩影，或者看了论文摘要就想继续看论文的有关部分。
[1] 章克凌，机械化施工组织与管理，机械工业出版社，2002版。[2] 邓学才，施工组织设计的编制与实施，中国建材工业出版社，2002版。[3] 黄展东，建筑施工组织与管理，中国环境科学出版社，2003版。[4] 吴根宝，建筑施工组织，中国建筑工业出版社，2001版。[5] 陈乃佑，建筑施工组织，机械工业出版社，2001版。[6] 林锷，预算与施工组织，中国建筑工业出版社，2003版。[7] 天津大学，土木工程施工，中国建筑工业出版社，2006版。[8] 江见鲸，建筑工程管理与实务，中国建筑工业出版社，2007版。[9] 孟新田，土木工程概预算与清单计价，高等教育出版社，2008版。[10] 丛培经，工程项目管理，中国建筑工业出版社，2008版。[11] 胡运权，运筹教程，清华大学出版社，2008版 我也是这个题目，看看行不？