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传承与嬗变-----美国浪漫主义文学浅说 浪漫主义思潮于1820年至1860年间在美国盛行。而此时欧洲的浪漫主义思潮已经趋于衰微，逐渐被现实主义思潮所代替。浪漫主义思潮在欧洲各国的发展也不尽相同，美国作为后起之秀对欧洲各国浪漫主义的吸纳表现出综合性的特征。在19世纪初期，英国浪漫主义诗歌曾在美国掀起一阵狂热，但是持续时间较短。20年代末德国浪漫主义思想经斯塔尔夫人、柯勒律治、托马斯�6�1卡莱尔的过滤介绍被美国大学学子视为经典，催生出美国浪漫主义的新生儿超验主义。然而超验主义对散文和诗歌的偏爱、对小说的排斥虽然代表了清教主义的正统思想，却不符合浪漫主义崇尚自由的思想，也无法吸引大众读者。此时随着美国经济的迅速发展，大众读者需要的是轻松、娱乐、想象性的读物，小说是他们的首选。美国作家面临艰难的处境：他们的作品既要拥有大量的读者，又要符合批评界的常识标准——真实。从洛克的经验哲学发展而来的常识哲学使得维护清教传统的美国人越发将事实和想象看成对立的两极，无法调和共存。美国小说家在创作过程中发现。他们无法创造绝对的真实，所以只能借助罗曼司已经获得的想象的诗学许可进行自由的创作。美国小说家对中世纪罗曼司中的爱情故事和超自然现象丝毫不感兴趣，他们唯一需要的是浪漫主义所崇尚的想象力和罗曼司所具有的自由表达想象的特权。浪漫主义时期开始于十八世纪末，到内战爆发为止，是美国文学史上最重要的时期。华盛顿�6�1欧文出版的《见闻札记》标志着美国文学的开端，惠特曼的《草叶集》[2、3、4]是浪漫主义时期文学的压卷之作。浪漫主义时期的文学是美国文学的繁荣时期，所以也称为“美国的文艺复兴。” 19世纪初，美国完全摆脱了对英国的依赖，以独立国家的身份进入世界政治舞台。这时期作家们跟英国浪漫主义作家一样，强调文学的想象力和感情色彩，反对古典主义的形式和观点，歌颂大自然，崇尚个人与普通人的思想感情，并且寻根问祖发幽古思情。美国社会的发展哺育了“一个伟大民族的文学”。年轻的美国没有历史的沉重包袱，很快在政治、经济和文化方面成长为一个独立的国家。这一时期也是美国历史上西部扩张时期，到1860年领土已开拓到太平洋西岸。到十九世纪中叶，美国已由原来的十三个州扩大到二十一个州，人口从1790年的四百万增至 1860年的三千万。在经济上，年轻的美国经历向工业的转化，影响所及不仅仅是城市，而且也包括农村。蒸汽动力在工、农业生产上的运用、工厂的建立、劳动力的大量需求以及科技上的发明创造使经济生活得到了重组。另外，大量移民促进了工业更加蓬勃的发展。政治上，民主与平等成为这个年轻国家的理想，产生了两党制。值得一提的是这个国家的文学和文化生活。随着独立的美国政府的成立，美国人民已感到需要有美国文学，表达美国人民所特有的经历:早期清教徒的殖民，与印第安人的遭遇，边疆开发者的生活以及西部荒原等。这个年轻国家的文学富有想象，已产生了一种文学环境。报刊杂志如雨后春笋，出现了一大批文学读者，形成了十九世纪上半叶蓬勃的浪漫主义的文学思潮。 外国的，尤其是英国的文学大师对美国作家产生了重大影响。美国作家由于秉承了与英国一样的文化传统，形成了同英国一样的浪漫主义风格。欧文 (Irving)、库柏(Cooper)，坡(Poe)，弗伦诺(Freneau)和布雷恩特(Bryant)一一反古典主义时期的文学样式和文学思潮， 开创了较新的小说和诗歌形式。这一时期大多数美国文学作品中，普遍强调文学的想象力和情感因素，注重生动的描写、异国情调的表达、感官的体会和对超自然力的描述。美国作家特别注意感情的自由表达和人物的心理描写。作品中的主人公富有敏感激动的特质。注重表现个人和普通人是这一时期作品的强烈倾向，几乎成了美国的信仰。富雷诺、布雷思特和库柏等人的作品对客观自然的描写有强烈的兴趣。富雷诺在"帝国的废墟"主题中对过去情景的描写绘声绘色，布雷恩特对北美五大湖区的史前印第安人描述引人入胜，欧文对哈德逊河传说的巧加利用炉火纯青，库柏的长篇历史小说深入细致。总的来说，美国浪漫主义时期的文学上接英国文学传统，下开美国文学之风。 虽然美国文学受到外国文学的影响，但这一时期著名的文学作品表现的却是富有美国色彩的浪漫主义思想。“西部开拓”就是一个说明美国作家表现自己国家的恰好的例子。他们大量描述了美国本土的自然风光:原始的森林、广袤的平原、无际的草原、沧茫的大海、不一而足。这些自然景物成为人们品格的象征，形成了美国文学中离开尘世，心向自然的传统。这些传统在库柏的《皮袜子的故事》(Leather Stocking Tales〉、梭罗的《沃尔顿》 (Walden)以及后来马克�6�1吐温的《哈克贝里�6�1芬历险记》(Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn)中都得到了明显的表现。随着美国民族意识的增长，在小说、诗歌中美国人物都越来越明显地操本地方言，作品多表现农民、穷人、儿童以及没有文化的人，还有那些虽然没文化但心地高尚的红种人和白种人。美国清教作为一种文化遗产，对美国人的道德观念产生了很大影响，在美国文学中也留下了明显的印迹。一个明显的表现就是，比起欧洲文学， 美国文学的道德倾向十分浓厚。在霍桑(Hawthorne)、梅尔维尔(Melville)以及其他一些小作家的作品中加尔文主义的原罪思想和罪恶的神秘性都得到了充分的表现。 美国浪漫主义文学运动足能标炳的是新英格兰的超验主义运动。该运动开始于19世纪30年代的新英格兰的先验主义俱乐部。本来，这个超验主义只是对新英格兰人提出来的。它是针对波士顿的唯一神教派的冷淡古板的理性主义而提的。而后来逐渐影响到全国，特别是在高级知识分子和文学界人士当中影响颇大，成为浪漫主义运动的核心。超验主义，它崇尚直觉，反对理性和权威，强调人有能力凭直觉直接认识真理，人能超越感觉获得知识。超验主义文学的主要代表是爱默生(Emerson)[5]和梭罗(Henry Davd Thoreau)，他们的作品对美国文学产生了很大影响。超验主义理论的奠基人是爱默生，他的《论自然》曾被称为超验主义理论的“圣经”。超验主义“承认人类具有本能了解或认识真理的能力，能够超过感官获取知识”。爱默生[5]曾说：“只有人心灵的尊严才是最神圣的。”超验主义还认为自然是高尚的，个人是神圣的，因此人必须自助。在诗歌方面，新英格兰地区比较出名的诗人有郎费罗，在波士顿有惠蒂诶，他的长诗《大雪封门》被称为“一部优美的新英格兰田园诗”。 这一时期涌现了许多作家，著名的有富雷诺(Philip Freneau)、布雷恩特(William Cullen Bryant)、郎费罗 (Henry Wordsworth Longfellow)、娄威尔(James Rassel Lowell)、惠特 (John Greenleaf Whitter〉、爱伦�6�1坡[6] (Edgar Ellen Poe)、以及惠特曼[2、3、4、8] (Walt Whitman)。19世纪最伟大的美国浪漫主义诗人是惠特曼，惠特曼1855年出版的《草叶集》[2、3、4、8](Leaves of Grass)是美国十九世纪最有影响的诗歌。《草叶集》[2、3、4、8]标志着美国文学进入了一个崭新的时代。另一位革新诗人是狄金森[7、8]，她被誉为美国20世纪新诗的先驱。浪漫主义时期两位最重要的小说家是霍桑和梅尔维尔，在浪漫派作家中埃德加�6�1爱伦�6�1坡[6]是第一位美国主张为艺术而艺术的人。美国浪漫主义时期的小说富有独创性、多样性，有华盛顿�6�1欧文的喜剧性寓言体小说，有爱伦�6�1坡[6]的歌德式惊险故事，有库柏的边疆历险故事，有麦尔维尔长篇叙事，有霍桑的心理罗曼史，有戴维斯 (Rebecca Harding Davis)的社会现实小说。美国浪漫主义作家在人性的理解上也各自不同。爱默生、梭罗等超验主义者认为人类在自然中是神圣的，因此人类是可以完善的，但霍桑和麦尔维尔则认为人们在内心上都是罪人，因此需要道德力量来改善人性。《红字》[9]一书就典型地反映了这个观点。总之，美国浪漫主义文学在一定程度上与欧洲浪漫主义文学之间有衍生性，与启蒙思想相悖，强调感情、想象和主观性。但大部分美国浪漫主义文学作品还是典型的美国化作品。美国浪漫主义文学的特征与其产生的特定的社会、历史、文化背景渊源相关，反映了美利坚民族一个“真正全新的经历”、深受美国清教主义运动的影响、信仰个人主义和直觉的价值、追求民主与政治上的平等、强调“使命感”以及多样化的创作形式。
近几年发表的主要论文：《了不起的盖茨比》中隐含作者的二重性，《文史哲》，2003年12月。《变形与真实---试析中变形技巧的运用》，《美国文学研究》，2004年。《多元文化格局中的族裔喧哗》，《当代外国文学》，2004年2月。《一剧中的“冲突”》，江苏外语教学研究，2006年5月。《性别身份与舞台表现—从到》，《哈尔滨工业大学学报社会科学版》双月刊，第8卷，2006年7月。《主流文化下的独特声音：评北美华裔作家水仙花及其创作》，《美国文学研究》，2006 年9月。《陌生化与威廉斯戏剧中俗语及外语语句的诗意》，《当代外国文学》，2007年4月。《论田纳西·威廉斯的柔性戏剧观》，《外国文学评论》，2007年8月。
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Published in 1847, WUTHERING HEIGHTS was not well received by the reading public, many of whom condemned it as sordid, vulgar, and unnatural--and author Emily Bronte went to her grave in 1848 believing that her only novel was a It was not until 1850, when WUTHERING HEIGHTS received a second printing with an introduction by Emily's sister Charlotte, that it attracted a wide And from that point the reputation of the book has never looked Today it is widely recognized as one of the great novels of English Even so, WUTHERING HEIGHTS continues to divide It is not a pretty love story; rather, it is swirling tale of largely unlikeable people caught up in obsessive love that turns to dark It is cruel, violent, dark and brooding, and many people find it extremely And yet--it possesses a grandeur of language and design, a sense of tremendous pity and great loss that sets it apart from virtually every other novel The novel is told in the form of an extended After a visit to his strange landlord, a newcomer to the area desires to know the history of the family--which he receives from Nelly Deans, a servant who introduces us to the Earnshaw family who once resided in the house known as Wuthering H It was once a cheerful place, but Old Earnshaw adopted a "Gipsy" child who he named H And Catherine, daughter of the house, found in him the perfect companion: wild, rude, and as proud and cruel as But although Catherine loves him, even recognizes him as her soulmate, she cannot lower herself to marry so far below her social She instead marries another, and in so doing sets in motion an obsession that will destroy them WUTHERING HEIGHTS is a bit difficult to "get into;" the opening chapters are so dark in their portrait of the end result of this obsessive love that they are somewhat off- But they feed into the flow of the work in a remarkable way, setting the stage for one of the most remarkable structures in all of literature, a story that circles upon itself in a series of repetitions as it plays out across two Catherine and Heathcliff are equally remarkable, both vicious and cruel, and yet never able to shed their impossible love no matter how brutally one may wound the As the novel coils further into alcoholism, seduction, and one of the most elaborately imagined plans of revenge it gathers into a ghostly tone: Heathcliff, driven to madness by a woman who is not there but who seems reflected in every part of his world--dragging her corpse from the grave, hearing her calling to him from the moors, escalating his brutality not for the sake of brutality but so that her memory will never fade, so that she may never leave his mind until death Yes, this is madness, insanity, and there is no peace this side of the grave or even Many people in the world are trying to find a perfect Some of these may marry and not know what their new husband or wife is This kind of situation often leads to separation or Other situations may develop between two friends that stem from jealousy, desire for revenge, uncaring parents, Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights displays several characteristics of destructive Three of these are uncaring parents, marriage without knowing the person, and Uncaring or unsympathizing parents are shown throughout this story to be an element of destructive Because Heathcliff gained all the attention from M Earnshaw, Hindley became disassociated from his This separation continued until after M Earnshaw had Another example is between Hindley and H Hindley became such a drunk and a gambler that he could not properly care for young H This led to a separation between Hareton and his father as One primary example of an uncaring parent is shown between Heathcliff and his son LHeathcliff did not even want his son for anything except enacting a part of his This is shown by Linton's fear of Heathcliff and Heathcliff's enmity toward his Linton even says " my father threatened me, and I dread him - I dread him!"(244) to express his feeling about HThe hostility and separation between father and son in this book shows that uncaring parents can cause serious damage in relationships with their This element of destructive behavior may stem from an unhappy marriage in which the husbands or wives don't know each This had happened between Isabella and H Isabella did not really know Heathcliff when she married him, but after she had married him she saw that Heathcliff was not a gentleman at To declare her feelings she wrote "Is Heathcliff a man? If so, is he mad? And if not, is he a devil? I shan't tell my reasons for making this inquiry; but I beseech you to explain, if you can, what I have married "(125) Another example of this is when Catherine married Edgar L Although she had been happy at the beginning of the marriage, she thought having parties all the time was going to be Yet, after a while, she became She also realized that she loved Heathcliff more than Edgar and would always love HThis enlightenment created separation between Edgar and Catherine during the final hours of Cathy's An additional marriage which was made that was doomed was the one between Catherine and L Because this was a forced marriage, Cathy had not yet learned all she could about LBecause she did not know until after the marriage that Linton was selfish and inconsiderate, she became distressed and grew isolated in the These three failed marriages described in this novel show that knowing the person you will marry is very While these marriages took place, jealousy also took a hold in some One example of this is when M Earnshaw starts to favor Heathcliff over his own son, H Because of this, Hindley becomes jealous of young Heathcliff and sets out to make Heathcliff's life a Hindley's jealousy becomes evident when he says ," be damned you beggarly interloper! and wheedle my father out of all he has; only afterwards show him what you are, imp of S"(35) Jealousy was also found very notably in the relationship between Heathcliff and Edgar L The jealousy between them is expressed when Heathcliff and Edgar start a hostile conversation after Cathy's homecoming at Christmas near the beginning of the As the story progresses these two become bitter enemies who will not speak to one Another relationship which jealousy ruined is the one between Hareton and L These two become jealous of each other over Cathy's This relationship ends as Hareton and Linton hating each These relationships show that jealousy can ruin a relationship very The housekeeper Ellen Dean, or we can call her Nelly, tells most of the She witnesses the life of the three-generations in the two She is a good storyteller but we mustn’t believe all of what she She always thinks and considers things in a simple She couldn’t understand the deep love between Catherine and H She thinks it is a kind of She is a limited In a certain way, this helps readers to understand Heathcliff better because he has no chance to defend An outsider will see the whole thing more However, we should pay more attention not to be affect by her opinions and try to find the truth between the As a main character Catherine is a She is attracted by Linton but doesn’t love She knows that clearly but she marries Linton without listening to the call of her Many critics believe that what makes her marry Linton is only his high social status and I think this comment is In fact, she folly thinks to marry Linton will help Heathcliff “to rise and place him out of my brother’s ” Her decision ruins herself, Heathcliff and the two She has to endure serious suffering because she knows clearly she love Heathcliff whole-heartedly but can’t become his She confesses to Nelly her own thoughts: “…I am Heathcliff—he’s always, always in my mind—not as a pleasure, any more than I am always a pleasure to myself—but as my own being…” She loves Heathcliff because he is more like her than His existence is natural to her for they are the same in They could understand each other without Talking about Heathcliff, he is an evil person but I admire him because his love and hate is Everyone has a devil in his The one in Heathcliff’s heart is especially In spite of this, I believe and can read between the lines that Amily Bronte also has her favor to H She wants to tell us evil and love are deeply planted in everyone’s heart and it is human
传承与嬗变-----美国浪漫主义文学浅说 浪漫主义思潮于1820年至1860年间在美国盛行。而此时欧洲的浪漫主义思潮已经趋于衰微，逐渐被现实主义思潮所代替。浪漫主义思潮在欧洲各国的发展也不尽相同，美国作为后起之秀对欧洲各国浪漫主义的吸纳表现出综合性的特征。在19世纪初期，英国浪漫主义诗歌曾在美国掀起一阵狂热，但是持续时间较短。20年代末德国浪漫主义思想经斯塔尔夫人、柯勒律治、托马斯�6�1卡莱尔的过滤介绍被美国大学学子视为经典，催生出美国浪漫主义的新生儿超验主义。然而超验主义对散文和诗歌的偏爱、对小说的排斥虽然代表了清教主义的正统思想，却不符合浪漫主义崇尚自由的思想，也无法吸引大众读者。此时随着美国经济的迅速发展，大众读者需要的是轻松、娱乐、想象性的读物，小说是他们的首选。美国作家面临艰难的处境：他们的作品既要拥有大量的读者，又要符合批评界的常识标准——真实。从洛克的经验哲学发展而来的常识哲学使得维护清教传统的美国人越发将事实和想象看成对立的两极，无法调和共存。美国小说家在创作过程中发现。他们无法创造绝对的真实，所以只能借助罗曼司已经获得的想象的诗学许可进行自由的创作。美国小说家对中世纪罗曼司中的爱情故事和超自然现象丝毫不感兴趣，他们唯一需要的是浪漫主义所崇尚的想象力和罗曼司所具有的自由表达想象的特权。浪漫主义时期开始于十八世纪末，到内战爆发为止，是美国文学史上最重要的时期。华盛顿�6�1欧文出版的《见闻札记》标志着美国文学的开端，惠特曼的《草叶集》[2、3、4]是浪漫主义时期文学的压卷之作。浪漫主义时期的文学是美国文学的繁荣时期，所以也称为“美国的文艺复兴。” 19世纪初，美国完全摆脱了对英国的依赖，以独立国家的身份进入世界政治舞台。这时期作家们跟英国浪漫主义作家一样，强调文学的想象力和感情色彩，反对古典主义的形式和观点，歌颂大自然，崇尚个人与普通人的思想感情，并且寻根问祖发幽古思情。美国社会的发展哺育了“一个伟大民族的文学”。年轻的美国没有历史的沉重包袱，很快在政治、经济和文化方面成长为一个独立的国家。这一时期也是美国历史上西部扩张时期，到1860年领土已开拓到太平洋西岸。到十九世纪中叶，美国已由原来的十三个州扩大到二十一个州，人口从1790年的四百万增至 1860年的三千万。在经济上，年轻的美国经历向工业的转化，影响所及不仅仅是城市，而且也包括农村。蒸汽动力在工、农业生产上的运用、工厂的建立、劳动力的大量需求以及科技上的发明创造使经济生活得到了重组。另外，大量移民促进了工业更加蓬勃的发展。政治上，民主与平等成为这个年轻国家的理想，产生了两党制。值得一提的是这个国家的文学和文化生活。随着独立的美国政府的成立，美国人民已感到需要有美国文学，表达美国人民所特有的经历:早期清教徒的殖民，与印第安人的遭遇，边疆开发者的生活以及西部荒原等。这个年轻国家的文学富有想象，已产生了一种文学环境。报刊杂志如雨后春笋，出现了一大批文学读者，形成了十九世纪上半叶蓬勃的浪漫主义的文学思潮。 外国的，尤其是英国的文学大师对美国作家产生了重大影响。美国作家由于秉承了与英国一样的文化传统，形成了同英国一样的浪漫主义风格。欧文 (Irving)、库柏(Cooper)，坡(Poe)，弗伦诺(Freneau)和布雷恩特(Bryant)一一反古典主义时期的文学样式和文学思潮， 开创了较新的小说和诗歌形式。这一时期大多数美国文学作品中，普遍强调文学的想象力和情感因素，注重生动的描写、异国情调的表达、感官的体会和对超自然力的描述。美国作家特别注意感情的自由表达和人物的心理描写。作品中的主人公富有敏感激动的特质。注重表现个人和普通人是这一时期作品的强烈倾向，几乎成了美国的信仰。富雷诺、布雷思特和库柏等人的作品对客观自然的描写有强烈的兴趣。富雷诺在"帝国的废墟"主题中对过去情景的描写绘声绘色，布雷恩特对北美五大湖区的史前印第安人描述引人入胜，欧文对哈德逊河传说的巧加利用炉火纯青，库柏的长篇历史小说深入细致。总的来说，美国浪漫主义时期的文学上接英国文学传统，下开美国文学之风。 虽然美国文学受到外国文学的影响，但这一时期著名的文学作品表现的却是富有美国色彩的浪漫主义思想。“西部开拓”就是一个说明美国作家表现自己国家的恰好的例子。他们大量描述了美国本土的自然风光:原始的森林、广袤的平原、无际的草原、沧茫的大海、不一而足。这些自然景物成为人们品格的象征，形成了美国文学中离开尘世，心向自然的传统。这些传统在库柏的《皮袜子的故事》(Leather Stocking Tales〉、梭罗的《沃尔顿》 (Walden)以及后来马克�6�1吐温的《哈克贝里�6�1芬历险记》(Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn)中都得到了明显的表现。随着美国民族意识的增长，在小说、诗歌中美国人物都越来越明显地操本地方言，作品多表现农民、穷人、儿童以及没有文化的人，还有那些虽然没文化但心地高尚的红种人和白种人。美国清教作为一种文化遗产，对美国人的道德观念产生了很大影响，在美国文学中也留下了明显的印迹。一个明显的表现就是，比起欧洲文学， 美国文学的道德倾向十分浓厚。在霍桑(Hawthorne)、梅尔维尔(Melville)以及其他一些小作家的作品中加尔文主义的原罪思想和罪恶的神秘性都得到了充分的表现。 美国浪漫主义文学运动足能标炳的是新英格兰的超验主义运动。该运动开始于19世纪30年代的新英格兰的先验主义俱乐部。本来，这个超验主义只是对新英格兰人提出来的。它是针对波士顿的唯一神教派的冷淡古板的理性主义而提的。而后来逐渐影响到全国，特别是在高级知识分子和文学界人士当中影响颇大，成为浪漫主义运动的核心。超验主义，它崇尚直觉，反对理性和权威，强调人有能力凭直觉直接认识真理，人能超越感觉获得知识。超验主义文学的主要代表是爱默生(Emerson)[5]和梭罗(Henry Davd Thoreau)，他们的作品对美国文学产生了很大影响。超验主义理论的奠基人是爱默生，他的《论自然》曾被称为超验主义理论的“圣经”。超验主义“承认人类具有本能了解或认识真理的能力，能够超过感官获取知识”。爱默生[5]曾说：“只有人心灵的尊严才是最神圣的。”超验主义还认为自然是高尚的，个人是神圣的，因此人必须自助。在诗歌方面，新英格兰地区比较出名的诗人有郎费罗，在波士顿有惠蒂诶，他的长诗《大雪封门》被称为“一部优美的新英格兰田园诗”。 这一时期涌现了许多作家，著名的有富雷诺(Philip Freneau)、布雷恩特(William Cullen Bryant)、郎费罗 (Henry Wordsworth Longfellow)、娄威尔(James Rassel Lowell)、惠特 (John Greenleaf Whitter〉、爱伦�6�1坡[6] (Edgar Ellen Poe)、以及惠特曼[2、3、4、8] (Walt Whitman)。19世纪最伟大的美国浪漫主义诗人是惠特曼，惠特曼1855年出版的《草叶集》[2、3、4、8](Leaves of Grass)是美国十九世纪最有影响的诗歌。《草叶集》[2、3、4、8]标志着美国文学进入了一个崭新的时代。另一位革新诗人是狄金森[7、8]，她被誉为美国20世纪新诗的先驱。浪漫主义时期两位最重要的小说家是霍桑和梅尔维尔，在浪漫派作家中埃德加�6�1爱伦�6�1坡[6]是第一位美国主张为艺术而艺术的人。美国浪漫主义时期的小说富有独创性、多样性，有华盛顿�6�1欧文的喜剧性寓言体小说，有爱伦�6�1坡[6]的歌德式惊险故事，有库柏的边疆历险故事，有麦尔维尔长篇叙事，有霍桑的心理罗曼史，有戴维斯 (Rebecca Harding Davis)的社会现实小说。美国浪漫主义作家在人性的理解上也各自不同。爱默生、梭罗等超验主义者认为人类在自然中是神圣的，因此人类是可以完善的，但霍桑和麦尔维尔则认为人们在内心上都是罪人，因此需要道德力量来改善人性。《红字》[9]一书就典型地反映了这个观点。总之，美国浪漫主义文学在一定程度上与欧洲浪漫主义文学之间有衍生性，与启蒙思想相悖，强调感情、想象和主观性。但大部分美国浪漫主义文学作品还是典型的美国化作品。美国浪漫主义文学的特征与其产生的特定的社会、历史、文化背景渊源相关，反映了美利坚民族一个“真正全新的经历”、深受美国清教主义运动的影响、信仰个人主义和直觉的价值、追求民主与政治上的平等、强调“使命感”以及多样化的创作形式。
好的，我帮帮你。
看你想研究哪方面的吧！研究黑色幽默的有《二十二条军规》，研究冰山文学有《老人与海》，还有其他流派的。
是中文的还是英文的呢
文学方面涵盖的领域还是很广泛的，要先确定你对那个领域比较熟知，同时对于当前这个领域的研究价值如何，对于在论文中的各种资料的搜集等都是哟管题目选择的方面，当然了美国文学方面的也就是说你要对美国文学的发展以及问题上的事项十分熟悉等，关于这些你可以来职称论文发表网看看，有没有你要找的选题。
Angel or Devil?Abstract: Is Pearl an angel for Hester or a devil who makes Hester suffer more? The child and the scarlet letter parallel each other; both represent the mother's sin--the child being a physical representation and the scarlet letter being a So she always reminds Hester of her sin, however she is Hester's love and mentor of Hester, without a helpless child to protect and guide, might not accept her punishment quite so passively as she seems However, would she be happier than now? Key Words: The Scarlet Letter, Pearl, angel, devil, HesterTo be frank, Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter is the unique book I have read in this However I feel lucky for it is not boring at all, furthermore, it attracted me at the So I want to and have to write my paper about this Most literary critics agree that The Scarlet Letter is Nathaniel Hawthorne's finest and most important work , so do I In this novel, the one who impressed me most is not Hester, Chillingworth or Dimmesdal but P Sometimes, she looks like an angel, but sometimes she is like a So I cannot help wondering whether Pearl is an angel or a devil? When I am asking this question, actually, I mean just for Hester, is Pearl like an angel or like a devil? First, Pearl is Hester Prynne's With rare exception, wherever the mother is found, the child is also When the town official escort her from the prison so that the townspeople might see Pearl is also there --a baby of three months old, winking and turning her little face from the bright As Pearl grows older, her mother dresses her in brilliant colors, for Pearl is her one proud Later, her mother has named her Pearl, with meaning of Little Pearl has beauty, intelligence and physical She is described as a lovely flower, having sprung from a guilty Sometimes Pearl is fanciful to the point that she is almost For instance, while her mother talks with Roger Chillingworth near the seashore, the imaginative child makes herself a mermaid's costume our of Then, as a crowing touch, she gathers some eel-grass and makes for herself a green letter "A", imitating as closely as possible her mother's scarlet Pearl often plays in the sunshine; whereas the sunshine will not shine directly on H The child is so close to nature that the little animal in the forest scene, such as partridges, pigeons, and squirrels, almost completely ignore her when she is passing by They recognize a wildness in the human child comparable to their Pearl is also very sympathetic For example, during the festivities of the New England Holiday, it is Pearl who describes D She remarks that in the dark nighttime and in the forest he is one type of person--loving and friendly; in the sunny days, he is a different sort of man, for he does not know She remarks:"A strange, sad man is he, with his hand always over his heart!" Pearl, by instinct, has supposed some things to be true which are All of these express the good aspect of P However, there are also majority of words that will give the opposite She is also Hester's child of She obeys no ruled unless she wishes to do Her moods change If she is crossed in any way, the child flies into a At one moment, she is wild, desperate, and filled with bad temper and gloom; then, suddenly, she can change in the sunny, happy child who wants to assure her mother of her love by kissing Pearl seems to have no set standard to govern her own behaviour-- she reacts according to her particular feeling of the Moreover, she has a certain peculiar look on her face which sometimes causes Hester to question whether or not Pearl is a human child or a being from another world like a little Her eyes are wild, bright, deeply- She is described as an imp of evil, emblem and product of The Puritan children flee in fear when resentful Pearl chases after them, flinging stones and shrill words at Once, Hester is frightened when she looks into the mirror of Pearl's She sees a freakish, elfish look In the headpiece of the armour in Governor Bellingham's hall, Hester is disturbed to see Pearl's expression, as it is reflected in the metal The child has an elfish look of naughty merriment, as if an imp were seeking to mould itself in Pearl's Attracted by the brightness of her mother's scarlet letter, the three-year-old Pearl plays game, flinging wildflowers at her mother's symbol of When Pearl playfully declares that she has no Heavenly Father, Hester remembers that some of the townspeople regard Pearl as an offspring of the Then, is Pearl an angel for Hester or a devil who makes Hester suffer more? The child and the scarlet letter parallel each other; both represent the mother's sin--the child being a physical representation and the scarlet letter being a So she always reminds Hester of her sin, however she is Hester's love and mentor of Hester, without a helpless child to protect and guide, might not accept her punishment quite so passively as she seems However, would she be happier than now? Do you remember the scene when she defends her capability to care for Pearl when she talks with Governor Bellingham, one of people planing to take the child from her? She loves Dimmesdal in a sense, so she must love their child, P It is Pearl who stay with her for a so long From my point of view, she is an angel for Hester, and this is also the reason why Hester gave Pearl this kind of In fact, in our real life, how can a mother hate her own child? This is the strongest reason for my Totally speaking, Pearl, like an angel, is always guarding Hester all the time, and so does Hester, who always keep protecting Pearl in her whole References: Charles Leawitt ---- Nathaniel Hawthorne's THE SCARLET LETTER and THE HOUSE OF SEVEN GABLES, THE BLTIHEDALE ROMANCE , THE MARBLE FAUN
你可以从以下几个方面着手：•the difference between the United Kingdom, Great Britain, and England:回答：• The United Kingdom: a country that consists of Great Britain and Northern I • Great Britain: the name of the island northwest of France and east of Ireland that consists of three somewhat autonomous（自治的） regions: England, Wales and S • England is part of Great Britain, which is part of the United K • The UK includes England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern I E Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland are not countries but the United Kingdom • The Highlanders: the Scots who live in the mountainous regions of the Highlands in Northern S • They are proud, independent and hardy people who maintain their strong cultural They mainly live by farming sheep in mountain areas or fishing on the coasts and • The reputation of the Scots: inventive, hardworking, serious-minded and cautious with (In the past, they were pioneer settlers and empire builders in places like America, Canada, Australia, South Africa and New Z)• their distinctive national dress: kilt• Bagpipes• The Scots can be recognized by and their particular style of speech and accent 2宗教：回答：• The Catholic Church: refers to the Christian church headed by the P All members of the church accept the gospel of Christ and the teachings of the B Any revolt against the traditional Christian faith was “heresy” • In the Middle Ages, the Popes was extremely In the 16th century, some of the actual beliefs and practices of the Catholic Church were questioned by Protestant doctrines and there was a great deal of persecution by C • The Protestant Church: refers to the Christian church whose faith and practice originated with the principles of the R As the Pope’s political power and religious authority declined in the `6th, Protestant churches sprang up in Northern Europe in opposition to the established Roman Catholic C In Britain, Protestantism gradually became the dominant faith in the Elizabethan • Christianity: refers to all doctrines and religious groups based on the teaching of Jesus C It was founded in the 1st century in P Jesus Christ is accepted by Christians as the son of God, and his teaching is contained in the Bible, the holy book of C In Europe, Christianity is divided into three major Roman Catholic Church, Protestant Church and Orthodox Eastern Church(东正教)学校的不同：回答：British Educaion• Public schools: are the secondary boarding schools that prepare students chiefly for They are supported entirely by fees and private • The name “public school” is traditional one with little meaning today, since far from being public these schools are restricted to a comparatively small section of the • “Public school” is a traditional name with little meaning today, because far from being public, public schools are restricted to a comparatively small section of the • Some people feel, the greatest argument for public schools is the strikingly high proportion of ex-public-school boys occupying senior posts in the government, the armed forces, the church, t he universities, the professions, and even in They say, this proves the superiority of a public school • It was the public schools that laid the foundations of English • In England, parents who are rich and conservative in politics will most probably send their children to public • Three famous public schools in Britain: Eton, Harrow and R• Prep schools: also called preparatory schools, they are private elementary schools in Britain, which prepare their students for public • The prep school curriculum differs considerably from that of the junior school, and there is a distinctive boarding At the age of thirteen, the students will take the “common entrance” examination for admission to a “public school”• The prep school curriculum differs considerably from that of the junior school, since its main target is not the “eleven plus,” but the “common entrance” examination at the age of 13, for admission to a public • The public schools today are no longer as superior and exclusive as they used to • Firstly, their perfect system, their house system and their tradition of sport have been widely adopted in state secondary schools, and ,many grammar schools have academic records which many a public school might • Secondly, many so-called public schools are dependent on an annual grant from the central government, in return for which they award between a quarter and a half of their places to pupils paying reduced fees or none at • Thirdly, all public schools too, except a few of recognized standard, are liable to be inspected by the S• There is thus a gradual progress away from exclusiveness in British • Oxford University was founded in the twelfth It contains about thirty separate • Cambridge University was founded in the thirteenth It contains about twenty separate • There four Scottish universities dating from the 15th and 16th They are St Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen, and E • London University has far more students than any other British • “red brick”: is a slightly contemptuous term to refer to the large group of nineteenth-and-twentieth-century universities and university colleges in B• “red brick” describes their construction, which is contrasted with the more dignified and solidlooking ancient stone architecture of Oxford and C • The two widely admired features of Oxford and Cambridge : are te college system and the tutorial • The college system of Oxford and Cambridge: is one whereby all students live in college during at least part of their The value of this system lies in fostering a community spirit in which a useful mingling of intelligence can take • The tutorial system of Oxford and Cambridge: is one whereby each student gets personal tuition once a week in his tutor’s own • Open University: was founded in Britain in 1969 for people who may not get the opportunity for higher education for economic or social It is open to everybody, and does not demand the same formal qualifications as the other It is non- Lectures are broadcast on TV and At the end of the course, successful students are awarded a university • The Welfare State回答：• 1) Britain: a welfare state in the sense that it should ensure, as far as it can, that nobody should be without the means for the minimum necessities of life as the result of unemployment, old age, sickness or over —large • 2) The system of national insurance pays out benefits to people who are unemployed, or unable to earn because they are old or • 3) Free or nearly free medical and dental care is provided for everyone under the National Health S • 4) Supplementary benefits are provided for people who live below the minimum he retirement pension• 1) It may be received by any man from the age of 65 (provided he has made his weekly contributions to the fund) if he ceases to work, and by any woman from the age of • 2) A man who continues to work after the age of 65 gets no pension at first, but when he is over 70 he gets a bigger • 3) People may receive additional pensions by paying higher contributions while they are • 4) There are in addition non-state methods of providing for retirement Family allowances• (1) They are paid directly out of public money contributed by • (2) For the first child of a family, nothing is paid, but an allowance is made for all children after the • (3) The payments continue until a child leaves school and are subject to income • (4) There are special payments for widows who have children;payments continue until a child leaves school and are subject to income • (5) There are special payments for widows who have "meals on wheels"• "meals on wheels" : refers to meals which are prepared by the public authorities in a central kitchen and then distributed to infirm old people by women who belong to voluntary organizations, using their own • "meals on wheels" (1) It is a kind of unpaid service voluntarily performed by public- spirited (2) Meals are distributed to infirm old people in old peoples' homes by women who belong to voluntary organizations, using their own • The grades of the doctors in hospitals : the “housemen“(实习医生) or residents(住院医生) are in the lowest grade and the Consultants are in the highest • "housemen" or residents: refers to those newly-qualified doctors who spend a year or two living in hospitals gaining experience under • the Consultants(会诊医生) must not work in the hospital for the whole of their They may work in the hospital either for the whole of their time or for part of their
到数据库检索。如果是在大学内就方便多了，或者找能在大学内上网的朋友帮忙下载。 看看这儿吧如果搜一下English的介绍较好。
一、选题选题是论文写作关键的第一步，直接关系论文的质量。常言说：“题好文一半”。对于临床护理人员来说，选择论文题目要注意以下几点：（1）要结合学习与工作实际，根据自己所熟悉的专业和研究兴趣，适当选择有理论和实践意义的课题；（2）论文写作选题宜小不宜大，只要在学术的某一领域或某一点上，有自己的一得之见，或成功的经验．或失败的教训，或新的观点和认识，言之有物，读之有益，就可以作为选题；（3）论文写作选题时要查看文献资料，既可了解别人对这个问题的研究达到什么程度，也可以借鉴人家对这个问题的研究成果。需要指出，论文写作选题与论文的标题既有关系又不是一回事。标题是在选题基础上拟定的，是选题的高度概括，但选题及写作不应受标题的限制，有时在写作过程中，选题未变，标题却几经修改变动。二、设计设计是在论文写作选题确定之后，进一步提出问题并计划出解决问题的初步方案，以便使科研和写作顺利进行。护理论文设计应包括以下几方面：（1）专业设计：是根据选题的需要及现有的技术条件所提出的研究方案；（2）统计学设计：是运用卫生统计学的方法所提出的统计学处理方案，这种设计对含有实验对比样本的护理论文的写作尤为重要；（3）写作设计：是为拟定提纲与执笔写作所考虑的初步方案。总之，设计是护理科研和论文写作的蓝图，没有“蓝图”就无法工作。三、实验与观察从事基础或临床护理科学研究与撰写论文，进行必要的动物实验或临床观察是极重要的一步，既是获得客观结果以引出正确结论的基本过程，也是积累论文资料准备写作的重要途径。实验是根据研究目的，利用各种物质手段（实验仪器、动物等），探索客观规律的方法；观察则是为了揭示现象背后的原因及其规律而有意识地对自然现象加以考察。二者的主要作用都在于搜集科学事实，获得科研的感性材料，发展和检验科学理论。二者的区别在于“观察是搜集自然现象所提供的东酉，而实验则是从自然现象中提取它所愿望的东西。”因此，不管进行动物实验还是临床观察，都要详细认真．以各种事实为依据，并在工作中做好各种记录。有些护理论文写作并不一定要进行动物实验或临床观察，如护理管理论文或护理综述等，但必要的社会实践活动仍是不可缺少的，只有将实践中得来的素材上升到理论，才有可能获得有价值的成果。四、资料搜集与处理资料是构成论文写作的基础。在确定选题、进行设计以及必要的观察与实验之后，做好资料的搜集与处理工作，是为论文写作所做的进一步准备。论文写作资料可分为第一手资料与第二手资料两类。前者也称为第一性资料或直接资料，是指作者亲自参与调查、研究或体察到的东西，如在实验或观察中所做的记录等，都属于这类资料；后者也称为第二性资料或间接资料，是指有关专业或专题文献资料，主要靠平时的学习积累。在获得足够资料的基础上，还要进行加工处理，使之系统化和条理化，便于应用。对于论文写作来说，这两类资料都是必不可少的，要恰当地将它们运用到论文写作中去，注意区别主次，特别对于文献资料要在充分消化吸收的基础上适当引用，不要喧宾夺主。对于第一手资料的运用也要做到真实、准确、无误。五、论文写作提纲拟写论文提纲也是论文写作过程中的重要一步，可以说从此进入正式的写作阶段。首先，要对学术论文的基本型（常用格式）有一概括了解，并根据自己掌握的资料考虑论文的构成形式。对于初学论文写作者可以参考杂志上发表的论文类型，做到心中有数；其次，要对掌握的资料做进一步的研究，通盘考虑众多材料的取舍和运用，做到论点突出，论据可靠，论证有力，各部分内容衔接得体。第三，要考虑论文提纲的详略程度。论文提纲可分为粗纲和细纲两种，前者只是提示各部分要点，不涉及材料和论文的展开。对于有经验的论文作者可以采用。但对初学论文写作者来说，最好拟一个比较详细的写作提纲，不但提出论文各部分要点、而且对其中所涉及的材料和材料的详略安排以及各部分之间的相互关系等都有所反映，写作时即可得心应手。六、执笔写作执笔写作标志着科研工作已进入表达成果的阶段。在有了好的选题、丰富的材料和详细的提纲基础上，执笔写作应该是顺利的，但也不可掉以轻心。一篇高质量的学术论文，内容当然要充实，但形式也不可不讲究，文字表达要精炼、确切，语法修辞要合乎规范，句子长短要适度。特别应注意的是，一定要采用医学科技语体，用陈述句表达，减少或避免感叹、抒情等语句以及俗言俚语，也不要在论文的开头或结尾无关联系党政领导及其言论或政治形势。论文写作也和其他文体写作一样，存在着思维的连续性。因此，在写作时要尽量排除各种干扰，使思维活动连续下去，集中精力，力求一气呵成。对于篇幅较长的论文，也要部分一气呵成，中途不要停顿，这样写作效果较好。
没找到专门讲美国的文学，只找到（世界文学研究），你去查下看看，找几篇美国的看看，学下他们怎么选题的
么样选题啊
是的，确实不行的可以班忙写一个比较新的