对通风工程风管构造设计和施工有关问题的探讨 通风工程的风管大多采用水平吊装,自 重使风管承受垂直方向近似均布的荷载作 用,但由于风管侧面非对称地安装有各种配 件(如三通、弯管、风口、阀门、检查口等), 故除重力外还会承受一定的扭力;风管输送 气流时要承受均匀的内压(正压风管)或外 压(负压风管)。还有其它一些因素,如风管 侧壁开孔引起非对称弯曲;输送非常温气流 时会引起温度效应。 1根据工程实际合理采用不同的板厚 为了减轻风管自身的重量,应根据工程 实际设计需采用的风管尺寸和压力级别,在 保证设备正常运行的情况下尽可能选择最 小的板厚。目前金属风管采用大量热镀锌 钢板和钢带,它的基体是冷轧低碳结构钢 板,抗拉强度>270N/mm2,延伸率>24%,厚 度允差在σ＝6mm～2mm范围内为± 07mm～±13mm。以往考虑发达国家 的工业技术、检测设备和测试手段等均比 国内先进,故在相同尺寸与相同压力级别的 条件下,国内的风管板厚普遍要比外国标准 大20%左右,这样板材的消耗量和风管自身 重量也会相应增加。但随着我国工业技术 水平的提高,目前国内厂家已完全有能力大 量生产厚度均匀的优质板材,因而在风管选 择最小板厚时应向外国标准靠拢,以免造成 板材的浪费。而GB50243-2002所规定的板 厚已接近国外标准的高压风管板厚,这在技 术上和实际运行上均有保障,但显然是不尽 经济合理的。 从设计的角度考虑,一个系统完全可 以按照不同位置的受压情况,而分别采用 几种对应于不同压力级别的风管板厚。在 正压风管系统的末端或负压风管的前端往 往可以采用低压风管,而接近风机的部位 可采用中压或高压风管。实践证明通过合 理配置风管就可以实现在保证系统稳定的 情况下节约投资的目标。 2选用适当的纵向缝接合方法 对于矩形风管,联合角咬口适用于任 何压力级别,但近年按扣式咬口因其可节 省一道翻边工序,因此被应用得较多且已 逐渐取代联合角咬口。但应注意按扣式咬 口只限于在低、中压风管中使用。至于立 缝和封盖式立缝可用铆钉、自攻螺丝(间 距150mm～300mm)、点焊、压凸凹痕等方 法紧固。纵向的封盖式立缝不仅可增强风 管的抗弯强度和板壁刚度,而且在制作较 大尺寸的矩形风管时还可尽量利用板宽, 取消了联合角咬口和拼板工序,从而节约 了金属材料和人力。这种方法特别适合于 矩形长边尺寸>5 m的风管,尤其是排烟 风管,但由于气流噪声较大而不适用于净 化系统。 3选用适当的横向连接方式以节约金属用 量 风管的允许使用压力不仅取决于壁 厚,还取决于连接种类及板壁加固方式。 横向连接不仅是延续风管长度的一种手 段,而更重要的是它起着增强风管刚度及 保持风管精确横向尺寸的作用,通常采用 的可拆卸横向连接是角钢法兰连接,而无 法兰连接在低、中压的中等尺寸(矩形长边 小于6 m)风管中已得到广泛推广应用。 近年来国内已将夹板连接和承插连接 应用在一些公用建筑中,笔者认为扁平夹 板、直立夹板、S型卷边夹板、立缝和带 夹板的整体法兰等5种连接类型因其工艺 较简单,构造性能良好,且一般不需复杂的 成型机具即能在现场加工或工厂预制,较 适用于我国风管的施工现状。目前已有咬 口机带刃头,即使在手动折边机上也可制 作;承插连接虽其工艺性良好,但采用此法 的风管刚度却不理想,若在连接处同时使 用加强箍则要增加材料,故仅在小尺寸风 管中采用才较为可靠。 此外,S型双立卷边、角铁加强双立卷 边夹板以及其它轻型型材制作的异型法兰 连接,其使用性能在低压风管的范围内与各 种夹板和立缝连接相类似,但加工工艺较复 杂且成本较高,目前已较少使用。以上推荐 的5种无法兰连接几乎都可以省掉角铁、法 兰螺栓及大部分(甚至全部)铆钉,这些辅助 材料约占风管用钢量的3 0%,同时相应也可 节约人力投入25%。笔者负责设计的潮州市 某国家示范性高级中学空调系统工程,就采 用了前述风管无法兰连接新工艺,实践证明 该工程节约大量金属材料且设备运行理想, 取得良好的经济效益。 4根据功能需要进行板壁加固 这是确定风管使用压力的决定因素之 一,主要有两种方式,一是将板壁本身制成 强肋状,二是在两个连接法兰或其他连接 种类构成的节点之间均布环状、横向或竖 向加固筋。对于加强板,凸型交叉刃条是 最常用的,用手动折边机轻折即可,这种类 型在排烟风管及其他负压风管中用得最 多,对于压褶则一般需要专用的压床来实 现。外部加固筋的作用是保持风管横向断 面的形状而起到对板壁的加强作用,加固 筋的规格通常与所使用的法兰连接的角钢 一致,也可使用轻质型材,其间距与横向连 接允许距离相同。 另外还要说明的是风管内部的加强方 法,通常是采用圆钢做拉撑杆,两端用螺母 或焊接在连接法兰或加固筋上;也有用扁 钢做拉撑条的,两端用螺栓或铆钉紧固在 板壁或法兰上。如要使用扁钢则应征得设 计人员同意,条件许可时先进行气流噪声 测试,测试合格之后再付诸实施,以保证气 流噪声在允许范围值内。 5注意连接部位的密封性 即使是最普通的风管也对气流泄漏量 有所限制,这就要求风管上的纵向缝和横 向连接部位都要具有良好的密封性能。 预制成卷带或薄片状的密封垫使用在 法兰或其它连接的金属相对面之间,可以 是橡胶板、石棉橡胶板或聚酯材料,在排 烟风管中因温度关系要注意使用不燃物质 如石棉绳。密封垫厚度对于长边小于 5m的矩形风管要求为大于等于3mm,对大 型风管则要求为大于等于4mm。至于纵向 缝及横向连接装配中的板与板、板与型钢 之间都要求施用密封胶,但在实践中普通 低压风管联合角咬口的纵向缝不一定都要 施用;立缝就大多要施用;夹板连接则一律 要施用。密封胶可在节点装配过程中边制 作边挤入缝内,或在装配完成后外施嵌缝。 风管密封性能合格与否是按规定的最 大泄漏量来评价的,空气泄漏量试验是针 对高压风管的强制性试验,一般情况下泄 漏试验可分段进行,事先计算出风管的表 面积,然后将风管系统上的全部开口堵死, 试验压力取平均压力Pm＝(P1+P2)／2(式 中P1、P2分别为试验风管系统始端和末 端运行中的操作压力),根据试验结果算出 泄漏量;而对于低、中压风管通常只需按 照设计图纸的施工说明决定是否必需进行 试验。笔者认为如果施工单位能够严格按 设计图纸标示和施工规范要求进行制作, 则低压风管实际上已能达到所要求的密封 性能,因而如无特殊需要一般无须进行实 地泄漏试验。 6结语 以上是笔者结合工程实践对通风工程 风管构造设计和施工中一些问题的分析, 通过对风管构造进行合理改进,无疑将可 节约金属材料和人力投入,笔者在潮州某 四星级宾馆的暖通空调工程设计和施工 中,根据工程特点采取了以上各项措施,该 暖通空调工程可比节约金属材料用量达 20%,同时节省人力投入达15%以上,受到 业主单位的好评。 参考文献 [1]马志奇通风与空调工程机械施工使用技 术[M]中国建材工业出版社,2006, [2]邵宗义建筑通风空调工程设计图集[M] 机械工业出版社,2005,
对于单位职员来说，评职称一般程序是按照职称的高低发表不同数目的论文为主，但是具体得看单位规定，不知道贵单位是个什么情况，建议您问问单位科研处，或者一些年长的员工！是不是有名额的限制，和单位管理这一块的领导多走动一下了！ 刊物分为核心刊物和一般正规刊物 一般的初级中级职称发一般刊物就够使用（但是一定要选国家正规刊物，就是国家新闻总署能查到刊号的那种，但也不是能查到刊号的都是正规的。比较麻烦）我这有期刊鉴别真伪的5个简单办法是工作经验总结！有需要可以Q我（见我百度名） 我个人是出版社的编辑！我叫林静
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制冷RefrigerationRefrigeration is the process of removing heat from an enclosed space, or from a substance, and rejecting it elsewhere for the primary purpose of lowering the temperature of the enclosed space or substance and then maintaining that lower The term cooling refers generally to any natural or artificial process by which heat is The process of artificially producing extreme cold temperatures is referred to as Cold is the absence of heat, hence in order to decrease a temperature, one "removes heat", rather than "adding " In order to satisfy the Second Law of Thermodynamics, some form of work must be performed to accomplish This work is traditionally done by mechanical work but can also be done by magnetism, laser or other However, all refrigeration uses the three basic methods of heat transfer: convection, conduction, or Historical applicationsIce harvestingThe use of ice to refrigerate and thus preserve food goes back to prehistoric Through the ages, the seasonal harvesting of snow and ice was a regular practice of most of the ancient cultures: Chinese, Hebrews, Greeks, Romans, P Ice and snow were stored in caves or dugouts lined with straw or other insulating The Persians stored ice in pits called Rationing of the ice allowed the preservation of foods over the cold This practice worked well down through the centuries, with icehouses remaining in use into the twentieth In the 16th century, the discovery of chemical refrigeration was one of the first steps toward artificial means of Sodium nitrate or potassium nitrate, when added to water, lowered the water temperature and created a sort of refrigeration bath for cooling In Italy, such a solution was used to chill During the first half of the 19th century, ice harvesting became big business in A New Englander Frederic Tudor, who became known as the "Ice King", worked on developing better insulation products for the long distance shipment of ice, especially to the First refrigeration systemsThe first known method of artificial refrigeration was demonstrated by William Cullen at the University of Glasgow in Scotland in Cullen used a pump to create a partial vacuum over a container of diethyl ether, which then boiled , absorbing heat from the surrounding The experiment even created a small amount of ice, but had no practical application at that In 1805, American inventor Oliver Evans designed but never built a refrigeration system based on the vapor-compression refrigeration cycle rather than chemical solutions or volatile liquids such as ethyl In 1820, the British scientist Michael Faraday liquefied ammonia and other gases by using high pressures and low An American living in Great Britain, Jacob Perkins, obtained the first patent for a vapor-compression refrigeration system in Perkins built a prototype system and it actually worked, although it did not succeed In 1842, an American physician, John Gorrie, designed the first system for refrigerating water to produce He also conceived the idea of using his refrigeration system to cool the air for comfort in homes and hospitals (, air-conditioning) His system compressed air, then partially cooled the hot compressed air with water before allowing it to expand while doing part of the work required to drive the air That isentropic expansion cooled the air to a temperature low enough to freeze water and produce ice, or to flow "through a pipe for effecting refrigeration otherwise" as stated in his patent granted by the US Patent Office in Gorrie built a working prototype, but his system was a commercial Alexander Twining began experimenting with vapor-compression refrigeration in 1848 and obtained patents in 1850 and He is credited with having initiated commercial refrigeration in the United States by Meanwhile, James Harrison who was born in Scotland and subsequently emigrated to Australia, begun operation of a mechanical ice-making machine in 1851 on the banks of the Barwon River at Rocky Point in G His first commercial ice-making machine followed in 1854 and his patent for an ether liquid-vapour compression refrigeration system was granted in Harrison introduced commercial vapor-compression refrigeration to breweries and meat packing houses and by 1861, a dozen of his systems were in Australian, Argentinean and American concerns experimented with refrigerated shipping in the mid 1870s, the first commercial success coming when William Soltau Davidson fitted a compression refrigeration unit to the New Zealand vessel Dunedin in 1882, leading to a meat and dairy boom in Australasia and South AThe first gas absorption refrigeration system using gaseous ammonia dissolved in water (referred to as "aqua ammonia") was developed by Ferdinand Carré of France in 1859 and patented in Due to the toxicity of ammonia, such systems were not developed for use in homes, but were used to manufacture ice for In the United States, the consumer public at that time still used the ice box with ice brought in from commercial suppliers, many of whom were still harvesting ice and storing it in an Thaddeus Lowe, an American balloonist from the Civil War, had experimented over the years with the properties of One of his mainstay enterprises was the high-volume production of hydrogen He also held several patents on ice making His "Compression Ice Machine" would revolutionize the cold storage In 1869 he and other investors purchased an old steamship onto which they loaded one of Lowe’s refrigeration units and began shipping fresh fruit from New York to the Gulf Coast area, and fresh meat from Galveston, Texas back to New Y Because of Lowe’s lack of knowledge about shipping, the business was a costly failure, and it was difficult for the public to get used to the idea of being able to consume meat that had been so long out of the packing Domestic mechanical refrigerators became available in the United States around Widespread commercial useBy the 1870s breweries had become the largest users of commercial refrigeration units, though some still relied on harvested Though the ice-harvesting industry had grown immensely by the turn of the 20th century, pollution and sewage had begun to creep into natural ice making it a problem in the metropolitan Eventually breweries began to complain of tainted This raised demand for more modern and consumer-ready refrigeration and ice-making In 1895 German engineer Carl von Linde set up a large-scale process for the production of liquid air and eventually liquid oxygen for use in safe household Refrigerated railroad cars were introduced in the US in the 1840s for the short-run transportation of dairy In 1867 JB Sutherland of Detroit, Michigan patented the refrigerator car designed with ice tanks at either end of the car and ventilator flaps near the floor which would create a gravity draft of cold air through the By 1900 the meat packing houses of Chicago had adopted ammonia-cycle commercial By 1914 almost every location used artificial The big meat packers, Armour, Swift, and Wilson, had purchased the most expensive units which they installed on train cars and in branch houses and storage facilities in the more remote distribution It was not until the middle of the 20th century that refrigeration units were designed for installation on tractor-trailer rigs (trucks or lorries) Refrigerated vehicles are used to transport perishable goods, such as frozen foods, fruit and vegetables, and temperature-sensitive Most modern refrigerators keep the temperature between -40 and +20 °C and have a maximum payload of around 24 000 gross weight (in Europe)Home and consumer useWith the invention of synthetic refrigerations based mostly on a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) chemical, safer refrigerators were possible for home and consumer Freon is a trademark of the Dupont Corporation and refers to these CFC, and later hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) and hydrofluorocarbon (HFC), Developed in the late 1920's, these refrigerants were considered at the time to be less harmful than the commonly used refrigerants of the time, including methyl formate, ammonia, methyl chloride, and sulfur The intent was to provide refrigeration equipment for home use without endangering the lives of the These CFC refrigerants answered that The Montreal ProtocolAs of 1989, CFC-based refrigerant was banned via the Montreal Protocol due to the negative effects it has on the ozone The Montreal Protocol was ratified by most CFC producing and consuming nations in Montreal, Quebec, Canada in September Greenpeace objected to the ratification because the Montreal Protocol instead ratified the use of HFC refrigeration, which are not ozone depleting but are still powerful global warming Searching for an alternative for home use refrigeration, dkk Scharfenstein (Germany) developed a propane-based CFC as well as an HFC-free refrigerator in 1992 with assistance from G[citation needed]The tenets of the Montreal Protocol were put into effect in the United States via the Clean Air Act legislation in August The Clean Air Act was further amended in This was a direct result of a scientific report released in June 1974 by Rowland-Molina, detailing how chlorine in CFC and HCFC refrigerants adversely affected the ozone This report prompted the FDA and EPA to ban CFCs as a propellant in 1978 (50% of CFC use at that time was for aerosol can propellant)In January 1992, the EPA required that refrigerant be recovered from all automotive air conditioning systems during system In July 1992, the EPA made illegal the venting of CFC and HCFC In June 1993, the EPA required that major leaks in refrigeration systems be fixed within 30 A major leak was defined as a leak rate that would equal 35% of the total refrigerant charge of the system (for industrial and commercial refrigerant systems), or 15% of the total refrigerant charge of the system (for all other large refrigerant systems), if that leak were to proceed for an entire In July 1993, the EPA instituted the Safe Disposal Requirements, requiring that all refrigerant systems be evacuated prior to retirement or disposal (no matter the size of the system), and putting the onus on the last person in the disposal chain to ensure that the refrigerant was properly In August 1993, the EPA implemented reclamation requirements for If a refrigerant is to change ownership, it must be processed and tested to comply with the American Refrigeration Institute (ARI) standard 700-1993 (now ARI standard 700-1995) requirements for refrigerant In November 1993, the EPA required that all refrigerant recovery equipment meet the standards of ARI 740- In November 1995, the EPA also restricted the venting of HFC These contain no chlorine that can damage the ozone layer (and thus have an ODP (Ozone Depletion Potential) of zero), but still have a high global warming In December 1995, CFC refrigerant importation and production in the US was It is currently planned to ban all HCFC refrigerant importation and production in the year 2030, although that will likely be Current applications of refrigerationProbably the most widely-used current applications of refrigeration are for the air-conditioning of private homes and public buildings, and the refrigeration of foodstuffs in homes, restaurants and large storage The use of refrigerators in our kitchens for the storage of fruits and vegetables has allowed us to add fresh salads to our diets year round, and to store fish and meats safely for long In commerce and manufacturing, there are many uses for Refrigeration is used to liquify gases like oxygen, nitrogen, propane and methane for In compressed air purification, it is used to condense water vapor from compressed air to reduce its moisture In oil refineries, chemical plants, and petrochemical plants, refrigeration is used to maintain certain processes at their required low temperatures (for example, in the alkylation of butenes and butane to produce a high octane gasoline component) Metal workers use refrigeration to temper steel and In transporting temperature-sensitive foodstuffs and other materials by trucks, trains, airplanes and sea-going vessels, refrigeration is a Dairy products are constantly in need of refrigeration, and it was only discovered in the past few decades that eggs needed to be refrigerated during shipment rather than waiting to be refrigerated after arrival at the grocery Meats, poultry and fish all must be kept in climate-controlled environments before being Refrigeration also helps keep fruits and vegetables edible One of the most influential uses of refrigeration was in the development of the sushi/sashimi industry in J Prior to the discovery of refrigeration, many sushi connoisseurs suffered great morbidity and mortality from diseases such as hepatitis A[citation needed], and Diphyllobothriosis, from a common oceanic tapeworm - Diphyllobothrium latum Oiler99 (talk) 19:09, 26 May 2008 (UTC) However the dangers of unrefrigerated sashimi was not brought to light for decades due to the lack of research and healthcare distribution across rural J Around mid-century, the Zojirushi corporation based in Kyoto made breakthroughs in refrigerator designs making refrigerators cheaper and more accessible for restaurant proprietors and the general Methods of refrigerationMethods of refrigeration can be classified as non-cyclic, cyclic and Non-cyclic refrigerationIn these methods, refrigeration can be accomplished by melting ice or by subliming dry These methods are used for small-scale refrigeration such as in laboratories and workshops, or in portable Ice owes its effectiveness as a cooling agent to its constant melting point of 0 °C (32 °F) In order to melt, ice must absorb 55 kJ/kg ( 144 Btu/lb) of Foodstuffs maintained at this temperature or slightly above have an increased storage Solid carbon dioxide, known as dry ice, is used also as a Having no liquid phase at normal atmospheric pressure, it sublimes directly from the solid to vapor phase at a temperature of -5 °C (-3 °F) Dry ice is effective for maintaining products at low temperatures during the period of Cyclic refrigerationMain article: Heat pump and refrigeration cycleThis consists of a refrigeration cycle, where heat is removed from a low-temperature space or source and rejected to a high-temperature sink with the help of external work, and its inverse, the thermodynamic power In the power cycle, heat is supplied from a high-temperature source to the engine, part of the heat being used to produce work and the rest being rejected to a low-temperature This satisfies the second law of A refrigeration cycle describes the changes that take place in the refrigerant as it alternately absorbs and rejects heat as it circulates through a It is also applied to HVACR work, when describing the "process" of refrigerant flow through an HVACR unit, whether it is a packaged or split Heat naturally flows from hot to Work is applied to cool a living space or storage volume by pumping heat from a lower temperature heat source into a higher temperature heat Insulation is used to reduce the work and energy required to achieve and maintain a lower temperature in the cooled The operating principle of the refrigeration cycle was described mathematically by Sadi Carnot in 1824 as a heat The most common types of refrigeration systems use the reverse-Rankine vapor-compression refrigeration cycle although absorption heat pumps are used in a minority of Cyclic refrigeration can be classified as:Vapor cycle, and Gas cycle Vapor cycle refrigeration can further be classified as:Vapor compression refrigeration Vapor absorption refrigeration
份建筑环境与设备工程(暖通)相关的英肯定知道的
《节能》或者《制冷学报》或《城市建设理论研究》
暖通专业的论文，最好是发国家级或者核心期刊了，不过审核也相当严的，
（迪西欧论文网）可以为您提供写作和发表服务，保证您文章质量和个人的信息安全，详情可以咨询迪西欧论文网宋老师。希望对你有用，如果有帮助就采纳一下吧 ^_^ ^_^ 兄弟咋又发了一遍？我给你的答复没错的。呵呵。如果档案在重庆，那就肯定有资格评初级，而且不需要考英语和计算机
建筑热能通风空调、制冷与空调、城市建筑等等均可
擦，都到这来找了，一看就522的某个人
这种国内的会议论文都是很水的， 基本不算SCI， 除非被选中优秀论文，会在会议指定的一些期刊进行发布。就看那些期刊的级别了。
（一）暖通空调系统的基本组成一个完整独立的空调系统基本可分为三大部分，分别是：冷热源及空气处理设备、空气和冷热水输配系统、室内末端装置。图8-4是一个典型的空调系统组成示意图，夏季由制冷设备（冷源）提供冷水或液态制冷剂，冬季由锅炉（热源）提供热水或蒸汽。通过冷热水输配系统将冷热水送至空调机组（空气处理设备）将空气处理到送风状态点，通过空气输配系统将处理后的空气送入室内消除热湿负荷，或者将冷热水送至房间末端设备（空气处理设备）换热来满足房间负荷要求。局部处理方式A和集中处理方式B可以分别独立使用，也可以联合使用。 图8-4 空调系统组成示意图 （二）工作原理空调系统的工作原因主要是制冷原理，也就是逆卡诺循环。下面图为“卡诺循环”示意，逆卡诺循环为其相反循环，但原理是一样的。卡诺循环是由四个循环过程组成，两个绝热过程和两个等温过程。它是1824年NLS卡诺（见卡诺父子）在对热机的最大可能效率问题作理论研究时提出的。卡诺假设工作物质只与两个恒温热源交换热量，没有散热、漏气、磨擦等损耗。为使过程是准静态过程，工作物质从高温热源吸热应是无温度差的等温膨胀过程，同样，向低温热源放热应是等温压缩过程。因限制只与两热源交换热量，脱离热源后只能是绝热过程（三）主要的系统类型按使用目的分类舒适性空调——要求温度适宜，环境舒适，对温湿度的调节精度无严格要求、用于住房、办公室、影剧院、商场、体育馆、汽车、船舶、飞机等。工艺性空调——对温湿度有一定的调节精度要求，另外空气的洁净度也要有较高的要求。用于电子器件生产车间、精密仪器生产车间、计算机房、生物实验室等。2．按设备布置情况分类集中式（中央）空调——空气处理设备集中在中央空调室里，处理过的空气通过风管送至各房间的空调系统。适用于面积大、房间集中、各房间热湿负荷比较接近的场所选用，如商场、超市、餐厅、船舶、工厂等。系统维修管理方便，设备的消声隔振比较容易解决，但集中式空调系统的输配系统中风机、水泵的能耗较高。图8-4中，如果没有空气局部处理A，只有集中处理B来进行空气调节，此系统就属于集中式。半集中式空调——既有中央空调又有处理空气的末端装置的空调系统。这种系统比较复杂，可以达到较高的调节精度。适用于宾馆、酒店、办公楼等有独立调节要求的民用建筑，半集中式空调的输配系统能耗通常低于集中式空调系统。常见的半集中式空调系统有风机盘管系统和诱导式空调系统。图8-4中既有空气局部处理A，又有集中空气处理B共同作用，此系统就属于半集中式。局部式空调——每个房间都有各自的设备处理空气的空调。空调器可直接装在房间里或装在邻近房间里，就地处理空气。适用于面积小、房间分散、热湿负荷相差大的场合，如办公室、机房、家庭等。其设备可以是单台独立式空调机组，也可以是由管道集中给冷热水的风机盘管式空调器组成的系统，各房间按需要调节本室的温度。图8-4中如果没有集中空气处理B，只有局部空气处理A，则该系统属于局部式。3．按照承担负荷介质分类全空气系统——仅通过风管向空调区域输送冷热空气，如图8-5 (a)所示。全空气系统的风管类型有：单区风管、多区风管、单管或双管、末端再热风管、定空气流量、变空气流量系统以及混合系统。在典型的全空气系统中，新风和回风混合后通过制冷剂盘管处理后再送人室内，对房间进行采暖或制冷。图8-4中如果只有集中处理B进行空气调节，就属于全空气系统。全水系统——房间负荷由集中供应的冷、热水负担。中央机组制取的冷冻水循环输送到空气处理单元中的盘管（也称为末端设备或风机盘管）对室内进行空气调节，如图8-5(b)所示。采暖是通过热水在盘管中的循环流动来实现。当环境只要求制冷或采暖、或采暖和制冷不同时进行时，可以采用两管制系统。采暖所需的热水是由电加热器或锅炉制取，利用对流换热器、脚踢板热辐射器、翅片管辐射器、标准风机盘管等进行散热。图8-4中如果只有冷媒水进行局部空气处理A，就属于全水系统。空气一水系统——空调房间的负荷由集中处理的空气负担一部分，其他负荷由水作为介质进入空调房间，对空气进行再处理，如图8-5(c)所示。属于空气一水系统的有末端再热系统、新风十风机盘管系统、带盘管的诱导系统。图8-4中，如果既有B处理过的空气承担部分负荷，又有A处理过的冷冻水承担部分负荷，此时为空气一水系统。直接蒸发式机组系统——又称冷剂式空调系统，空调房间的负荷由制冷剂直接负担，制冷系统蒸发器（或冷凝器）直接从空调房间吸收（或放出）热量，如图8-5 (d)所示。其机组组成为：空气处理设备（空气冷却器、空气加热器、加湿器、过滤器等）通风机和制冷设备（制冷压缩机、节流机构等）。图8-4中只有冷媒局部换热A作用，而且冷媒为液态制冷剂时，就属于直接蒸发式系统。
说到暖通空调，相信很多人跟小编一样都不是特别的了解。暖通空调顾名思义就是将采暖、通风和空气调节这三者合为一的空调器。暖通空调也被人们称作HVAC，这是由采暖、通风、空气通风这三个词的英文缩写组合而成。今天小编就来为大家介绍一下暖通空调系统设计原理及特点，希望可以为大家提供一定的帮助，也为有需要的人提供更多的了解。 一、原理 暖通空调是分户的中央空调，中央空调它最大特点,是能够创造一种舒适的室内环境。而家居一般的分体的空调，它只能解决冷暖问题，而解决不了空气处理过程。有了暖通空调就不一样了。其空气处理过程有以下步骤：首先是空气进来以后，除了引进新风以外，可以把空气进行冷却处理，然后就进行过滤处理，过滤处理以后，增加了几大特点：第一就增加电子除尘器，它主要可以捕捉非常小的颗粒的灰尘，一般来讲它可以捕捉一个微米的灰尘，而这个灰尘的范围内大部分都是细菌、病毒、烟尘，或者是异味这样就都可以过滤掉;另外就是会增加一种加湿设备，这个加湿器可以创造我们房间的加湿达到40%左右的相对湿度，这样人会感到很舒适。 二、特点 在现代化暖通空调系统中，变频技术的应用具有较强的必然性。通过变频技术，既可弥补空调系统的工艺问题，也可减少能源消耗，降低运行成本。一般情况下，空调系统仅按照事先设计的额定功率运行，在负荷较低的情况下，如果设备仍以额定功率实行全负荷运行，那么必然产生能源浪费。通过在暖通空调系统中应用变频技术，就可实现空调设备的输出功率随着负荷的变化情况而有所调节，发挥节能减排效果。结合空调的实际负荷状况，适当改变风流量或者水流量，实现节能目标。 一方面，变风量系统，利用空调系统的末端装置实现室内负荷的补偿机制，优化调整送风量，以保持合适的室内温度;与定风量系统相比较，变风量系统可节能约5O%;另一方面，变水量系统，主要通过控制数量来调节温度，比定流量系统更加省电。随着我国工业变频器的推广与使用，通过优化调节风量、水量及主机等，可实现与空调负荷的匹配运行，发挥良好的节能效益。 很多人可能人会问小编，暖通空调系统在生活中常见吗?相信很多人都没有注意，现在很多单位和公共场所都已经开始应用暖通空调系统。暖通空调技术可以选择热源系统的优化，也采用了节能技术。所以自从暖通空调系统面世以来，便受到了广大消费者的喜爱和追捧。小编今天为大家介绍的暖通空调系统设计原理和特点就到这里了，希望可以为大家带来帮助。