First Global Carbon Dioxide Maps Produced from Tan Sat Measurements

1.　The need for global carbon monitoring from space and the Tan Sat mission

Global warming is a major problem,for which carbon dioxide(CO2)is the main greenhouse gas involved in heating the troposphere.However,the poor availability of global CO2 measurements makes it difficult to estimate CO2 emissions accurately.Satellite measurements would be very helpful for understanding the global CO2 flux distribution if the CO2 column-averaged dry-air mole fraction(XCO2)could be measured with a precision of 1–2 ppm(Baker et al.,2010).The Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite(GOSAT)(Yokota et al.,2009;Yoshida et al.,2013;Kuze et al.,2014)was launched in 2009,followed by the Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2(OCO-2)(Eldering et al.,2016;Crisp et al.,2017;Bsch et al.,2011)in 2014.Tan sat,a Chinese Earth observation satellite dedicated to monitoring CO2,was launched in December 2016 and is the third satellite capable of monitoring greenhouse gases by hyper-spectral near infrared/shortwave infrared(NIR/SW IR)measurement.

The Tan Sat mission was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China,the Chinese Academy of Sciences,and the China Meteorological Administration.Tan Sat is an agile,sun-synchronous satellite that operates in three observation modes—namely,the nadir,sun-glint,and target modes.The line of sight tracks the principal plain in nadir mode and the glint in sun-glint mode,which increases the incident signal level and guarantees high performance of the charge-coupled device(Liu et al.,2013a;Cai et al.,2014).The Atmospheric Carbon dioxide Grating Spectroradiometer(ACGS)was designed to measurenear-infrared/shortwave infrared backscattered sunlightin the mole cularoxygen A-band(0.76µm)and two CO2 bands(1.61 and 2.06µm)(Wang et al.,2014;Li et al.,2017;Zhang et al.,2017).The Cloud and Aerosol Polarization Imager(CAPI)measures in ultraviolet,visible,and NIR regions to improve the information on aerosol optical properties and the cloud mask for the CDS measurements(Chen et al.,2017a,2017b;Wang et al.,2017).

2.　In-orbit CO2 measurements from Tan Sat

After Tan Sat was launched in December 2016,in-orbit and calibration tests were completed in the summer of 2017,and the performance of the instrument has since been evaluated in test sessions.TanSat XCO2 retrieval algorithm was developed based on Institute of Atmospheric Physics Carbon dioxide retrieval Algorithm for Satellite remote sensing,referred to as IAPCAS(Yang et al.,2015).IAPCAS also informed the development of ATANGO(Application of TanSat XCO2 Retrieval Algorithm in GOSAT Observations).Its retrieval accuracy and precision have been validated by Total Carbon Column Observing Network(TCCON)measurements(Liu et al.,2013b;Yang et al.,2015),and the retrieval product has been applied in estimations of carbon flux inversion in China(Yang et al.,2017).The retrieval relies on mathematical and physical models to approach XCO2 from hyper-spectrum measurements restored in the L1B data.The result is the best estimate after comparison between the simulated satellite-received spectrum and measurements.The first global XCO2 maps based on Tan Sat measurements show the global distribution over land in April and July 2017(Fig.1).

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2018年5月28日，习近平在两院院士大会上发言，称“我们要把握数字化、网络化、智能化融合发展的契机，以信息化、智能化为杠杆培育新动能。”

Based on the maps,a seasonal decrease in CO2 concentration from spring to summer in the Northern Hemisphere is obvious,and results from a change in the rate of photosynthesis.This effect is also reflected in the XCO2 gradient between the Northern Hem is p here and Southern Hem is p here shown in Fig.1a.Emission hot spots due to anthropogenic activity,such as industrial activity and fossil fuel combustion,are clearly evident in eastern China,the eastern United States,and Europe,as reflected by the relatively high levels of XCO2.

3.　Outlook

Fig.1.　Global XCO2 maps produced from Tan Sat in nadir mode in(a)April and(b)July 2017.The colored marks indicate the XCO2 values and the color scale bar is shown at the bottom of each figure.

There are still gaps in the Tan Sat measurements between the footprints of each orbit,and these missing measurements also continue to impact on the carbon flux inversion estimation(Feng et al.,2009).The gaps can be filled by using both OCO-2 and Tan Sat XCO2 measurements because the footprint tracks are almost parallel and interlaced,such that OCO-2 provides an additional measurement track between two Tan Sat tracks.This improves the spatial coverage significantly when compared with the use of a single satellite(i.e.,either OCO-2 or Tan Sat).Accuracy and precision of XCO2 data are essential for the joint application of OCO-2 and Tan Sat data.Hence,research focusing on the validation of satellite in-orbit calibration and retrieval algorithms is required to evaluate their precision and reduce the bias associated with their use.

Acknowledgements.This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFA0600203),the National High-Tech Research and Development Program(2011AA12A104),and External Cooperation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sci-ences(Grant No.GJHZ1507).The people working on the TanS at mission are highly appreciated.The authors would also like to thank the science teams of GOSAT,SCHIAMACHY,and OCO-2 for valuable discussions,as well as groups at the University of Leicester and RemoTeC(SRON and KIT)for their valuable suggestions.

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