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刚好我也在做毕业设计 把我的给你用吧! Traditional Construction ProceduresAs mentioned before, construction under the traditional construction procedure is performed by While they would like to satisfy the owner and the building designers, contractors have the main objective of making a Hence, their initial task is to prepare a bid price based on an accurate estimate of construction This requires development of a concept for performance of the work and a construction time After a contract has been awarded, contractors must furnish and pay for all materials, equipment, power, labor, and supervision required for The owner compensates the contractors for construction costs and A general contractor assumes overall responsibility for construction of a The contractor engages subcontractors who take responsibility for the work of the various trades required for For example, a plumbing contractor installs the plumbing, an electrical contractor installs the electrical system, and an elevator contractor installs Their contracts are with the general contractor, and they are paid by the general Sometimes, in addition to a general contractor, the owner contracts separately with specialty contractors, such as electrical and mechanical contractors, who perform a substantial amount of the work require for a Such contractors are called prime Their work is scheduled and coordinated by the general contractor, but they are paid directly by the Sometimes also, the owner may use the design-build method and award a contract to an organization for both the design and construction of a Such organizations are called design-build One variation of this type of contract is employed by developers of groups of one-family homes or low-rise apartment The homebuilder designs and constructs the dwellings, but the design is substantially completed before owners purchase the Administration of the construction procedure often is Consequently, some owners seek assistance from an expert, called a professional construction manager, with extensive construction experience, who receives a The construction manager negotiates with general contractors and helps select one to construct the Managers usually also supervise selection of During construction, they help control costs, expedite equipment and material deliveries, and keep the work on In some cases, instead, the owner may prefer o engage a construction program manager, to assist in administrating both design and Construction contractors employ labor that may or may not be Unionized craftspeople are members of unions that are organized by construction trades, such as carpenter, plumber, and electrician unions, Union members will perform only the work assigned to their During construction, all work should be For this purpose, the owner, often through the architect and consultants, engages The field inspectors may be placed under the control of an owner’s representative, who may be titled clerk of the works, architect’s superintendent, engineer’s superintendent, or resident The inspectors have the responsibility of ensuring that construction meets the requirements of the contract documents and is performed under safe Such inspections may be made at frequent In addition, inspections also are made by representatives of one or more governmental They have the responsibility of ensuring that construction meets legal requirements and have little or no concern with detailed conformance with the contract Such legal inspections are made periodically or at the end of certain stages of One agency that will make frequent inspections is the local or state building department, whichever has The purpose of these inspections is to ensure conformance with the local or state building Following is a description of the basic traditional construction procedure for a multistory After the award of a construction contract to a general contractor, the owner may ask the contractor to start a portion of the work before signing of the contract by giving the contractor a letter of intent or after signing of the contract by issuing a written notice to The contractor then obtains construction permits, as required, form governmental agencies, such as the local building, water, sewer, and highway The general contractor plans and schedules construction operations in detail and mobilizes equipment and personnel for the Subcontractors are notified of the contract award and issued letters of intent or awarded subcontracts, then are given, at appropriate times, notices to Before construction starts, the general contractor orders a survey to be made of adjacent structures and terrain, both for the record and to become knowledgeable of local A survey is then made to lay out Field offices for the contractor are erected on or near the If desirable for safety reasons to protect passersby, the required to be removed from the site are demolished and the debris is carted Next, the site is prepared to receive the This work may involve grading the top surface to bring it to the proper elevations, excavating to required depths for basement and foundations, and shifting of utility For deep excavations, earth sides are braced and the bottom is Major construction starts with the placement of foundations, on which the building This is followed by the erection of load-bearing walls and structural Depending on the height of the building, ladders, stairs, or elevators may be installed to enable construction personnel to travel from floor to floor eventually to the Also, hoists may be installed to lift materials to upper If needed, temporary flooring may be placed for use of As the building rises, pipes, ducts, and electric conduit and wiring are Then, permanent floors, exterior walls, and windows are At the appropriate time, permanent elevators are If required, fireproofing is placed for steel Next, fixed partitions are built and the roof and its covering are put is place,Finishing operations There include installation of the following: ceilings; tile; wallboard; wall paneling; plumbing fixtures; heating furnaces; air-conditioning equipment; heating and cooling devices for rooms; escalators; floor coverings; window glass; movable partitions; doors; finishing hardware; electrical equipment and apparatus, including lighting fixtures, switches, transformers, and controls; and other items called for in the drawings and Field offices, fences, bridges, and other temporary construction must be removed from the Utilities, such as gas, Electricity, and water, are hooked up to the The sit is landscaped and Finally, the building interior is painted and The owner’s representatives then give the building a final If they find that the structure conforms with the contract documents, the owner accepts the project and gives the general contractor final payment on issuance by the building department of a certificate of occupancy, which indicates that the completed building meets building-code 传统的施工程序众所周知,在传统的施工程序中进行施工的承包商。尽管他们想满足业主和建筑设计师的要求,但是最终还是以赚取利润为主要目标的。因此,他们最初的任务是对编写投标价格的建筑成本进行准确的估计。这就需要进行前期调查的工作并且做出施工时间表。等合约批出后,施工方必须提供所有材料并支付其费用,设备,电力,劳动力。业主此时需要进行必要的监督。一个总承包商承担一个建筑整体的责任。从事分包的承建商则需承担建造工程所需的各个工作。例如,管道承包商安装水管,电业承办商安装电气系统,电梯则由电梯承包商安装。他们与总承包商签订合同,费用由总承包商支付。有时候,除了一个总承包商,还有各种专业承包商,如电气和机械承包商,执行工作时需要与业主签订合同。这种承包商被称为间接承包商。他们的工作,由总承包商协调,但它们都是由业主直接联系。还有些时候,业主可以使用设计建造方法同时兼有设计和建筑施工单位的职能。这些单位被称为设计建造承包商。这方面的一个类型的合同聘用的变化是由一户住宅或低层住宅建筑群的开发。在房屋建筑设计和建造的住房,但设计之前需要由购买房屋的业主完成。施工过程管理往往是困难的。因此,一些业主会去寻求专家的协助,这些专家被称为专业施工经理,他们具有丰富的施工经验。施工经理与总承包商进行谈判,并选择其中一个项目。施工经理通常还监督分包商。在施工期间,它们有助于控制成本,加快运送设备和材料,并保持工作的进度。在依法行政,协助设计和建设的情况下,业主可以选择从事建筑项目经理。建筑承包商雇用的劳动力,一般有大工和小工。大工再建筑工程中从事技术活,如木工,管道工,工会成员和电工工会,小工则执行了分配给他们的工作。在施工期间,一切工作都要验收。因此,业主通过建筑师和监理经常进行督查。可能是名为工程员,建筑师或驻地工程师。作为业主的代表实地视察。核查人员必须确保工程符合合同文件的要求,并在安全的条件下进行的责任。这种检查可作出重复。此外,验收还是需要一个或多个政府机构的代表。他们必须确保工程符合法律要求,并负责检查与合同文件是否一致。这种视察一般定期或在某些阶段施工结束以后进行。地方或国家建设部门具有管辖权。这些检查的目的是确保符合当地或国家的建筑规范。以下是传统多层建筑施工的基本程序。建造开始后合同授予开发商,业主可要求开发商开始施工之前签约给或之后签约发出书面通知的同时另一部分工作继续进行。紧接着施工方根据需要获取建筑许可证,例如当地的建设,供水,污水处理,政府机构和公路部门。总承包商的计划和进度详细施工作业以及动员项目设备和人员。分包商得到通知后,做出签订合同的意向或授予分包合同书,然后给出在适当的时候进行通知。在施工前启动,总承包商要进行的一项调查就是邻近结构和地形,这些都要记录在案,并要熟悉当地情况。这项调查结束以后,随即进行布局建设。承建商的现场办事处都建在施工现场或附近。为了安全起见,必须从脚手架上移除的东西,产生的碎片都要运走。下一步,该网架是为建设工程准备的。这项工作为地下室开挖和基础开挖的深度,以及公用事业管道转移找到正确的标高。深挖掘,土方支撑,底部排出。建筑开始于基础上,然后是承重墙和结构框架的施工。梯子,楼梯,或电梯的安装,可让施工人员往返于各个楼层。此外,可安装卷扬机来运送材料。由于建筑高度的上升,管道,电力管道和线路安装以及永久地板,外墙,窗户和构造的影响。在适当的时候,永久的电梯安装。再需要的情况下可以安装防火卷帘。其次,屋顶等地方也需要安装。精加工工序安装有包括以下内容:天花板,瓷砖,墙板,墙壁镶板,水管装置,加热炉,空气调节设备,加热和冷却室装置;自动扶梯;地板,窗户玻璃;活动板,门;电气设备和仪器,包括照明灯具,开关,变压器,控制器,遵照项目的图纸和规格。外地办事处,围栏,桥梁和其他临时建筑,公共设备,如天然气,电力管道,水管,都连接到建筑上。最后,是建筑物内部的打扫和清洗。业主的代表,会给建设工程作最后检查。如果他们满意并认为符合合同文件,那么业主接受该项目,并交给总承包商的一个占用证书,这表明,总承包商已完成建设,建设部门再根据建筑规范的要求发放最后付款。请采纳。
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yangwenmoney

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福建不吃辣

我对土木工程的认识和理解 最初听到“土木工程”这个词的时候,我还是一个初上高中的学士很浅很薄的小孩儿。我所理解的“土木工程”,最简单的来说就是:修路和建道。并且我一直以为“土木工程”就是单纯的修路和建道的工程而已。 直到我上了“土木工程概论”这一门课之后才对“土木工程”有所了解。土木工程,不仅仅包括了我所认识和理解的那一点,而且还包括了很多很多的工程。并以我最简单的理解,所有关于“土”和“木”的工程(包括更多的建材)都可以算是在土木工程的范畴。 土木工程的建树可谓随处可见,大到世界闻名的建筑群,小到无人知晓的小道儿(比如:我们中华民族为是骄傲的万里长城和校园林荫小道),几乎无不和土木工程相关。或许,“土木工程”这个词,这个专业名词没多少人认识理解和或者会准确而且无误的叫出来,就像我一样,但“土木工程”所影响和建成的见过的、听说过的、地上地下、水中的…几乎无所不在。我在想,从最原始的社会开始发展到现在,都必须需要这门学科。飞机要起飞、大船要靠港、大江要建坝、轿车要上高速、火车要行驰于轨道、横渡要建桥,大大小小的房屋、威挺的高楼大厦…几乎我们生活的每一个角落都有“土木工程”的脚步。如:北京故宫、金门大桥、伦敦大桥、巴黎圣母院、埃菲尔铁塔、著名的埃及金字塔、万里长城、都江堰水利工程、卢沟桥、赵州桥、天坛、珍珠港、三峡水坝、长江大桥、凯旋门、卢浮宫、悉尼歌剧院、人民大会堂、鸟巢、水立方、内蒙古科技大学第一教学楼、游泳池、国贸大厦、帝国大厦、上海东方明珠电视塔、上海杨浦大桥、京广铁路、意大利比萨斜塔、勃朗峰索道、紫禁城… 我从书本上了解到,土木工程是建造各类工程设施的科学技术的统称。它既指工程建设的对象,即建造在地上、地下、水中的各种工程设施,也指所应用的材料、设备和所进行的勘测、涉及、施工、管理、养护、维修等专业技术。它也可以做防护、保暖、防灾减灾赈灾等措施,同时其在国民经济发展中也作出了巨大的贡献,是无法磨灭和撼动的。因此,土木工程涉及的领域十分宽广。从建设对象看,土木工程包含建筑工程、地下工程、桥梁工程、隧道工程、道路工程、铁路工程、矿山建筑、港口工程、海洋工程、水利工程等,过去还包括给排水工程和建筑设备工程。从土木工程所用的材料看,可分成金属结构、混凝土结构、高分子材料结构、木结构、土结构等。从技术性质看,土木工程涉及到勘测、设计、施工、管理、养护、维修等。从职业分工看,有从事土木工程的工程技术人员、工程管理人员、研究人员、监理、咨询和教师等。 而土木工程和人类的生存和生活有着密不可分的关系。土木工程所建造的满足我们的东西是很多的,所以,土木工程的基本任务就是建造满足人类物质和精神生活需要的各种工程设施。如:生活必需的,娱乐场所等等。这说明,土木工程不仅仅与当前国民经济发展有关,而且与人类生存和生活和密密相关,且密不可分。 从中国还是世界的发展历史来看,土木工程都是个古老的学科,因为从很早很早的时期开始人类便有了土木工程活动,不仅把其运用到民生且频繁的用于军事攻略,如军事防护、军事进攻等等。但同时也是个在现在和今后长盛不衰的学科,因为只要人类存在,就必然有土木工程活动。无论何时何地。这就是我对土木工程的初步认识和理解,但希望在今后的学习和生活中会更加认识土木工程的作用及其所用到之处,更加深刻且深入地了解这门学科的。

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