关于煤炭的文献怎么写

长期组织兖矿集团的会计核算与财务管理工作，为企业内部制度建设、加强财务管理、提高经济做出了重要贡献；起草并参与制定的《兖矿集团“九五”期间内部经济政策》则指导兖矿集团“九五”期间经济发展的纲领性文件；参与《兖矿现代企业制度试点实施方案》的起草、审定、报批及贯彻落实，为兖矿集团企业改革做出了重要贡献，起草并参并制定《兖矿集团上市重组方案》等一系列办法，为“兖州煤业”在香港、纽约、上海三地的成功上市做出了重大贡献。注重科学理论研究与实践相结合，先后承担多项省部级科研课题，分获一、二、三等奖，并先后发表论著、论文十余篇。向全国煤炭工业会计成要研究会提交《煤炭企业如何搞好目标成本管理》一文获三等奖，发表在《煤炭经济研究》1990年增刊上；主编《煤炭企业原煤成本多维灰色动态模型及应用研究》，获煤炭部1995年度科技进步三等奖；主编《现代企业制度下煤炭企业资金动作与利用效果综合评价研究》，获煤炭部97年度科技进步二等奖；起草并参与制定了煤炭部《企业内部银行试行办法》，主笔起草了煤炭部《关于推广（内部银行试行办法）的说明》；《兖州煤业两地上市的会计实务》发表于《中国煤炭》1998年度第9期，因其极具学术研究价值和一定的实践指导意义，先后入选《中国改革开放20年成果总览》和《今日的辉煌》（1999年版）两书库。

COAL -- A Fossil FuelHow Coal Was FormedHow We Get CoalHow Coal is TransportedTypes of CoalWhere We Get CoalHow Coal is Used Coal and the Environmentenergy calculatorlinks pagerecent statisticsHOW COAL WAS FORMEDCoal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock composed mostly of carbon and It is the most abundant fossil fuel produced in the United S Coal is a nonrenewable energy source because it takes millions of years to The energy in coal comes from the energy stored by plants that lived hundreds of millions of years ago, when the earth was partly covered with swampy For millions of years, a layer of dead plants at the bottom of the swamps was covered by layers of water and dirt, trapping the energy of the dead The heat and pressure from the top layers helped the plant remains turn into what we today call HOW WE GET COAL Mining the Coal Coal miners use giant machines to remove coal from the They use two methods: surface or underground Many US coal beds are very near the ground's surface, and about two-thirds of coal production comes from surface Modern mining methods allow us to easily reach most of our coal Due to growth in surface mining and improved mining technology, the amount of coal produced by one miner in one hour has more than tripled since Surface mining is used to produce most of the coal in the US because it is less expensive than underground Surface mining can be used when the coal is buried less than 200 feet In surface mining, giant machines remove the top-soil and layers of rock to expose large beds of Once the mining is finished, the dirt and rock are returned to the pit, the topsoil is replaced, and the area is The land can then be used for croplands, wildlife habitats, recreation, or offices or Underground mining, sometimes called deep mining, is used when the coal is buried several hundred feet below the Some underground mines are 1,000 feet To remove coal in these underground mines, miners ride elevators down deep mine shafts where they run machines that dig out the Read about a visit to a real underground coal Processing the CoalAfter coal comes out of the ground, it typically goes on a conveyor belt to a preparation plant that is located at the mining The plant cleans and processes coal to remove dirt, rock, ash, sulfur, and other unwanted materials, increasing the heating value of the TRANSPORTING COAL After coal is mined and processed, it is ready to be shipped to The cost of shipping coal can cost more than the cost of mining Most coal is transported by train, but coal can also be transported by barge, ship, truck, and even Almost 60 percent of coal in the US is transported, for at least part of its trip to market, by It is cheaper to transport coal on river barges, but barges cannot take coal everywhere that it needs to If the coal will be used near the coal mine, it can be moved by trucks and Coal can also be crushed, mixed with water, and sent through a "slurry" Sometimes, coal-fired electric power plants are built near coal mines to lower transportation TYPES OF COAL Coal is classified into four main types, or ranks (lignite, subbituminous, bituminous, anthracite), depending on the amounts and types of carbon it contains and on the amount of heat energy it can The rank of a deposit of coal depends on the pressure and heat acting on the plant debris as it sank deeper and deeper over millions of For the most part, the higher ranks of coal contain more heat-producing Lignite is the lowest rank of coal with the lowest energy Lignites tend to be relatively young coal deposits that were not subjected to extreme heat or Lignite is crumbly and has high moisture About eight percent of the coal produced in the United States is lignite, and most of it comes from Texas and North D Lignite is mainly burned at power plants to generate Subbituminous coal has a higher heating value than Subbituminous coal typically contains 35-45 percent carbon, compared to 25-35 percent for Most subbituminous coal in the US is at least 100 million years Over 40 percent of the coal produced in the United States is Bituminous coal contains 45-86 percent carbon, and has two to three times the heating value of Bituminous coal was formed under high heat and Bituminous coal in the United States is between 100 to 300 million years It is the most abundant rank of coal found in the United States, accounting for about half of US coal Bituminous coal is used to generate Electricity and is an important fuel and raw material for the steel and iron Anthracite contains 86-97 percent carbon and its heating value is slightly lower than bituminous Anthracite is very rare in the United S The only anthracite mines in the United States are located in northeastern PWHERE WE GET COALCoal reseves are beds of coal still in the ground waiting to be The United States has the world's largest known coal reserves, about 275 billion short This is enough coal to last over two hundred years at today's level of Coal production is the amount of coal that is mined and sent to The United States produces over a billion short tons of coal each year, over 1/5 of the world's Coal is mined in 27 Wyoming mines the most coal, followed by West Virginia, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and T Coal is mainly found in three large regions, the Appalachian Coal Region, the Interior Coal Region, and Western Coal Region (includes the Powder River Basin) Coal Production in Three Regions2004 Appalachian Coal Region: Annually produces about 35% of total US coal Large underground mines and small surface Coal mined in the Appalachian coal region is primarily used for steam generation for electricity, metal production, and for Interior Coal Region: Annually produces approximately 13% of total US coal Mid-sized surface Mid- to large-sized Western Coal Region: Annually produces about 52% of total US coal The State of Wyoming (number one coal state) accounts for over 30% of total US coal Large surface Largest coal mines in the HOW COAL IS USEDOver 90 percent of the coal used in the United States is used to generate It's also used as a basic energy source in many industries, including, steel, cement and The four major uses of coal are: FOR ELECTRIC POWERCoal is used to generate more than half of all electricity produced in the United S Besides electric utility companies, industries and businesses with their own power plants use coal to generate Power plants burn coal to make The steam turns turbines which generate FOR INDUSTRYA variety of industries use coal's heat and by- Separated ingredients of coal (such as methanol and ethylene) are used in making plastics, tar, synthetic fibers, fertilizers, and The concrete and paper industries also burn large amounts of Industrial consumers use over 7 percent of the coal mined in the United S FOR MAKING STEELCoal is baked in hot furnaces to make coke, which is used to smelt iron ore into iron needed for making It is the very high temperatures created from the use of coke that gives steel the strength and flexibility for products such as bridges, buildings, and FOR EXPORTIn 2004, 48 million short tons, about 4 percent of the coal produced in the United States, was exported to other Coal is exported to many different countries, but most trade is with Canada, Europe, and B More than half of coal exports are used for making Read about a visit to a coal export Coal exports have been generally shrinking in the past 10 years, while the amount of coal imported from other countries has been In 2004, 27 million short tons of coal were imported from other Most of these imports were shipped to electric power producers along the US COAL AND THE ENVIRONMENTEnvironmental laws and modern technologies have greatly reduced coal's impact on the Without proper care, mining can destroy land and pollute Today, restoring the land damaged by surface mining is an important part of the mining Because mining activities often come into contact with water resources, coal producers must also go to great efforts to prevent damage to ground and surface When coal is burned as fuel, it gives off carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas that is linked with global Burning coal also produces emissions, such as sulfur, nitrogen oxide (NOx), and mercury, that can pollute the air and Sulfur mixes with oxygen to form sulfur dioxide (SO2), a chemical that can affect trees and water when it combines with moisture to produce acid Emissions of nitrogen oxide help create smog, and also contribute to acid Mercury that is released into the air eventually settles in The mercury in the water can build up in fish and shellfish, and can be harmful to animals and people who eat The Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act require industries to reduce pollutants released into the air and the The coal industry has found several ways to reduce sulfur, nitrogen oxides, and other impurities from They have found more effective ways of cleaning coal before it leaves the mine, and coal companies look for low-sulfur coal to Power plants use "scrubbers" to clean sulfur from the smoke before it leaves their In addition, industry and government have cooperated to develop "clean coal technologies" that either remove sulfur and nitrogen oxides from coal, or convert coal to a gas or liquid The scrubbers and NOx removal equipment are also able to reduce mercury emissions from some types of Scientists are working on new ways to reduce mercury emissions from coal-burning power plants, since the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set tighter mercury limits for the