我国经济发展参考文献英文

写论文在最后需要把你参考的文献都写出来，就是参考文献，格式：作者1，作者2，。。题名文章来源(杂志名称等),年,卷（期）：文章页码（标点符号要用英文格式的）参考文献张震巍,陈飞虎发展中国家基本药物获得情况不容乐观国外医学卫生经济分册, 2003, 20(3): 141-143赵红英OTC营销队伍的组建及终端管理商业经济与管理,2002,9(4):13-14刘剑锋浅谈OTC药品营销策略药学进展，2004, 28（12）：570-572高环成论我国OTC药品营销策略中国经贸导刊，2010,（10）石海盛 OTC市场的营销及终端管理 天津药学 , 2001, (04)刘雪梅中国OTC市场营销策略分析中国市场,2007,（Z1）

China's Foreign Trade strategy for the re-positioning mode Can not be denied that foreign trade and exports as part of international trade, a country or a regional basis and the opening up of the carrier, its change of China's past the closed state of the economy, opening up a new situation, learn new knowledge, access to new things, Earner of foreign exchange and balance of payments, because of the international division of labor and access to the formation of comparative advantage and promote national economic growth, have played a certain However, exports to China's economic growth and the positive effects of the imagination of people not as 20 reform and opening up nearly 10 percent of the rapid economic growth, play a leading role is not foreign trade and exports, the main contribution should always work in terms of domestic market Before the Asian financial crisis, China's domestic investment demand and consumer demand are great, so several times a national economy "overheating", for which the central government had to use the abuse of administrative, economic and legal comprehensive means to limit the scale of investment and Consumer groups, economic overheating "" It is this huge domestic market and expansion of China's rapid economic growth has played a major and crucial role in foreign trade and exports is the role played by the indirect, is only to provide fuel economic growth, instead of "" Although the expansion of export trade to China's economic growth played a certain role in stimulating, but its negative effects have gradually emerged, and paid a very high First, as exports continue to expand the scale of China's economy is dependent on external deepened (throughout the 1990s before the nine-year total imports and exports to GDP ratio of more than 30 percent in some years reached 6%) As a result of a result: the second half of 1997 when the Asian financial crisis suddenly fell, the rapid decline of economic growth in Asia, China's foreign trade growth also fell, the total import and export volume in 1998 compared with the previous year had a negative growth, exports Only a slight increase in the growth rate dropped substantially, resulting in China's economic growth rate of decline in the trend line for three consecutive years running, the GDP growth rate in 1997 was 8 percent in 1998, 8 percent in 1999, is expected to about 1% , The trend of declining year by It must be pointed out that in the Asian financial crisis struck, China's economic growth and foreign trade is not the same substantial drop, not a phenomenon of Southeast Asian countries and South Korea, the same rapid decline, because China's huge domestic market support R Secondly, the international market because of the limited, as well as countries in the world trade protection of universality, some of China's industries and products such as clothing, footwear, textile exports have been largely limited scale, resulting in a massive backlog of inventory, ordered by the Central Government to , Minimizing the scale of production, such as the limited number of spindles of cotton textile production is one example, to a certain extent, related to damage China's light industry At the same time, some countries or international organizations such as the European Union and North America and other developed countries frequently used anti-dumping and other means to limit the access of China's labor-intensive products, and these countries increased trade Again, and is similar to other large developing country, China's regional imbalance in economic development greater extent, the eastern part of a higher level of development, particularly in central and western regions is a relatively low level of development of the western Reform and opening up 20 years in national economic development and made remarkable achievements at the same time, China's regional economic disparities and residents in the expanding gap between rich and poor, tend to exacerbate economic The emergence of this situation, of course, are many reasons, but the export trade to encourage and promote export-oriented model in which played a role in adding fuel to the China's strong economic base in eastern coastal areas, advanced production technology, scientific and technological level of higher education, labor quality better developed financial sector and capital more abundant, strong technological innovation capability, a higher degree of market economy, since reform and opening up the enjoyment of Many of the countries under the preferential policies, but the energy, mineral and land resources relative The central and western regions of the district intelligence and the eastern region compared to the contrary, in addition to energy rich mineral resources, vast land area, the low quality of the labor force more affluent, the other aspects such as economic development level, culture, education technology, labor quality and availability of funds , The ability of technological innovation, economic development in the market, have fallen far behind the eastern Geographical division of the economic situation is: the eastern region is a major production and export of finished, and deep processing of additional high-value products, while the central and western regions is the major production and export of natural resources and primary processed China's reform and opening up the initial structure of export commodities are agricultural and pastoral products and processed products mainly in primary industries, the proportion of finished products do During this period the central and western regions larger proportion of exports, also benefit from However, export-oriented model of the finished products instead of primary commodities for export purposes and objectives of the state's policy to encourage the exports of manufactures is to stimulate exports, restrictions on the export of primary commodities, such as the Export-Import Bank of China is dedicated to the Electrical and Mechanical and complete sets of equipment The export of capital goods, such as providing loans and risk guarantees and the establishment of At the national foreign trade policy-induced, China's export commodity structure fundamental changes have taken place from the previous mainly primary products, manufactured goods for the shop, for now the change mainly to manufactured goods, primary goods, supplemented From the macro interests of the national economy in terms of national policy to encourage export of such understandable, but the specific area of interest to the formation of the Kule uneven situation, because the production of manufactures in the eastern region of the advantages of the project, the state export-oriented policy As a result of the eastern region's exports and its profit ratio increased, the central and western regions and its profit ratio of foreign trade and exports As shown in Table 1, 1998 the eastern part of import and export volume and export volume in both the proportion of more than 90 percent, in the western region is less than 10 percent of the Figure plans) ( Should It is noteworthy that the eastern region because of its own with the special advantages and market-oriented reform and opening up an earlier time, but its extent greater, faster progress, has attracted foreign capital and advanced technology into large-scale, foreign Actual direct investment accounted for the vast majority of the country (see table 2), which enhance the economic strength of the east, raising its technical level and the level of production of manufactured goods more obvious advantages for export-oriented model of manufactured exports The encouragement of the eastern part of the export scale and a growing proportion, also benefit from greater and is conducive to the formation of the eastern part of a virtuous circle: → manufactured exports increased foreign exchange earnings, introducing advanced foreign technology and capital → enhance regional economic strength, → manufactures innovative technology development → manufactured exports The central and western regions are exactly the opposite, in the role of export-oriented mode of foreign trade and export of increasingly narrow, benefit from more and more This is in fact the eastern region and promote the economic gap between the central and western regions to expand and intensify its regional economic Figure plans) ( In neo-classical growth model, Solow (solow) has a well-known conclusion that the elements of the returns to scale, but the input is diminishing marginal utility, which could lead to long-term economic growth rate and the level of negative economic Start Related, and possibly different regions, between economic growth rate tends to convergence In 1952-1995, up from 44 in the development of China's long-term returns to scale and there is diminishing marginal utility, but the overall rate of economic growth and economic level and there was no obvious negative correlation between the regional economy not More convergence and integration, but in the eastern, central, and western economic zone within three Solow growth model showing a special phenomenon, namely the eastern, central and western regions in accordance with their different "trajectory center" development, three Zone within the provinces, cities, districts tend to convergence and economic development consistent correlation between economic zone but do This phenomenon is the emergence of reform and opening up after the beginning of the 1980s, the most convincing explanation is: foreign trade and exports to the implementation of the policy to encourage the eastern region more involved in the international economic cycle and embarked on a completely different In the central and western regions of the road to Along with the eastern and western regions of the economic gap between the dual nature of economic expansion and intensification of its households per capita income gap has widened From 1985-1995, although the various provinces, cities, districts have per capita incomes in absolute terms has greatly improved, increasing from 66 times to 50 times the range, but the relative level (for references to the country) The changes are showing a completely different trend, in addition to the eastern part of Liaoning Province, all other provinces, cities and districts of the relative levels of per capita income have increased, the performance of their relative levels of value for now, while the central and western provinces and autonomous regions in per capita The relative level of all income decreased trend, and its performance relative changes in the level of a negative 1985 per capita income in Shanghai is the largest per capita income of Gansu Province, the smallest of 96 times that of 1995 expanded to 75 According to World Bank estimates, China's Gini coefficient of 30 from 1984 up to 1995's 415, the data provided by the United Nations Development Programme is China has become the world's larger gap between rich and poor Thus, a comprehensive export-oriented economic development model in China's practice is not very successful, although the economic development it has a stimulating effect, but the negative impact is quite In general, less to the dense population in the small country (region) in the implementation of a period of import substitution policies, the level of economic development up to a certain extent, to the country's export-oriented economic development model is appropriate, that practice will be However, as China is a large population, vast developing country and should not be one-sided emphasis on the full implementation of export-oriented model and export-oriented economic strategy, as its own huge domestic market, and economic development must be primarily based on domestic, it is not necessary and can not Qugao the overall strategy of export-oriented, but also big developing countries are usually the region's economic development is very uneven, and its own comparative advantages and characteristics very different and therefore all regions of the mode of development can not simply apply the export-oriented However, this is not the opening to the outside world will not, not not to encourage exports, but should take all effective means to encourage and foster the development of export enterprises and the regional conditions to develop export-oriented economy, that is, export-oriented development strategy To actively and steadily increase in China's economic "outward-looking" So, China should not only encourage exports, expanding opening up, but also to developing the national economy, based on the domestic market demand, which are the "degree" how to » Location in the mode of foreign trade strategy where appropriate » The answer is: inward-looking open economy, that is, on the whole the "import substitution" gradual and partial "export-oriented" strategy of combining foreign This strategic model according to the Chinese market potential, rich resources relative to the characteristics of the main based on domestic resources development and explore the domestic market, continue to improve and strengthen the economic cycle, will expand domestic demand as the main driver of economic development, while positive foreign Away, the use of all possible conditions for expansion of foreign trade and exports, the development of export-oriented The significance of expanding foreign trade and exports is not how much occupied in the international market, not to a major market demand in foreign countries, but to earn foreign exchange through the introduction of advanced technology, equipment and personnel, and maintain a certain balance in foreign exchange savings , Through the expansion of foreign economic exchange, learn and master new knowledge and access to new things and new concepts, constantly expanding the economic cycle, and improve the economic cycle within the scope, quality and level, through economic, outside the circle of each other and promote national Rapid sustained and stable economic [References] [1] Xu Henin-Hardenne, such as: "China's foreign trade", World Book Publishing Company, [2] Malcolm Gillis, such as: "Development Economics" Economic Science Press, [3] for the National Bureau of Statistics: "China Statistical Abstract 1999," China Statistics Press, [4] DING Lin, such as: "one-China economic growth in all regions of the Empirical Study", "economic science", [5] Wei Houkai: "The Chinese people's income gap between the region and its decomposition," "Economic Research", 1996 (11) [6] Chen Guangyan: "overproduction and insufficient demand and solve the question", "Economics dynamic", 1999 (11)