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doi:1016/004 Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Ltd All rights Experimental evaluation of the growth rate of mould on finishes for indoor housing environments: Effects of the 2002/91/EC directive Marco D'Orazioa, , , Marco Palladinia, Lucia Aquilantib and Francesca Clementib aDepartment of Architecture Construction and Structures - DACS, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy bDepartment of Food Science, Agricultural-Engineering, Physics, Agricultural Economics and Landscape Science - SAIFET, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy Received 15 May 2008; revised 3 November 2008; accepted 5 November Available online 21 November Abstract We report the results of a study to evaluate the growth rate of three species of mould on plasters, finishes and paints typically used in structures with heavy weight building The aim was to determine the influence of the chemical composition (in terms of organic fraction of the materials) on the growth rate of The study was carried out in the following steps: – characterization of materials; – inoculation of mould spores (3 species) on 7 types of material (2 plasters, 3 finishes, 2 paints); – growth in a climatic chamber (23 °C and 90% RH); – analysis of the mould growth rate using various experimental techniques (fluorescence microscopy analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, ) Results show a clear correlation between the organic substances contained in paints, plasters and finishes and the growth rate of the This study is part of a more general research program which addresses the effects on indoor environment air quality based on the European directive 2002/91/EC This directive specifically indicates that energy consumption in buildings should be limited and sets threshold values for the thermal resistance of the building walls and As a consequence window manufacturers are improving the thermal property of windows by reducing the air permeability, which may increase the indoor and surface relative humidity percentage (RH%) and lead to the development of mould in the indoor Keywords: Mould; Plaster; Paint; Biocontamination Article Outline Introduction Steps, materials, methods Steps Materials Methods Results Preliminary characterization Growth rate of the mould Correlation between the mould growth area and the content of organic substances Conclusions References Introduction The tendency in industrialized countries to reduce energy consumption has been accelerated in the EC member states by the introduction of the 2002/91/EC directive [1] In fact, this directive fixed the minimum requirements which must be respected when building new structures and when renovating existing buildings so as to have a more effective reduction in energy consumption for the air-conditioning of indoor This strategy has, however, led to some undesired Windows manufacturers are currently producing systems with low permeability (class A4 UNI EN 12207, 2000) in order to obtain better thermal A reduction in permeability, in buildings which are already characterized by a limited amount of air exchange, can increase the indoor and surface RH% in winter [16] Consequently there may be an increased growth of mould species on some parts of the Numerous studies have been conducted in recent years to address the environmental aspects that favour the growth and the subsequent sporulation of fungi Rousseau [2] and Hud [3], indicate the following factors: oxygen availability; a suitable temperature range; a substrate of deposit that acts as nourishment; and a certain degree of humidity [4], [34] and [36] Krus et [5] have studied these conditions, together with a series of other specific factors that can influence the growth of fungi: pH value and the roughness of the substrate on which the mould grows, the light, the biotic interaction and the exposure Baughman and Arens [6] have underlined that, although moulds can grow at temperatures between 0 °C and 40 °C, a range going from 22 °C to 35 °C can be considered optimal for the species that are most frequently found inside On the contrary, the level of airborne spores in the indoor environment, which is one of the conditions able to influence the development of moulds, is dependent on seasonal changes in the external environment [7] Adan [7] has verified that there are a considerable number of buildings that offer favourable temperature conditions for the germination and the growth of mould on construction material and indoor environment Sedlbauer [8], [9], [10] and [11] has recently completed an important research and development study of models which are able to estimate mould growth inside buildings, classifying the various These different authors appear to be in agreement, however, in indicating that different kinds of fungi require minimum levels of humidity in the support surface material in order to proliferate and these values vary for different species [6], [12] and [35] Ayerst [12] has conducted experiments in order to characterize the ideal conditions and the minimum values of humidity required in the substrate for mildew These experiments indicate a range between 71% and 94%, according to the fungi Moulds (typically present on construction materials) can be separated into three groups on the basis of their water activity (aw) [13]: primer colonizer or storage moulds, capable of growing at aw < 8; secondary colonizer or phyllophane fungi, requiring a minimum aw between 8 and 9; and tertiary colonizer or water-damage moulds, needing aw > The last class includes the most toxic mould species for human Although each species has a preferential humidity for growth, the International Energy Agency [33] indicates an average RH% of 80% as the critical threshold for mould A reduction in moisture content in building materials to below 80% RH% is, therefore, the way to reduce mould Only a limited amount of information is available about the influence of the composition of the finish materials on the germination and development, in terms of percentage, of 可以的话留下你的联系e-MAIL 这种文章太多了 就随便搞了一篇的一部分让你看看·· 明天帮你找找!至于翻译的话比较困难··看情况,找到的话给你翻译个abstract吧·
259 评论

淡淡默默淡淡

环境影响评价工作程序1、准备阶段研究有关文件进行初步的工程分析和建设项目环境影响区的环境现状调查,识别建设项目的环境影响因素,筛选主要的环境影响评价因子,明确评价重点,确定各单项环境影响评价的范围和评价工作等级2、正式工作阶段进一步的工程分析充分的环境现状调查和监测,开展环境质量现状评价,进行环境影响预测,评价建设项目的环境影响,开展公众意见调查,提出减少环境污染和生态影响的环境管理措施和工程措施3、环境影响报告编制阶段分析汇总正式阶段所得的各种资料和数据,从环境保护角度确定项目建设的可行性,给出评价结论,提出进一步减缓环境影响的建议并完成报告扩展资料:环评分类一、按照评价对象1、规划环境影响评价2、命建设项目环境影响评价二、按照环境要素1、大气环境影响评价2、地表水环境影响评价3、声环境影响评价4、移生态环境影响评价5、固体废物环境影响评价三、按照时间顺序1、环境质量现状评价2、环境影响预测评价3、环境影响后评价参考资料来源:百度百科—环评参考资料来源:百度百科—项目环评参考资料来源:百度百科—环境影响评价

137 评论

xiaoyoubaobei

天下文章一大抄,就看你是怎么抄

348 评论

小胖怡情

环境影响评价 环境影响评价是项目评价体系的重要组成部分,内容包括项目建设方案所需要的环境条件研究,影响项目建设环境因素的识别和分析,需要采取的保护对策和措施,以及相关的环境损失和环境效益经济分析。本讲重点介绍环境价值的评价方法。 环境价值评价的主要方法 环境价值就是对环境质量进行货币量化的价值,一般采用直接市场法、替代市场法和意愿调查评估法对环境价值进行量化。 (一)直接市场法 1.市场价值或生产率法 工程项目的投资建设活动对环境质量的影响,可能导致相应的商品市场产出水平发生变化,因而可以用产出水平的变动导致的商品销售额的变动来衡量环境价值的变动。2.人力资本法或收入损失法 环境质量变化对人类健康有着多方面的影响。这种影响不仅表现为因劳动者发病率与死亡率增加而给生产直接造成的损失(可采用市场价值法进行测算),而且还表现为因环境质量恶化而导致的医疗费开支的增加,以及因为人们过早得病或死亡而造成的收入损失等等。3.防护费用法 当某种活动有可能导致环境污染时,人们可以采取相应的措施来预防或治理环境污染。利用采取这些措施所需费用来评估环境价值的方法就是防护费用法。4.恢复费用法或重置成本法 假如导致环境质量恶化的环境污染无法得到有效的治理,那么就不得不用其它方式来恢复受到损害的环境,以便使原有的环境质量得以保持。将受到损害的环境质量恢复到受损害以前状况所需要的费用就是恢复费用。5.影子项目法 影子项目法是恢复费用法的一种特殊形式。当某一项目的建设会使环境质量遭到破坏,而且在技术上无法恢复或恢复费用太高时,人们可以同时设计另一个作为原有环境质量替代晶的补充项目,以便使环境质量对经济发展和人民生活水平的影响保持不变。(二)替代市场法 在现实生活中,存在着这样一些商品和劳务,它们是可以观察和度量的,也是可以用货币价格加以测算的,但是它们的价格只是部分地、间接地反映了人们对环境价值变动的评价。用这类商品与劳务的价格来衡量环境价值变动的方法,就是替代市场法,又称间接市场法。替代市场法力图寻找到那些能间接反映人们对环境质量评价的商品和劳务,并用这些商品和劳务的价格来衡量环境价值。由于这种方法涉及的信息往往反映了多种因素产生的综合性后果,而环境因素只是其中因素之一,而且排除其它方面的因素对数据的干扰往往十分困难,使得这种方法所得出的结果可信度较低。(三)意愿调查评价法 如果找不到环境质量变动导致的可以观察和度量的结果(不论这种结果能够直接定价,还是需要间接定价),或者评估者希望了解被评估者对环境质量变动的支付意愿或受偿意愿,在这种情况下,可通过对被评估者的直接调查,来评估他们的支付意愿或受偿意愿。这就是意愿调查评价法,主要包括: 1.直接询问调查对象的支付意愿或受偿意愿 具体做法包括:(1)叫价博弈法。通过模仿商品的拍卖过程,对被调查者的支付意愿或受偿意愿进行调查。调查者首先向被调查者说明环境质量变动的影响以及解决环境问题的具体办法,然后询问被调查者,为了改善环境,是否愿意付出一定数额的货币(或者是否愿意在接受一定数额的补偿的前提下,接受环境质量的某种程度的恶化),如果被调查者的回答是肯定的,就再提高(在涉及补偿的情况下是降低)金额,直到被调查者作出否定的回答为止。然后调查者再变动金额,以便找出被调查者愿意付出的精确金额。(2)权衡博弈法。通过被调查者对两组方案的选择,来调查被调查者的支付意愿或受偿意愿。调查者首先要向被调查者说明环境质量变动的影响以及解决环境问题的具体办法,然后提出两组方案。其中,第一组只包括一定的环境质量,第二组除了——定的环境质量之外,还需要被调查者支付一定数量的金额(或者给被调查者一定数量金额的补偿),调查者要求被调查者在环境质量与货币支出的不同组合中做出选择。如果被调查者选择了第一组,那就降低要求被调查者支付的金额(或提高给被调查者的补偿金额),如果被调查者选择了第二组,那就提高要求被调查者支付的金额(或降低给被调查者的补偿金额),直到被调查者感到无论选择哪一组方案都一样时为止。此时,调查者将所有的被调查者在第二组方案中愿意付出或愿意接受的金额汇总,就可以得出上述环境质量差异的货币价值。 2.询问调查对象对某些商品或劳务的需求量,从中推断出调查对象的支付意愿或受偿意愿 主要包括:(1)无费用选择法。要求被调查者在若干组方案之间进行选择,但无论哪一组方案都不要求被调查者付款,而只要求被调查者选择由一定的环境质量和一定数量的其它商品或劳务(也可以包括货币)组成的组合。这样,被调查者对环境质量差异的受偿意愿,就可以通过他们对其它商品或劳务的选择表现出来。(2)优先评价法。首先告诉被调查者不同的环境质量(例如不同水质的自来水)的价格,然后给被调查者一个预算额,要求被调查者用这些钱(必须用尽)去购买包括环境质量在内的一组商品。这样,被调查者对环境质量变动的支付意愿,就可以通过他们购买的商品组合表现出来。(3)德尔菲法。通过专家调查来获取环境质量评价的信息。 意愿调查评价法直接评价调查对象的支付意愿或受偿意愿,从理论上讲,所得结果应该最接近.环境质量的货币价值。但是,必须承认,在确定支付意愿或受偿意愿的过程中,调查者和被调查者所掌握的信息是非对称的,被调查者比调查者更清楚自己的意愿。加上意愿调查评价法所评估的是调查对象本人宣称的意愿,而非调查对象根据自己的意愿所采取的实际行动,因而调查结果存在着产生各种偏倚的可能性。当调查对象相信他们的回答能影响决策;从而使他们实际支付的私人成本低于正常条件下的预期值时,调查结果可能产生策略性偏倚;当调查者对各种备选方案介绍得不完全或使人误解时,调查结果可能产生资料偏倚;问卷假设的收款或付款的方式不当,调查结果可能产生手段偏倚;调查对象长期免费享受环境和生态资源而形成的“免费搭车”心理,会导致调查对象将这种享受看作是天赋权利而反对为此付款,从而使调查结果出现假想偏倚。由此可见,如果不进行细致的准备,这种方法得出的结论很可能出现重大偏差。所以在估算环境质量的货币价值时,应该尽可能地采用直接市场法;如果采用直接市场法的条件不具备,则采用替代市场法。只有在上述两类方法都无法应用时,才不得不采用意愿调查评价法。

300 评论

cynthiahql

环境影响评价Environmental impact assessmentHuman health and wellbeing in environmental impact assessment in New South Wales, Australia: Auditing health impacts within environmental assessments of major projects作 者:Patrick J Harris;Elizabeth Harris;Susan Thompson;Ben Harris-Roxas;Lynn Kemp期 刊:Environmental impact assessment review 年,卷(期):2009, 29(5) 关键词:health environmental impact assessment major projects正文语种:eng Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Audit in Large-Scale Public Infrastructure Construction: The Case of the Qieghai-Tibet Railway作 者:Guizhen He;Lei Zhang;Yonglong Lu期 刊:Environmental Management 年,卷(期):2009, 44(3) 关键词:Environmental performance Construction project Large-scale construction program Environmental audit Environmental Impact Assessment Qinghai-Tibet Railway正文语种:eng Linking environmental impact assessment, environmental management systems and green procurement in construction projects: lessons from the City Tunnel Project in Malmo, Sweden作 者:Annika Varnas;Charlotta Faith-Ell;Berit Balfors期 刊:Impact assessment and project appraisal 年,卷(期):2009, 27(1) 关键词:Environmental impact assessment Environmental management system Green procurement Construction industry正文语种:eng Environmental information system for visualizing environmental impact assessment information作 者:Angelika Cserny;Zsofia Kovacs;Endre Domokos期 刊:Environmental Science and Pollution Research 年,卷(期):2009, 16(1) 关键词:Data visualisation Environmental impact assessment Environmental monitoring GIS Surface water正文语种:eng The screening and scoping of Environmental Impact Assessment and Strategic Environmental Assessment of Carbon Capture and Storage in the Netherlands作 者:Joris Koomneef;Andre Faaij;Wim Turkenburg期 刊:Environmental Impact Assesment Review 年,卷(期):2008, 28(6) 关键词:carbon capture and storage spatial policy strategic environmental impact assessment regulation implementation正文语种:eng 还有很多,要是上面都不好,你再HI我哈~记得给分噢。

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