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European companies are facing new challenges in the next Seven trends in international logistics are These are supply chain management, globalisation of the supply chain, virtual enterprises, e-business, green logistics, strategic partnerships and new management The implications for European companies are discussed and illustrated by examples from advanced Asserts that it is employees and not the systems and processes that will ensure solutions to the logitstics tasks and provide companies with the necessary
Business logisticsLogistics as a business concept evolved in the 1950s due to the increasing complexity of supplying businesses with materials and shipping out products in an increasingly globalized supply chain, leading to a call for experts called supply chain Business logistics can be defined as "having the right item in the right quantity at the right time at the right place for the right price in the right condition to the right customer", and is the science of process and incorporates all industry The goal of logistics work is to manage the fruition of project life cycles, supply chains and resultant In business, logistics may have either internal focus (inbound logistics), or external focus (outbound logistics) covering the flow and storage of materials from point of origin to point of consumption (see supply chain management) The main functions of a qualified logistician include inventory management, purchasing, transportation, warehousing, consultation and the organizing and planning of these Logisticians combine a professional knowledge of each of these functions to coordinate resources in an There are two fundamentally different forms of logistics: one optimizes a steady flow of material through a network of transport links and storage nodes; the other coordinates a sequence of resources to carry out some [edit]Production logisticsThe term production logistics is used to describe logistic processes within an The purpose of production logistics is to ensure that each machine and workstation is being fed with the right product in the right quantity and quality at the right The concern is not the transportation itself, but to streamline and control the flow through value-adding processes and eliminate non–value-adding Production logistics can be applied to existing as well as new Manufacturing in an existing plant is a constantly changing Machines are exchanged and new ones added, which gives the opportunity to improve the production logistics system Production logistics provides the means to achieve customer response and capital Production logistics is becoming more important with decreasing batch In many industries ( mobile phones), a batch size of one is the short-term aim, allowing even a single customer's demand to be fulfilled Track and tracing, which is an essential part of production logistics—due to product safety and product reliability issues—is also gaining importance, especially in the automotive and medical 出处 wikipedia
韩文行吗
如果有裂纹的身体受到外来loadingor规定位移边界是部队应用于裂纹面上关闭裂缝聚集在一起,这些部队必须等效应力分布在一个uncracked身体相同的几何遵守同样的外部加载
PPT，是否可以。
贴上来吧
1 ] 尼克松WS 。学生大小在折射(信件) 。J 大瀑布折射Surg 1997;23:1435-6 。 [ 2 ] Holladay JT, 林恩・MJ, 留神III 是, 等。视觉关系 敏锐、折射错误, 和学生大小在辐形keratotomy 以后。曲拱 Ophthalmol 1991;109:70-6 。 [ 3 ] 暗视力的学生扩张的Colvard M Preoperative 测量使用 办公室pupillometer 。J 大瀑布折射Surg 1999;24:1594-7 。 [ 4 ] 拳击手Wachler BS, Krueger RR 。协议和反复性 红外pupillometery 和比较方法。眼科学 1999;106:319-23 。 [ 5 ] 平淡JM, Altman DG 。统计方法为估计协议 在临床测量之间二个方法。柳叶刀1986 年; 1:307-10 。 [ 6 ] Altman DG, 平淡JM 。测量在医学: 分析 方法比较研究。统计员1983;32:307-18 。 [ 7 ] Loewenfeld IE 。学生。解剖学生理和临床应用, 卷1, 第一编辑。Ames: 衣阿华州立大学出版社, 1993[chapter 15] 。 [ 8 ] WS, Munnerlyn C Predicting 视觉表现随后而来男爵 excimer photorefractive keratectomy 。折射玉米Surg 1992;8:355- [ 9 ] Verdon W, Bullimore M, Maloney RK 。视觉表现以后 photorefractive keratectomy: 一项预期研究。曲拱Ophthalmol 1996;114:1465-72 。 [ 10 ] Kohnen T, Terzi E, Buhren J, Kohnen EM 。比较数字式和 一手扶的红外pupillometer 为确定的暗视力的学生 直径。J 大瀑布折射Surg 2003;29(1):12-117 。 [ 11 ] 拳击手Wachler BS 。学生大小的作用在视觉作用下 monocular 和双眼条件在LASIK 和non-LASIK 患者。J 大瀑布折射Surg 2003;29:275-8 。 [ 12 ] Rosen ES, 戈尔CL, 泰勒D, 等。对数字式红外线的用途 pupillometer 估计耐心适合为折射手术。J 大瀑布折射Surg 2002;28:1433-8 。 [ 13 ] Schnitzler E-M, Baumeister M, Kohnen T Scotopic 测量 正常学生: Colvard 对录影视觉分析仪红外线pupillometer 。 J 大瀑布折射Surg 2000;26:859-66 。
口腔病学，眼科，耳鼻喉学，内科
注意查收~~
刚好我也在做毕业设计 把我的给你用吧！ Traditional Construction ProceduresAs mentioned before, construction under the traditional construction procedure is performed by While they would like to satisfy the owner and the building designers, contractors have the main objective of making a Hence, their initial task is to prepare a bid price based on an accurate estimate of construction This requires development of a concept for performance of the work and a construction time After a contract has been awarded, contractors must furnish and pay for all materials, equipment, power, labor, and supervision required for The owner compensates the contractors for construction costs and A general contractor assumes overall responsibility for construction of a The contractor engages subcontractors who take responsibility for the work of the various trades required for For example, a plumbing contractor installs the plumbing, an electrical contractor installs the electrical system, and an elevator contractor installs Their contracts are with the general contractor, and they are paid by the general Sometimes, in addition to a general contractor, the owner contracts separately with specialty contractors, such as electrical and mechanical contractors, who perform a substantial amount of the work require for a Such contractors are called prime Their work is scheduled and coordinated by the general contractor, but they are paid directly by the Sometimes also, the owner may use the design-build method and award a contract to an organization for both the design and construction of a Such organizations are called design-build One variation of this type of contract is employed by developers of groups of one-family homes or low-rise apartment The homebuilder designs and constructs the dwellings, but the design is substantially completed before owners purchase the Administration of the construction procedure often is Consequently, some owners seek assistance from an expert, called a professional construction manager, with extensive construction experience, who receives a The construction manager negotiates with general contractors and helps select one to construct the Managers usually also supervise selection of During construction, they help control costs, expedite equipment and material deliveries, and keep the work on In some cases, instead, the owner may prefer o engage a construction program manager, to assist in administrating both design and Construction contractors employ labor that may or may not be Unionized craftspeople are members of unions that are organized by construction trades, such as carpenter, plumber, and electrician unions, Union members will perform only the work assigned to their During construction, all work should be For this purpose, the owner, often through the architect and consultants, engages The field inspectors may be placed under the control of an owner’s representative, who may be titled clerk of the works, architect’s superintendent, engineer’s superintendent, or resident The inspectors have the responsibility of ensuring that construction meets the requirements of the contract documents and is performed under safe Such inspections may be made at frequent In addition, inspections also are made by representatives of one or more governmental They have the responsibility of ensuring that construction meets legal requirements and have little or no concern with detailed conformance with the contract Such legal inspections are made periodically or at the end of certain stages of One agency that will make frequent inspections is the local or state building department, whichever has The purpose of these inspections is to ensure conformance with the local or state building Following is a description of the basic traditional construction procedure for a multistory After the award of a construction contract to a general contractor, the owner may ask the contractor to start a portion of the work before signing of the contract by giving the contractor a letter of intent or after signing of the contract by issuing a written notice to The contractor then obtains construction permits, as required, form governmental agencies, such as the local building, water, sewer, and highway The general contractor plans and schedules construction operations in detail and mobilizes equipment and personnel for the Subcontractors are notified of the contract award and issued letters of intent or awarded subcontracts, then are given, at appropriate times, notices to Before construction starts, the general contractor orders a survey to be made of adjacent structures and terrain, both for the record and to become knowledgeable of local A survey is then made to lay out Field offices for the contractor are erected on or near the If desirable for safety reasons to protect passersby, the required to be removed from the site are demolished and the debris is carted Next, the site is prepared to receive the This work may involve grading the top surface to bring it to the proper elevations, excavating to required depths for basement and foundations, and shifting of utility For deep excavations, earth sides are braced and the bottom is Major construction starts with the placement of foundations, on which the building This is followed by the erection of load-bearing walls and structural Depending on the height of the building, ladders, stairs, or elevators may be installed to enable construction personnel to travel from floor to floor eventually to the Also, hoists may be installed to lift materials to upper If needed, temporary flooring may be placed for use of As the building rises, pipes, ducts, and electric conduit and wiring are Then, permanent floors, exterior walls, and windows are At the appropriate time, permanent elevators are If required, fireproofing is placed for steel Next, fixed partitions are built and the roof and its covering are put is place,Finishing operations There include installation of the following: ceilings; tile; wallboard; wall paneling; plumbing fixtures; heating furnaces; air-conditioning equipment; heating and cooling devices for rooms; escalators; floor coverings; window glass; movable partitions; doors; finishing hardware; electrical equipment and apparatus, including lighting fixtures, switches, transformers, and controls; and other items called for in the drawings and Field offices, fences, bridges, and other temporary construction must be removed from the Utilities, such as gas, electricity, and water, are hooked up to the The sit is landscaped and Finally, the building interior is painted and The owner’s representatives then give the building a final If they find that the structure conforms with the contract documents, the owner accepts the project and gives the general contractor final payment on issuance by the building department of a certificate of occupancy, which indicates that the completed building meets building-code 传统的施工程序众所周知，在传统的施工程序中进行施工的承包商。尽管他们想满足业主和建筑设计师的要求，但是最终还是以赚取利润为主要目标的。因此，他们最初的任务是对编写投标价格的建筑成本进行准确的估计。这就需要进行前期调查的工作并且做出施工时间表。等合约批出后，施工方必须提供所有材料并支付其费用，设备，电力，劳动力。业主此时需要进行必要的监督。一个总承包商承担一个建筑整体的责任。从事分包的承建商则需承担建造工程所需的各个工作。例如，管道承包商安装水管，电业承办商安装电气系统，电梯则由电梯承包商安装。他们与总承包商签订合同，费用由总承包商支付。有时候，除了一个总承包商，还有各种专业承包商，如电气和机械承包商，执行工作时需要与业主签订合同。这种承包商被称为间接承包商。他们的工作，由总承包商协调，但它们都是由业主直接联系。还有些时候，业主可以使用设计建造方法同时兼有设计和建筑施工单位的职能。这些单位被称为设计建造承包商。这方面的一个类型的合同聘用的变化是由一户住宅或低层住宅建筑群的开发。在房屋建筑设计和建造的住房，但设计之前需要由购买房屋的业主完成。施工过程管理往往是困难的。因此，一些业主会去寻求专家的协助，这些专家被称为专业施工经理，他们具有丰富的施工经验。施工经理与总承包商进行谈判，并选择其中一个项目。施工经理通常还监督分包商。在施工期间，它们有助于控制成本，加快运送设备和材料，并保持工作的进度。在依法行政，协助设计和建设的情况下，业主可以选择从事建筑项目经理。建筑承包商雇用的劳动力，一般有大工和小工。大工再建筑工程中从事技术活，如木工，管道工，工会成员和电工工会，小工则执行了分配给他们的工作。在施工期间，一切工作都要验收。因此，业主通过建筑师和监理经常进行督查。可能是名为工程员，建筑师或驻地工程师。作为业主的代表实地视察。核查人员必须确保工程符合合同文件的要求，并在安全的条件下进行的责任。这种检查可作出重复。此外，验收还是需要一个或多个政府机构的代表。他们必须确保工程符合法律要求，并负责检查与合同文件是否一致。这种视察一般定期或在某些阶段施工结束以后进行。地方或国家建设部门具有管辖权。这些检查的目的是确保符合当地或国家的建筑规范。以下是传统多层建筑施工的基本程序。建造开始后合同授予开发商，业主可要求开发商开始施工之前签约给或之后签约发出书面通知的同时另一部分工作继续进行。紧接着施工方根据需要获取建筑许可证，例如当地的建设，供水，污水处理，政府机构和公路部门。总承包商的计划和进度详细施工作业以及动员项目设备和人员。分包商得到通知后，做出签订合同的意向或授予分包合同书，然后给出在适当的时候进行通知。在施工前启动，总承包商要进行的一项调查就是邻近结构和地形，这些都要记录在案，并要熟悉当地情况。这项调查结束以后，随即进行布局建设。承建商的现场办事处都建在施工现场或附近。为了安全起见，必须从脚手架上移除的东西，产生的碎片都要运走。下一步，该网架是为建设工程准备的。这项工作为地下室开挖和基础开挖的深度，以及公用事业管道转移找到正确的标高。深挖掘，土方支撑，底部排出。建筑开始于基础上，然后是承重墙和结构框架的施工。梯子，楼梯，或电梯的安装，可让施工人员往返于各个楼层。此外，可安装卷扬机来运送材料。由于建筑高度的上升，管道，电力管道和线路安装以及永久地板，外墙，窗户和构造的影响。在适当的时候，永久的电梯安装。再需要的情况下可以安装防火卷帘。其次，屋顶等地方也需要安装。精加工工序安装有包括以下内容：天花板，瓷砖，墙板，墙壁镶板，水管装置，加热炉，空气调节设备，加热和冷却室装置;自动扶梯;地板，窗户玻璃;活动板，门;电气设备和仪器，包括照明灯具，开关，变压器，控制器，遵照项目的图纸和规格。外地办事处，围栏，桥梁和其他临时建筑，公共设备，如天然气，电力管道，水管，都连接到建筑上。最后，是建筑物内部的打扫和清洗。业主的代表，会给建设工程作最后检查。如果他们满意并认为符合合同文件，那么业主接受该项目，并交给总承包商的一个占用证书，这表明，总承包商已完成建设，建设部门再根据建筑规范的要求发放最后付款。
[3] HA Salim, JF Davalos, P Qiao and SA Kiger, analysis andDesign of fiber reinforced plastic composite deck and stringerBridges, composite structures38 (1) (1997), 295–307[4] P Qiao, Julio, F Davalos and B brown, a systematic analysis and designapproach for single - span FRP deck / stringerBridges, composites: part B31 (2000), 593–609[5] AJ aref and ID Parsons, design and performance of the modular fiber reinforced plastic bridge, composites: part B31(2000), 619–628[6] MA Khalifa, OA hodhod and MA Zaki, analysis andThe design methodology for an FRP cable - stayed pedestrianBridge, the composites: part b27b (1996), 307–317[7] Seible, GA hegemier, karbhari, davol, R burgue˜, M wernli and L Zhao,the I - 5 / Gilman advancedComposite cable stayed bridge study, University of California, San Diego, SSRP - 96 /05, 1996[8] R burgueno, karbhari, F Seible and RT kolozesExperimental dynamic characterisation of an FRP composite bridge, superstructureassembly, composite structures54(2001), 427–444[9] P Kumar, K chandrashekhara and A Nanni, structural performance of the FRPBridge Deck, construction and buildingMaterials18 (2004), 35–47[10] H almansour and MS Cheung, structural performance ofLaminated FRP box girder bridge deck compared to slab onPrestressed concrete girder bridge, the 8th Canada Japan jointWorkshop on composites, Montreal, Canada, 2010, 1–32[11] U Meier, Dipl ing, proposal for a carbon fiber reinforced composite bridge across the Strait of Gibraltar at its narrowest siteProceedings of the institution of Mechanical EngineersB: Journal of Engineering manufacture201 (2) (1987), 73–78[12] Chan, vehicle - wind - long span bridges the interaction and itsEffect on speed limit and vehicle stability, P D ThesisThe Hong Kong University of science and technology, (2008)[13] negr˜ to and sim˜ oes, optimization of cablestayed bridges with three dimensional modeling, computerAnd structures64 (14) (1997), 741–758
你也太懒了,你问一两句可以,要别人整篇翻译太多了,不过这片小短文还不错,可以较全面了解一下汽车的历史
car
On the improvement of the current status of urban bus transport Paper Keywords: organization; planning Abstract: Urban traffic system is the urban system is an important subsystem, the city depends on the survival and development of transport, the rapid development of urban traffic and promote The bus transport in urban traffic is an important part of the city, it should speed up the development of urban bus transport in order to promote the rapid development of Passenger traffic from the city traffic can be classified as public transport and private transport system of the At present, China's urban public transport characteristics are: the city public transport lanes with low coverage and low levels due to management, and other vehicles occupied by frequent public transport bus lanes caused by the low operating Urban road unreasonable, so that local public transportation system utilization Aging of the city bus a high degree of scheduling and organization of the Should speed up the development of urban transport system, the full development of urban transportation convenient, fast, large Therefore the following aspects should be the improvement of the urban bus transportation 1 city bus transport lines Urban public transport routes should be in line the city's main traffic flow, public transport in cities should be divided into the main lines and feeder The main line linking the main passenger terminal and transportation hub, more than millions of people in big cities, the focus on passenger traffic hub should be set up quickly direct public transport Generally by means of surveys to obtain data on a straight-line access to integrated planning and overall planning should be coordinated with the City to carry The use of lanes, the best rationale for a dedicated lane so that other lane segregation, isolation can be used with dedicated lanes and is equipped with monitoring 2 urban public traffic density lines Urban public transport motor vehicles are usually lines of planning density, in the city center 3 ~ 4km/km2, peri-urban areas of 2 ~ 5km/km2, the distance between the Route 600 ~ 1000m, walking no more than 4 ~ 6min appropriate, the Town urban bus to the length of line should be advised as to the length of 8 ~ Would cause long lines of passengers waiting a long time and bus time arrival rate of a series of drawbacks such as 3 bus scheduling and organization Vehicle Scheduling optimization is to determine the normal and efficient public transport operation of the important Changes based on passenger flow and the specific operating conditions and other regulations, various models of vehicles and road traffic organization, such as passenger flow during peak hours to focus on the trunk of the vehicle with high-capacity organizations Station or shuttle bus from the train, in the flow large and narrow streets, small turning radius and the flow concentration of the body block with short In addition, they can employ intelligent management For example: public transport vehicle automatic threshold control system (collectively referred to international AVMcautomatic vehicle monitoring system), it can dispatch room in between efficient information access, effective communication links between the two (GIS) The main vehicles used by the GPS scheduling, dynamic target tracking and data collection on traffic flow, GIS geographic information used in traffic management and visualization of dynamic traffic information In addition, you can use variable message board information, broadcasting, on-street public phone, public computer network terminal, which has been in the way of public transport users on the roadside, bus stations or bus stops and on the platform, access to real-time information on bus travel 4 Coordination of bus and taxi operations management Door-to-door taxi service for passengers with a higher level of public Utilization rate of its high energy consumption and less than a bus, air pollution is serious, complete the volume occupied by units of time and space resources, such as road defects, it should be based on the level of urban development and the actual needs of the taxi industry to strengthen the management and operation management, so that the coordinated development of the 5 vehicle technologies to improve China's passenger capacity by bus at a small (60-90 passenger), and medium-sized (90-130 passengers) and large articulated vehicles (130-180 passengers) should be based on actual passenger traffic to the deployment of appropriate models to resources to reduce the rate of empty It shall also meet the passenger demand on the city bus traveling comfort and convenience of passengers getting on or off The development of an independent suspension type, dedicated low-floor bus chassis and city buses, so bus and channel height of the pedal in order to reduce the vehicle center of gravity high over the estate to the requirements of It should also be a timely replacement of vehicles, the general public the best service life of 5 to 6 Extended active duty bus noise, and exhaust, and mechanical failure more than a series of shortcomings, with the scientific and technological development, many countries have also developed a number of the outcome of the application of modern high-tech For example: the invention of the next generation of Japan's "middle-distance inter-city bus transport system of " Germany developed a city with public passenger transport vehicles, new cars can be run along the fixed-line and the traditional advantages of the bus and tram 6 Public Transport Priority Development Strategy Urban public transport as the road space point with the demand, low environmental pollution, energy consumption should be small, giving priority to the development of traffic, in addition to China's cities are mostly intensive, therefore, to public transport systems and other forms of secondary form of transport in our country the structure of urban passenger transport natural direction of Commonly used way of public transportation there are two types of priority: Set according to the actual situation dedicated bus lane or bus lane Intersection of the first; junction bus priority measures on the main bus phase-specific, dedicated bus lane entrance, as well as other special bus priority measures in line with the City bus transportation is the main urban transport system is to communicate all aspects of the social production of an important part of urban development is the decision an important foundation for the development of one, so to speed up the development of the city 【【题目你可以翻译为论改善我国目前城市公共汽车交通现状，希望可以帮助你】】
2 topic research 1 The four-wheeler changes direction the assurance of the controller main processorTake a wide view the development of engineering machine, experienced three revolutions mostly on the technique:the emergence, liquid of the diesel engine press technical of extensively applied and electronics technique is the calculator is technical particularly of extensively To make the engineering machine economize on energy efficiently will spread to move system to carry on a control towards launching machine and, reasonable allotment power, make it be placed in the best work condition;For easing a pilot to labor strength and improvement to manipulate function, need to adopt an automatic control, carry out an engineering machine automation;To complete the homework of high technical ability need intelligence to turn;For the sake of exaltation safety, demand safety control, carry on circulating appearance surveillance, the breakdown reports to the police automatically;Because the construction realm expands, in order not to the personnel arrive can't and not come-at-able place and the very bad place of the homework environment go to homework, need to be adopted long-distance leave remote control and no man to drive a The all these all explained the current key problem of the engineering machine to control a To resolve a control problem have to lead to go in to have the electronics technique that good control function and information handle an ability, spread the feeling machine technique and the electricity liquid control technique and correspond of software control technique is the forerunner's controller of integral The development direction changed direction according to the four-wheeler, the domestic and international company changes direction organization to control to the four-wheeler currently main adoption of is a numeral control, this is owing to a lot of advantages of numerical control:the procedure turn a control, the controller carries on the processing of operation and numerical information according to the control regulation designed, mainly passing procedure(namely software) to carry out, if change control regulation need to change software, but need not change the hardware structure of system: control the accuracy is high, in the emulation the control the system, the accuracy of the controller from the accuracy of the component but settle, numerical controller accuracy from word long decision;Stability good;The software replies to use, needing a hardware environment of using the homology realization in the emulation the system, the numerical controller is a procedure control, the sub- procedure mold piece which need to be designed and write to carry out its model, can immediately carry out several links of functions Currently each factory house mostly adoptive is a PLC, single slice machine to apply to change direction controller in the four-wheeler in, the function is basic and can carry out, mutually in comparison, the digital signal processor(DSP) with stronger ability of the signal processing everyone's noodles all the function is above three kinds of better than The DSP(the Processor of the Digital Signal) is the core that the new century numeral turns It is a kind of special microprocessor, having programmable, and the solid luck go speed far far above the in general use The movement speed of[with] strong ability and high speed of the data processing is the two greatest special featureses that the DSP is the most worthy of to call a The DSP chip is a kind of microprocessor which suits to carry on numerical signal to handle It emphasizes operation processing of solid hour, so in addition to have common microprocessor to emphasize of high speed operation and control function, mainly aim at solid hour numerical signal processing, did to change to move very greatly on the processor structure, instruction system and the data It has vivid, accurate, credibility good, the physical volume is small, the achievement consume low with be easy to large-scale integration 2:2 four-wheelers change direction the basic function of the controller personal realizationChange direction controller according to the DSP four-wheeler before carrying on this topic to study have already had basic function as follows: 1, have three kinds of work modes:Rotated ago to, whole rotations to and the inclined line changed direction, can carry on mode to cut over, and can promise the mode cuts over transfer 2, have to switch on from the check function, be have circumstance occurrence of being unsuited to the system request, can check a position place of mistake, and come out the false code manifestation for corresponding, in order to operation the personnel check to be alongside of to debug a mistake in 3, have to make to move function urgently, then while having mistake occurrence, if turn Cape to outrun biggest turn Cape scope, or outrun request of turn Cape, can make to move to carry on a mistake a check and expel an operation 4, while changing direction to carry on mode to cut over in the process, the system has positive function of Is also say, from a mode cut over to another a process of mode, system's shoulding start to change direction appearance back from the beginning is arriving the appearance that the straight line drove, hasing been returned to positive process behind each car wheel should be placed in zero become horny position, the steer device should be placed in medium, then then can carry on moreover a kind of mode under of change direction an