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Electronic brakeforce distribution or EBD or EBFD is an automobile brake technology that automatically varies the amount of force applied to each of a vehicle's brakes, based on road conditions, speed, loading, Always coupled with anti-lock braking systems, EBD can apply more or less braking pressure to each wheel in order to maximize stopping power whilst maintaining vehicular [1][2] Typically, the front end carries the most weight and EBD distributes less braking pressure to the rear brakes so the rear brakes do not lock up and cause a [3]How ABS worksUnder heavy braking, vehicle wheels may lock- The anti-lock braking system (ABS) monitors wheel speeds and releases pressure on individual wheel brake lines, rapidly pulsing individual brakes to prevent lock- During heavy braking, preventing wheel lock-up helps the driver maintain steering Modern ABS has four individual brake lines for each wheel, enabling different braking pressure on different road For example, less braking pressure is needed to lock a wheel on ice than a wheel which on bare If the left wheels are on asphalt and the right wheels are on ice, during an emergency stop, ABS detects the right wheels about to lock and reduces braking force on the right wheels, helping to avoid lock-up and loss of vehicle How EBD worksAs per SAE technical paper #920646 - Buschmann et "The job of the EBD as a subsystem of the ABS system is to control the effective adhesion utilization by the rear The pressure of the rear wheels is approximated to the ideal brake force distribution in a partial braking To do so, the conventional brake design is modified in the direction of rear axle overbraking, and the components of the ABS are EBD reduces the strain on the hydraulic brake force proportioning valve in the EBD optimizes the brake design with regard to: adhesion utilization; driving stability; wear; temperature stress; and pedal "EBD may work in conjunction with ABS and Electronic Stability Control ("ESC") to minimize yaw accelerations during ESC compares steering wheel angle to vehicle turning rate using a yaw rate "Yaw" is the vehicle's rotation around its vertical center of gravity (turning left or right) If the yaw sensor detects more/less yaw than the steering wheel angle should create, the car is understeering or oversteering and ESC activates one of the front or rear brakes to rotate the car back into its intended For example, if a car is making a left turn and begins to understeer (the car plows forward to the outside of the turn) ESC activates the left rear brake, which will help turn the car The sensors are so sensitive, and the actuation is so quick that the system may correct direction before the driver ABS helps prevent wheel lock-up and EBD helps apply appropriate brake force to make ESC work
The society entered the information network time, the people no longer satisfy to the automobile request one kind of riding instead of walking tool, hoped the automobile is the life and the operating region one kind extends, on automobile on elephant in own office and family same work and At the same time, the automobile computerization also day by day rapidly develops, was considered is in an automobile technological development advancement revolution, the automobile computerization degree is weighs by regarding as the modern automobile level the important But along with the computer technology, the communication technology, the integrated circuit technology rapid development, take the numeral field bus as representative's scene measuring appliance, the equipment massive applications, a tedious scene segment bed sheet succinct field bus network replaces, the signaling quality also greatly enhances, the automobile also starts to march into the network In the near ten years, the user regarding automobile comfortableness, the security as well as the environmental protection and so on each performance request enhances In order to meet the need which these increase day by day, on the automobile the computer controls the electronic electric appliance equipment sharp growth, causes the automobile (is specially passenger vehicle) designs the electric appliance line arrangement to be more and more In addition, because because on the automobile each kind of electronic electric appliance meets the point insertion quantity along with it sharp increase, in the automobile travel process meets the point insertion the breakdown to create on the automobile the electronic electric appliance equipment malfunction question to be more and more In order to solve the above problem, very many new vehicle types (are specially upscale vehicle type) in the development starts widely to apply the computer network This article introduced the computer network technology in the automobile the application basic principle, elaborated the networking in the automobile interior and exterior application situation, introduced the automobile interior network characteristic and the automobile interior network standard, with emphasis narrated the control confined network CAN principal characteristic and the According to the automobile driving quality function influence division, may the automobile electronic products induction be two kinds: One kind is the automobile electronic control, including engine, chassis, automobile body electronic One kind is the vehicle carries the automobile electronic installation, including the automobile information system, the guidance system, the automobile sound and the television entertainment system, the vehicle carries the communications system, the surfer equipment and so Keywords: automotive, computer networks, local area network control, network standards
Guide the future development of the concept of automotive vehicles Summary of high-tech popularization and application makes the pace of replacement automotive products faster and faster, also makes the Chinese automotive industry independent research and development level and technical level with the international on the growing gap in the development of the concept car is even more the difference between the very WTO accession for China car alarm sounded, but also tremendous opportunity, our government, as well as automotive companies must increase their research and automotive design input, to establish a positive right car design concept, the concept of extensive vehicle design Keywords concept car designed to develop science, technology and culture Technology start-ups PIONEERINGWITHSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGYMONTHLY The 21st century, in order to lead and performance of the new century, the development of future automotive trends, a number of international auto companies, one after another at the major auto show in the world to launch its own concept car and new There is, however, must be caused by a phenomenon we are concerned about: As a car big country, but few Chinese car makers to launch its own development and design concept Are one of the main reasons for China's automotive design concepts and methods, as well as the lack of research and development of concept cars do not pay enough It can be said that a self-designed and self-development capacity of the automobile industry, it is difficult to say that is a complete auto Thus we must intensify the study of automotive design and input, to establish a positive right car design concept, the concept of extensive vehicle 1 "concept car" is defined The so-called "concept cars" that have not yet begun to enter the market with a design unique and must advance the awareness of the new Its main characteristics are: it must give people are to consider that can guide the new concept It has just the design in general at the time, people's aesthetic ideas, the purchasing power and even the level of motor vehicle manufacturing industry is also Generally it will be it avant-garde design, innovative materials, bold use of a more perfect performance, the new car interior design indicates that the direction of development of the automobile Some of the world's largest car company every year to spend many human and material resources to design their own concept car, and in some large auto exposition on It can be said that with the continuous introduction of concept cars, the near future may occur on some concept cars have today, some features or functions of the But not necessarily a concept car will each eventually evolve into mass production cars to enter the market, the majority of concept cars are finally only a "concept" for people to discuss the 2 concept car, in reality the meaning of 1 concept car design and development of automotive products reflected the development trend of 1 the performance of the highest scientific level and the most sophisticated technology in concept car At the International Motor Show the previous, and the major automotive companies and the introduction of the concept of lot of cars, concept cars to remove these sleek, but also more integrated into a large number of high-tech and modern means of the introduction of the concept car to become Motor Company takes pride in the idea of the concept of automotive research and development are often accompanied by new technologies and the use of new materials with certain forward-looking, herald a new stage of development and the beginning for this reason that car companies the development of the concept car has invested great human and material resources, with its show car the company's strong momentum of Various high-tech applications, making car slowly evolved into information, communications, entertainment centers and the exchange of information with the outside world, the computer functions and Internet all-round involvement, in-car information and entertainment equipment, advanced navigation equipment, real-time traffic information function of the growing popularity of the inevitable demand of these high-tech automotive designers transcend time and space to establish a new value system, the emergence of various new technologies for the automotive design freely given to a wider Function of motor vehicles for further expansion and development of the concept car, the car gradually from the cold machinery into human information exchange platform, if the concept car has its own way of expressing their emotions with pregnant, anger, sadness and joy, such as facial expression make the concept car than in high volume production cars, become a new symbol of Concept Car Design of automotive products have greater and greater impact, it represents the development direction of the automobile industry and the basic idea of the automobile company design standards and a symbol of scientific and technological 2 human physiological needs and psychological needs of the largest Satisfied --- Automotive Engineering in the Ergonomics Ergonomics are 50 in the early 20th century with the rapid development of a new subject with the aim of research, design and engineering technology to solve the relationship between the human Car body design in ergonomics, it is to people (drivers and passengers) as the center, from the body's physiology, psychology, and exercise the human body, the research body design, layout and equipment in terms of how to adapt to people need to create a manipulation convenient, safe, reliable, beautiful and comfortable driving environment and take the environment, that is the best person to design a - vehicle - environment Automotive Design Human-Computer analysis of the first ministries to human size required for measurement, statistics and analysis, conducting interior layout design as a basis to determine the effective space vehicle, as well as parts, assemblies (seats, dashboard , steering wheel, ) position and dimensions of the relationship between Through the study of human physiological structure, so that the seat design in full compliance with the requirements of human Based on the manipulation of human manipulation of the scope and power to determine the layout of the manipulator position and force size, so that when the human body to manipulate natural, rapid, accurate and lightweight, so as to reduce the degree of manipulation of Through the visual characteristics of the human eye, the effect of vision research, testing, checking driver information system, to ensure that drivers have access to proper driving Exercise in accordance with the characteristics of the human body to study the automobile collision on the human body, a reasonable protection, the right to determine the hinged point seat belts and binding on the human body to study the vibration of the impact on ride comfort, research on and get off at the convenience of passengers, and door openings in order to determine location and According to the body's physiological requirements, reasonable certainty that the air-conditioning system and Research on the psychological characteristics and requirements, to design a comfortable, beautiful, relaxed by the 3 virtual product development technology At present, a growing number of automotive design companies and manufacturing companies to start using virtual product development technology, using three-dimensional virtual reality 3D technology development concept Opel car using 3D virtual reality technology concept car design and Designers can experience floating in the air of a virtual image of car design and manufacturing, saving considerable development costs, and plans to be extended to its North American assembly plant to Britain's Rolls-Royce, Renault, France, Germany Audi, as well as Italy, Sweden and other auto plants are actively engaged in this virtual design and Over the past automotive research and development centers to develop new or modified are first shaped body sludge physical model, is extremely time-consuming Now automotive R & D, in particular the development of concept cars are increasingly seeking the shortest development If the introduction of virtual product development technologies, as long as the computer input data to construct a model figure model, in the laboratory can show an ideal vehicle images, as long as the engineers wear eyepiece, you can see clearly, there is such as a car in front of us true, after all the discussion of design engineers modifications, you can quickly design an ideal new Stereotypes, the computer can use the data, outsourcing trial and trial fitted the new parts and components, assembly achieve zero error, and the development of aging more rapidly than in the 4 the concept of green environment-friendly vehicles to the development trend of Since entering the 21st century, countries around the world have been produced about 5 billion vehicles, according to expert estimates that in 2010 global vehicle production will reach 75 People sigh at the rapid development of automobile industry, but also an increasing awareness of pollution from motor vehicles to harm human beings, so many countries of the vehicle to develop environmental protection measures and regulations to protect the environment for human survival, so automotive environmental protection the design of this new concept car design to be placed in a prominent position on the Improve energy efficiency, improved engine configurations, including electronically controlled fuel injection system, secondary air injection, thermal reactor, exhaust gas recirculation system, catalytic purification device, crankcase ventilation systems, fuel evaporation control The development of alternative fuels, research and development of new environmentally-friendly energy, including natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, fast charging batteries, hybrid power, hydrogen In the automotive manufacturing process, use of green materials, green packaging, green manufacturing processes and equipment and equipment Green car recycling 2 Concept car indicates road traffic in the evolution of human behavior 1 Concept foretells the future of the way road traffic trends Along with the development of automobile, the vehicle status is also slowly change, now car in people's minds as a symbol, a symbol of wealth and the embodiment of a status, but the car as a way of the nature of road traffic has Concept car design is based on the nature of a car's innovative design Concept car at the design of the way through the daily life of mankind, human beings in road traffic in the use of methods such as behavior and ways of life all aspects of prediction and analysis, it is envisaged to solve the future in the way road traffic between the object harmonious Strong and high-speed in today's technology enables the development of means of transport have a much broader space for development, more and more high-tech continuously applied at a new At present many of the world's major auto companies have realized that the development of the next car is no longer the biggest obstacles are technical limitations, but limits the designers Now appearing in major auto show concept cars are generally two types: one is based on the latest available technology can achieve another kind of concept cars are those who put forward some innovative technology options but is still in the research phase of the concept Able to express their feelings such as car, truck can random shell replacement car, be able to easily change the driving mode of motor vehicles, be able to swim in the water of the amphibious vehicle, able to fly in space vehicles, be able to change Like from Toyota and Sony jointly developed by "POD" cars, will be able to through the car before the lights, mirrors, antenna, as well as the rear seat to the car owners to express their "" Like Volkswagen's Seat International Auto Show in the United States on the introduction of multi-functional concept car "Sal? Juancheng sa", there are sports, comfort and three kinds of urban-type driving mode selection for 2 Concept of culture differences in performance The United States as a world leader in the auto industry, concept cars at the manufacturing are on the forefront in the At the United States because of cultural blending, collision, so the concept car embodies the greater the diversity of cultures; are also caused by a highly developed country commercial, commercial design and pragmatism prevailed, so the design is set up at a deep aesthetic Ethics on the real and solve practical With the American cars are in sharp contrast to the Japanese concept Japan as the world's output of the second car big country, its concept car many practical and imagination, technology is better than art, more concerned about solving technical problems, it can be said in Japan This is the premise of the concept of car design, each model is to solve one kinds of technical problems The Japanese car model to maintain a small, simple, style characteristics of the economy and harmonious relations between man-machine deal with the Japanese are reflected as a delicate oriental thinking and compromise approach to solve the The United States put the design of commercial operation as an important aspect, Japan put out of Products Designed to accelerate as a tool, Germany put Designed as a social and cultural foundation, while the French took the design as a designer of stage From various countries so the concept of car design in different styles, we can see different countries, different concepts, as well as their different cultural backgrounds 3 Concluding remarks The future of automotive design as the development of the inevitable progress of Automotive Technology with each passing day, many of the artistic style of the designer will make it even more widely and more strongly reflected in the car design, and give people a wider Under high-tech, and personality of the car more humane 21st century will be the necessity of the development of the automobile industry, because it is consistent with human culture, the pursuit of individuality and Therefore, the increase in automobile design concept of the attention and input, will be the development of China's automobile industry has played a great role in pushing References 1尹定邦 Introduction to Study Design [M] Hunan: Hunan Science and Technology Press, 1999 2张洪欣 Auto Design [M] Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press, 1997 3 Tang Jia-Ti, Han Xiao Jian had --- Product conceptual design theory, methods and techniques [M] Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press, 2002 Tang Shu-Min Concept cars and car design development and innovation [J] Shenyang Institute of Aeronautical Engineering Journal, 2002 (6)
Cars in America(美国的汽车)Cars in AmericaCars are an important part of lifein the United S The car made the UnitedStatesanationon Andit helped to make the United States what it is There are three main reasons why the car became so popular in the United S First of all the country is a huge one and Americans like to move around in The cars provide the most comfortable and cheapest form of The second reason that cars are popular is the fact that the United States never really developed an efficient and inexpensive form of public Long-distance trains have never been as common in the United States as they are in other parts of the Nowadays there is a good system of air service provided by But it is too expensive to be used The third reason is the most important one, The American spirit of independence is what really made cars Americans don't like to wait for a bus, or a train or even a They don't like to have to follow an exact And the freedom a car gives them is what Americans want most to The decrease of gas supplies has caused a big problem for A But the answer will not be a bigger system of public The real solution will have to be a new kind of car, one that does not use so much
-- Scott Perl, Albuquerque, NM A: Auto racers have told us the main advantage in filling tires with nitrogen instead of ambient air is that nitrogen tends to maintain more consistent tire pressure over a wide range of As friction between the tire and pavement drives up the temperature, air with varying amounts of moisture content responds differently and can cause inconsistencies in tire While racing drivers are more likely to notice the advantages of nitrogen than everyday drivers, we haven't heard of any disadvantages to using Skeptics question the practice, noting that ambient air is about 80% nitrogen and that it expands and contracts at the same rate as pure A number of readers say there's no appreciable difference in how the tires will react if filled with nitrogen, especially in everyday Q: Is it safe to use cruise control in rain or on wet pavement? -- Scott Brake, Westminster, C A: Car makers often warn that cruise control should be used only in light traffic on open roads and in good There have been reports of accidents involving cruise control when the car lost traction -- or hydroplaned -- in slippery Some car makers warn that the steady throttle of cruise control -- like keeping one's foot on the gas -- could cause the wheels to spin when they hit a wet or icy patch of Car-company representatives say the cruise- control warnings reflect the fact that drivers should be particularly vigilant when conditions are less than ideal, and cruising along on what amounts to partial autopilot tends to lull some drivers into a false sense of Q: If an automobile manual suggests a certain weight oil (such as, 5W-30), would adding a quart of a different weight oil (say, 10W-40) between complete oil changes damage the car's engine? -- Gil Ehrenkranz, Potomac, M A: Probably But today's engines generally are more precisely engineered than those of 20 or 30 years Many of us at some point have topped off our cars with whatever oil happened to be available without causing damage -- at least not that we know Auto makers, however, say modern engines can be more sensitive to a change in oil weight, and using the wrong oil, even in small amounts, can hurt an engine's performance and even cause Q: What is a sequential manual transmission? How does it differ from an automatic or a standard manual transmission? -- Harry J Jaffe, Germantown, T A: A sequential manual transmission is a gearbox that requires gear changes to be made in order (first to second to third), instead of having a shift pattern with a lever that allows the driver to skip Motorcycles have used such transmissions for decades and racing cars began using them years ago because they allow quicker Shifting is usually done through levers, buttons or The sequential transmissions advertised today -- mainly in high- performance cars such as Ferraris, Aston Martins and some BMWs -- are technically manual transmissions, except that the clutch and the gear changes are controlled The advantage is that gear changes can be made more quickly and precisely than a human shifting the old-fashioned Traditionalists say the downside is that they simply aren't as much fun to drive and require less driver
网上搜集 仅供参考目前学术不端检测系统比较完善，在撰写论文时一定要避免抄袭《科技传播》杂志 国家级科技学术期刊中英文目录知网万方全文收录编辑部直接收稿百度空间有期刊详细信息摘 要 本文论述了目前国内外汽车安全气囊控制的一些主要算法，并解释了该算法中的核心内容和研究特点。在结合传统方法的同时，提出了两种新的算法——数据融合控制算法和模式识别控制方法。 关键词 安全气囊；汽车碰撞；数据融合；模式识别1 引言 汽车安全气囊的应用拯救了许多乘员的生命。但随着汽车的应用越来越多，气囊错误弹出的情况也时有发生，这样反而会威胁到乘员的安全，所以必须提高安全气囊的控制性能。因此，我们也需要进一步研究气囊控制算法。 汽车安全气囊技术发展到今天，其优劣已经不在于是否能够判断发生碰撞和实现点火，现代的安全气囊控制的关键在于能够在最佳时间实现点火和对于非破坏性碰撞的抗干扰。只有实现最佳时间点火，才能够更好的保护驾驶员和乘客。 最佳时间的确定在于当汽车发生碰撞的过程中，乘员向前移动接触到气囊，此时气囊刚好达到最大体积，这样的保护效果最好。如果点火慢了，则乘员在接触气囊的时候，气囊还在膨胀，这样会对乘员造成额外的伤害。如果点火快了，乘员在接触到气囊的时候气囊已经可以萎缩，则气囊不能对乘员的碰撞起到最好的缓冲作用，也就不能很好的起到对乘员的保护作用。图1 气囊示意图 第二个是气囊的可靠性问题，也就是对于急刹车、过路坎和其他非破坏性碰撞时引起的冲击信号的抗干扰。汽车在颠簸路面上行驶或以很低速度的碰撞产生的加速度信号可能会令气囊误触发，一个好的控制系统应该能够很好的识别这些信号，从而在汽车产生非破坏性碰撞时不会使气囊系统误打开。 第三个就是气囊控制技术的基本指标，包括避免以下情况：①气囊可能在很低的车速时打开。车辆在很低车速行驶而发生碰撞事故时，只要驾驶员和乘员系上了安全带，是不需要气囊打开起保护作用的。这时气囊的打开造成了不必要的浪费。②当乘客偏离座位或座位上无人，气囊系统的启动不仅起不到应有的保护作用，还可能对乘客造成一定伤害[1]。2 安全气囊点火控制的几种算法 1) 加速度法 该算法是通过测量汽车碰撞时的加速度（减速度），当加速度超过预先设定的阈值就弹出安全气囊。 2) 速度变量法 该算法是通过对汽车加速度进行积分从而得到加速度变化量，当加速度变化量超过预先设定的阈值时就弹出安全气囊。 3) 加速度坡度法 该方法是对加速度进行求导得到加速度的变化量作为判断是否点火的指标。 4) 移动窗积分算法[2] 对加速度曲线在一定时间内进行积分，当积分值超过预先设置的阈值时，就发出点火信号。 1 移动窗积分算法 下面具体介绍一下移动窗积分算法，选定以下几个观察量作为气囊点火的条件指标。①汽车碰撞时的水平方向加速度（或减速度）ax。ax是直接反映碰撞激烈程度的信号，而且ax在最佳点火时刻的选取中起关键作用。②汽车碰撞时垂直方向的加速度ay，气囊控制系统加入ay对非碰撞信号能起到很大的抗干扰作用，当汽车发生正向碰撞时，ay与ax有很大的不一致性[3]；而当汽车受到路面干扰，例如汽车与较高的台阶直接相撞时，ay与ax有很大的一致性[3]，可以由此来判别干扰信号。结合这几个量，得出一个判断气囊点火的最佳指标。 需要采样一个时间段（从碰撞开始）ax的值，根据这一系列的值才能判断碰撞的激烈程度 气囊点火控制算法应在发生碰撞后20～30ms内做出点火判断，因为气囊膨胀到最大需要时间大概为30ms[4]，在碰撞初速度为4km/h时，人体向前移动5inch到达接触气囊的时间大概为70ms，则目标点火时刻为70－30＝40ms，所以气囊打开应该在碰撞后的40ms时刻，所以算法必须在20～30ms内做出点火决定。这样可以采样碰撞后的20个加速度值（频率是1kHZ）作为算法的输入值。而对于垂直方向也可以如此采样。则可得两组值：ax(1)，ax(2)……ax(20)；ay(1)，ay(2)……ay(20) 移动窗算法中对ax的处理为（1）式： (1)图2 移动窗口算法示意图 其中t为当前时刻，w为时间窗宽度（采样时间宽度），对ax(t)进行积分，得到指标S(t，w)，当S(t，w)超过预先设定值时，则发出点火信号。 写成离散形式，如式(2)： (2) n为当前时间点，k为采样点数，f为采样频率。 加上垂直加速度之后，可以提高对路面干扰的抗干扰能力[3]，形式如式(3)： (3) S(n，k，ρ)为双向合成积分量，n，f，k如上定义；ρ为合成因数，表征两个方向加速度在合成算法中的权重。这种算法主要是考虑了汽车碰撞时的加速度因素，当加速度的积分达到一定值的时候，表示汽车的碰撞剧烈程度也到达一定值，会给乘员带来一定伤害。而且这种算法对于判断最佳点火时刻也是很有优势的，经过实验，利用这种算法得出的点火时刻离汽车碰撞的最佳点火时刻（利用摄像得出）仅差几毫秒[2]，符合要求的精度。 但是这种算法也有其不足，例如没有考虑碰撞时的速度以及座位上有没有人的因素，这样当汽车低速运行的时候，还是有可能引起误触发。如果将速度和座位上是否有人的信号引入，则可以进一步减少误触发的机会。2 利用数据融合提出的改进算法 由上面的叙述中我们可以知道，移动窗积分算法对于气囊弹出与否进行判断主要是根据积分量S，现在我们对积分量进行一些改造，可以克服上述缺点。具体做法如下，加入以下几个观察量：（1）汽车碰撞时的水平方向速度v，v可以反映汽车碰撞时乘客的受伤害程度。v越大，乘客的动能就越大，碰撞时受到的伤害就越大。v是判断气囊是否应该打开的最直接的指标。（2）坐位上是否有乘员的信号[5]。坐位上无人时，当发生碰撞则可以不弹出气囊，这样做可以减少误触发的几率，同时避免对其他乘员的伤害。 引入函数，这个函数的波形为：图3 函数波形图 当v超过30km/h的时候，y的值就大于1；反之就小于1。现在普遍采用的标准是，安全带配合使用的气袋引爆车速一般为：低于20km/h正面撞击固定壁时，不应点爆。而在大于35km/h碰撞时，必须点爆。在20km/h和35km/h之间属于可爆可不爆的范围。所以我们取v0＝30km/h为标准点，这样结合上面的移动窗积分算法，提出新的S1，则S1为： (4) 这样当v>v0时，汽车点火引爆的灵敏度就比原来大了；而v 影响行车安全的因素中除了天气、路况、驾驶人的操作技术水准之外，最最重要的因素是驾驶人的法制观念、交通安全意识以及交通安全素养，而这些正是影响行车安全的决定性因素。 汽车安全对于车辆来说分为主动安全和被动安全两大方面。主动安全就是尽量自如的操纵控制汽车。无论是直线上的制动与加速还是左右打方向都应该尽量平稳，不至于偏离既定的行进路线，而且不影响司机的视野与舒适性。这样的汽车，当然就有着比较高的避免事故能力，尤其在突发情况的条件下保证汽车安全。被动安全是指汽车在发生事故以后对车内乘员的保护，如今这一保护的概念以及延伸到车内外所有的人甚至物体。由于国际汽车界对于被动安全已经有着非常详细的测试细节的规定，所以在某种程度上，被动安全是可以量化的。 回答
影响安全行车的因素是指人、车、路构成的人机系统。就其总体安全来讲，必须充分发挥该系统中三者的协调一致，系统才能平衡。否则，系统失去平衡，将导致车辆事故的发生，所以，人、车、路是影响交通安全的三大因素。
1、人的因素在这个人机系统中人是交通安全的最重要因素。因为车辆是人驾驶的，道路是由人来使用的，车辆和道路是客观的，无意识的，人是主动的，有意识的，人具有接受各种刺激的感觉器官，能进行思维判断，能按照自己的意志去行动。因此交通事故的关键在“人”，人是交通安全的核心。
2、车辆因素汽车技术状态的好坏，对安全行车有重大影响。车辆因素主要是指车辆的制动装置、转向装置及行驶装置等，这些装置技术状态的好坏，直接影响制动效能、操作效能及行驶的稳定性，使可靠性降低。
3、道路和环境因素道路及环境也是保证行车安全的重要因素。据有关资料介绍，70%的交通事故都于道路状况有直接或间接的关系。
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留个邮箱 汽车与人类的关系 在1705年，纽可门首次发明了不依靠人和动物来作功而是靠机械来作功的实用化蒸汽机。这种蒸汽机用于驱动机械，便产生了划时代的第一次工业革命。随着蒸汽驱动的机械即汽车的诞生，人类社会中便拉开了永无休止的汽车发展的序幕。 1769年，法国人NJ居纽(Cugnot)制造了世界上第一辆蒸汽驱动三轮汽车。到1804的年，脱威迪克(Trouithick)又设计并制造了一辆蒸汽汽车，这辆汽车还拉着十吨重的货物在铁路上行驶了7公里。 进入20世纪以后，汽车不再仅是欧洲人的天下了，特别是亨利福特(HeneryFord)在1908年10月开始出售著名的“T”型车时，这种车产量增长惊人，短短19年，就生气1500辆。此间的1913年福特汽车公司还首次推出了流水装配线的大量作业方式，使汽车成本大跌，汽车价格低廉，不再仅仅是贵族和有钱人的豪华奢侈品了，它开始逐渐成为大众化的商品。也是此时开始，美国汽车便成为世界宠儿，福特公司也因此成为名副其实的汽车王国。 汽车从出现到现在短短一百多年间，已经成为世界上最大的制造业，创造出巨大的社会财富，并且深刻地影响着人类社会的发展，更是发展成为一种独特的文化。深究其对人类社会的影响，是如此深刻且持续。汽车最初的出现在作为运输工具，这一属性一直未变。当社会在不断进步，人们渴望拉近人与人的距离，生产上的需要等一系列动力促使汽车成为这个时代的产物。通过不断的发明改进，汽车终于面世。这一庞大的机器怪物，伴着隆隆的呼啸声，拉开了工业革命的序幕，并且使这个社会插上翅膀，伴随着它转动的轮子，一直开向未来。 汽车替代了代步、马车等传统交通手段，最大的特点就是高速。它使两地的距离在时空上缩短了，促进了更多的交流。越来越多的信息得到传递，促进了社会的生产，更高的拉动了整个社会的上升。这种新式交通方式促进了商贸的来住，并产生了一系列的相关服务。 汽车的出现，不仅代表着一种新事物的出现，它引导着一种全新的经济模式，一个新兴产生的诞生。汽车最初是拉开了钢铁和煤炭的需求，制造汽车需要大量的钢铁，冶金产业得到空前的发展，并且直接地影响了煤炭采集。矿业面临巨大的市场，这一强大动力使人类不断开发矿产，从煤炭到石油，再到天燃气等，点燃了整个人类社会文明的曙光。围绕着汽车产生了一系列的新生产业，橡胶、玻璃、塑料等等产，这些供给对化工、能源、制造等行业的结构进行了一系列的深化。汽车业是一个关联度非常大的产业，汽车产业自身发展的同时，还可以带支150多个上下游产业的发展。涉及到金融、旅游、服务、运输等行业，提供了无数工作岗位。这个群体遍及制造、销售、营运等行业。在日本，这个人口比例约为1/9，而且欧美国家，这个比例就更高了。由汽车形成了一个巨大的产业圈，遍及社会各个层面，这条产业链在一百年间创造的财富比过去一千年累积的财富还多。它使人类进步的步伐越来越大，并且节奏越来越来快。 汽车最初出现，速度并不快，但是它是用外部动力代替了人力。如何提高速度及能源利用率成为提高汽车技术的头号问题。科学家致力于这个问题的钻研，汽车的速度越来越高了，已经可以达到四百多公里每小时，零到一百公里的加速也缩短到三点多秒。由此产生了动力学等学科。汽车能源一直是个备受关注的问题，尤其是能源紧缺并且污染严重的今天，能源已经起着决定汽车兴衰的关键。由传统的石油到新型的燃气，再到生物燃料，人类一直在不断尝试。新能源汽车的提出，更是在汽车业引起一阵狂潮。新能源汽车是指采用非常规的车用燃料作为动力来源(或使用常规的车用燃料，但采用新型车载动力装置)，综合车辆的动力控制和驱动方面的先进技术，形成的技术原理先进、具有新技术、新结构的汽车。新能源汽车包括有：混合动力汽车(HEV)、纯电动汽车(BEV)、燃料电池汽车(FCEV)、氢发动机汽车以及燃气汽车、醇醚汽车等等。传统汽车产业在21世纪面临最大的选择就是能源的选择。能源紧缺，并且环境污染越来越严重，一系列严峻的问题迫使人类不断寻找新的出路，汽车这种机器怪物的未来，就决定在能源上面。备受关注的我国《汽车与新能源汽车产业发展规划》（2011 年~2020年）草案已经出炉。从目前透露出的《规划》细则看,中央财将投入上千亿元,支持节能与新能源汽车核心技术的研发和推广,从发展规划、消费补贴、税收策、科研投入、府采购、标准制定等方面,中国已经构建了一整套支持新能源汽车加快发展的策体系。在21世纪，人类共同寻找汽车的就出路，相信在不久的将来，新能源洗车将成为主流。 汽车引导着一种文化，这种文化就是汽车文化。汽车已经从单一的交通工具过渡到多身份的象征，虽然交通工具是其永恒求变的属性。各个汽车生产商在其发展过程中创造了独树一帜的汽车文化，耳熟能详的有通用公司、丰田公司、奔驰公司等等，它们不仅代表着一个商标，更代表着各自独特的文化品牌。例如上海通用汽车有限公司，其宗旨：依靠一支训练有素、富有使命感和团队精神的员工队伍，贯彻精益管理原则，注重不断学习和积极创新，安全地为顾客提供世界级的高质量产品和服务，使上海通用汽车成为面向21世纪、国内领先、国际上有竞争力的汽车公司。超级跑车、房车、豪华轿车、越野车等等，成为了不同阶级的象征。每一个阶层不同的文化，造就了他们不同的选择，而每个阶层又为这些汽车融入了他们独特的文化，在人与车的交融中，形成了汽车文化。在美国，开着路虎悍马的可能是娇小的女子，她们与强悍粗犷的汽车显得格格不入，但是就是这种强烈的反差，显示出她们渴望力量，希望保护自己的愿望。作为汽车用户中最充满激情的群体，青年人更喜欢超级跑车，SCC超跑俱乐部就是这样一个文化集合地。“开跑车不是为了炫富，只是一种生活方式”这是他们的理念。这个群体宣扬着一种独特的汽车文化，而他们，也正是中国超级跑车文化的一个顶级代表。汽车从日常走上了运动的舞台。从第一辆汽车被生产出来到第一次汽车比赛的举行只不过十年的时间。起初，汽车比赛的目的只是汽车生产厂家为了检查车辆的性能，宣传使用汽车的安全性和可靠性，因此汽车生产厂家积极资助，推销其产品。世界上最早组织汽车比赛是在1887年4月20日，有法国《汽车》杂志社主办。不过参赛的只有1个人，名叫乔尔基-布顿，他驾驶四人座的蒸汽汽车从巴黎沿塞纳河畔跑到了努伊伊现在的汽车赛已完全成为一种职业活动，出现了空前繁荣的局面。在赛车场，那些五彩缤纷的赛车，随着一声令下，竟相出发，开足马力冲向前方。车手门你追我赶的争先表演，赛车如万马奔腾一泻千里而过的彩场面非常壮观，这对20～30万的现场观众和数以亿计的电视观众来说极丰富刺激。汽车运动的魅力可以表现为以下几个方面：有助于改善汽车的性能; 是强化的道路实验；动态车展最佳广告；促进汽车大众化。汽车赛是集人与车为一体的综合较量。与通常的体育运动相比，汽车运动不仅是车手个人技艺、意志和胆量的竞争，而且是汽车设计，产品质量的角逐。这种独具特色的双重性运动，更能体现人类精英与高新科技最完美的结合，体现人类对自然的征服能力。随着我国汽车产业的快速发展，人们对汽车的理解和认识也在逐步加深，作为汽车产业链的下游环节，汽车运动产业近年来开始在国内落地生根。“热衷于汽车运动的人越来越多，除了喜欢观看汽车赛事外，中国职业车手的队伍也在迅速壮大，他们已经开始出现在国际顶级汽车赛事中。随着F1、GT这样的世界顶级汽车赛事相继落户中国，中国国内的各项汽车赛事近年来也风起云涌，诸如全国汽车拉力锦标赛、全国汽车场地越野锦标赛、全国卡丁车锦标赛等一系列赛车运动，已经在中国汽车运动联合会的年度赛程上被排得满满当当。尽管国内的汽车运动正在如火如荼地开展，但应该清醒地看到，目前我国的汽车运动还处于起步阶段，新中国刚一成立就决定发展自己的汽车工业，1953年第一汽车制造厂破土动工，这是中国有史以来第一次建设自己的汽车厂，毛泽东主席为奠基仪式亲自题写了“第一汽车制造厂奠基纪念”。1956年我国生产的第一辆汽车下线，毛主席又亲自为其命名———解放。 1956年是中国汽车史上令人难忘的一年。5月，第一汽车制造厂试制成功东风牌轿车，送往北京向党的八大”献礼，这是中国自制的第一部轿车。而我国的赛车生产上仍然大大的落后欧美国家，有没有形成强有力的竞争力，企业生产技术落后，品牌不行。而且我国还是一个发展中国家，而赛车是一项“烧钱”运动勿需质疑，资金成为赛车运动发展的最大瓶颈。无论是F1这样的国际赛事，还是AGF、CCC等亚洲赛事，是否有足够的赞助商和赞助金额是一支车队生存壮大，赛事顺利进行，推广达到预期效果的关键所在。技术是保障一个没有自身核心技术的车队或者厂商，是无法在赛车世界里觅得一席之地；同样，一个在汽车行业没有自主研发能力的国家，也是无法成为真正意义上的赛车大国。从这个角度来看，中国赛车运动较发达国家相比，一开始就多少有些“先天不足”，不具明显优势的核心技术已经成为制约中国赛车运动发展的最大障碍，且这种软肋并不能单纯依靠市场推广和商业运作来弥补。赛车是一项刺激的运动，是一项团体的运动。一支好的赛车队伍需要有好的驾驶员站在前线比赛，更需要有优秀的修理团队的配合，还要有好的设计师等等。站在车队幕后更是实力强大的公司企业，有着国家的支持。从一个赛车运动的发展甚至可以看出一个国家的经济，科学技术的发展状况等。这就是赛车的魅力与内涵。 汽车的速度越来赶快，使人们的步伐越来越快，但是，汽车在为人类带来方便的同时，也带来了隐患。每年因交通事故伤亡的人数越来越多，汽车安全问题成为一个至关重要的问题。实际上从汽车诞生那一刻开始，汽车安全技术就随着汽车技术的发展而发展，如今汽车安全技术早已经不仅仅是安全气囊安全带的简单应用，各种电子设备的介入使得汽车安全装置更加的智能化人性化。实际上对于汽车，每一个零部件都涉及到其安全性，其中不仅仅是那些我们熟知的电子设备，同时也包括汽车所采用的每一块钢板，每一个焊点甚至每个焊点的位置都影响着汽车安全。另外驾驶员的驾驶习惯、道路配套设施都是和安全紧密相关的。 而这些汽车安全性配置按照事故发生的前后基本可以分为主动安全和被动安全两大类，汽车的主动安全性是指事故将要发生时汽车防止事故发生的能力，而被动安全则是指事故发生时车辆保护成员和步行者，使损失降到最小的能力。 各个公司都致力提高自己产品的安全性，从安全带、安全气囊、儿童安全座椅到车轮防抱死制动系统(ABS)、牵引力控制系统(ASR)各种智能系统，汽车从结构上越来越智能化，设备自动化设备程度越来越高。抛开产品的安全性，汽车安全延伸到文化层次，遵守交通守则，良好的驾驶习惯，交通道德等等都影响着汽车安全的方方面面。人是主观体，在汽车具有安全保护设备的前提下，人的意味、素质都成为汽车安全的关键因素。普及汽车安全知识，提高文明交通意识，成为汽车时代社会刻不容缓的任务。 汽车的安全，更是涉及到自然的安全。越来越多的汽车，虽然满足了人类不断增长的需求，但是，汽车的数量激增，不断地与人类增土地，土地问题越来越严峻。汽车对环境的污染，也严重地影响着人类的安全。汽车对环境的影响: （1）汽车制造过程中的污染。汽车的塑料铸件中使用氟利昂作为发泡脱沫剂，氟利昂对臭氧层有破坏作用。另外，铅基涂料会造成铅污染；油漆溶剂的散逸也会造成污染等。 （2）汽车噪声。据统计，城市噪声中，交通运输噪声占75%，而汽车在交通噪声中占了85%。据调查，全国80%以上城市交通干道两侧的噪声超过72分贝；上海西藏路中百一店附近的噪声达2分贝，有人认为是世界上最喧闹的街道。 （3）汽车拥堵。由于汽车保有量剧增，交通堵塞已经成为世界各国大城市的顽疾。汽车拥堵降低整个社会的效率，而且加重了空气污染。汽车频繁启动、刹车和低速行车使尾气中氮氧化物、一氧化碳、碳氢化合物等污染物比正常行驶时多得多，大量拥堵的汽车废气集中排放，在距地面约5米处形成一个污染层，正在人的呼吸带附近，危害人体健康。 （4）公路、停车场和加油站的影响。公路建设使沿线的植被破坏、水土流失、占用农田耕地等。1998年，中国公路总长达128万千米，这些路网使4万平方千米土地丧失农业功能。中国现有耕地132万平方千米，仅占国土面积的5%。露天停车场除了占地外，还会改变城市的气流的方向和速率，加剧城市的热岛效应。 （5）汽车排放的尾气污染空气。以北京为例，大气污染物中，39%的一氧化碳、8%的碳氢化合物、2%的氮氧化物来自机动车的尾气。另外汽车需要消耗大量的石油，我国是人均石油资源缺乏的国家，汽车拥有量的快速增加造成了巨大的能源压力。2002年，我国年进口原油6500多万吨，已经占年消耗量的30%。由于有一部分汽车以液化气为燃料，所以液化气的消耗在过去5年中平均每年增长25%。 （6）汽车报废对环境的影响。在车辆拆卸、处理过程中会产生大量固体废弃物、废水、废油等。一方面占用大量土地，另一方面，废机油会随雨水漫流，污染周边环境。 如何解决这些问题，也是决定汽车行业命运的关键。 纵观历史，汽车促进人类社会的巨大进步，并引导着人类社会文明的前进。但是，在21世纪，人类生存环境受到严重的破坏，生存资源急剧下降。汽车的命运是兴是衰，却是备受制约。一方面，汽车必然存在于人类社会，另一方面，汽车必须告别传统的模式，新式汽车的出现是社会发展的要求。汽车与人类的关系，必将持续且相互影响。参考文献： 《汽车文化概论》陈燕，王昕彦 主编，人民交通出版社，2010-8-1 《汽车环境保护学》朱崇基，周有平，何文华 编著，浙江大学出版社，2011-1-1 《汽车工程手册2 环境与安全篇》日本自动车技术会 编，中国汽车工程学会组 译，北京理工大学出版社，2010-12-1 参考文献（百度文库） 中国汽车的未来之路日前，80多台采用世界领先技术发动机的车辆参加了必比登挑战赛，目标明确：展示移动性领域的各种技术成就。面临2030年全球轿车数量将达15亿辆(目前的两倍)这一严峻形势，这些技术将使车辆继续支持经济的增长和人们自由出行的需要，同时避免对社会和能源供应造成难以承受的负荷，而其中最重要的莫过于新能源在汽车领域的使用。规则与油价催生新能源车日前，国家发改委再度调整了成品油的价格，北京市场上93号油也随之每升涨了44元。同日，国家发改委颁布的《新能源汽车生产准入管理规则》正式实施，科技部也将“新型洁净能源汽车”列入《国家科技发展中长期规划》，并将在“十一五”期间继续组织实施涉及各种清洁能源汽车的重大科技项目。行业新规则的制订和不断上涨的汽油价格，让新能源车的引入变得更加实际。放眼看去，国内俨然成为新能源车技术开发的前沿战场。10月，通用汽车宣布与上汽和清华大学合作建立中国车用能源技术研发中心，量产车已进入产业化开发最后阶段，预计2008年将投入量产。而早在3年前，一汽丰田就将普锐斯(参数配置)混合动力车引入国内。上汽也在混合动力领域取得阶段性成果，“上海”牌混合动力轿车已经孕育而生。目前，国内的汽车企业小至力帆、双环、中兴、吉利；大到一汽、上汽以及部分合资企业；还包括长安、哈飞、奇瑞(参数配置)、比亚迪等，无一不在宣传各自即将上市的混合动力汽车计划。明年，国内将至少出现10款以上的新能源汽车。业内人士分析指出，新能源汽车明年将经过一个全面“萌芽”的阶段，部分新能源车会逐渐开始“露脸”。 燃料电池和纯电动全启动其实，即将在东风本田投产的混合动力车只是新能源车的一种。新近实施的《准入规则》明确说，新能源汽车含混合动力、纯电动(BEV，包括太阳能)、燃料电池电动(FCEV)、氢发动机、其他新能源(如高效储能器、二甲醚)等类能源为动力的汽车。中国未来的新能源是以什么方向为主？氢动力、燃料电池还是纯电动，或者是日本已经比较纯熟的混合动力技术？在面向未来的汽车用能源战略中，中国汽车企业拥有着大量参与的机会。就在美国通用汽车去年8月宣布，成功解决了将其研制的氢燃料电池车Sequel投放市场的所有问题时，去年11月，中国科技部正式将奇瑞B11燃料电池轿车示范样车开发和生产；氢动力上，今年6月，宝马正式在中国发布首款氢动力7系。而比亚迪的铁电池团队正在做“铁动力”(以其在电池领域里的最新发明“铁电池”为核心技术支持的新汽车动力体系)量产的准备工作，按照比亚迪的计划，E6电动车在2008年6月在坪山基地下线。靠发展新能源来缩小差距从目前国内新能源汽车的主要研发机构和厂商看，自主品牌似乎占据了优势，但要论整体技术和发展规模而言，其在世界巨头面前仍然显得稚嫩。在新能源技术上得到突破，并非就掌握了在汽车领域的制胜权，因为汽车是一个复杂的工业产品，掌握了新能源、动力问题，不等于就掌握了汽车技术的全部。发展新能源汽车确实可以减小自主品牌与国外巨头在发动机、变速箱等动力系统上的差距。虽然目前国外一些厂商，例如丰田已经将普锐斯等新能源车型投入市场，但是因为售价过高等原因其还没有真正普及。在新能源研究和量产化工作方面，自主品牌和国外汽车巨头的差距显然比传统汽车技术上的差距要小很多。因此，新能源汽车的发展也许将重新界定自主品牌同国外巨头的起跑线。但是，如果仅仅在新能源技术上有所突破，却不能改变自主品牌产品整体水平落后的现状。如果几年后，消费者购买到的某一款新能源汽车在动力上很先进，但是其他方面却不尽如人意，可以肯定地说，依然会直接影响国内自主品牌新能源车的消费。 提高生产效率、缩短中间流程、增加就业率 给吧，如很多，可以送，。，，，但是原创的，应该不可以， 汽车钢板厚，车辆越重就一定安全吗？影响汽车安全的因素有哪些？ 网上查一篇啊不行就多篇结合采众家之长啊 影响行车安全的因素中除了天气、路况、驾驶人的操作技术水准之外，最最重要的因素是驾驶人的法制观念、交通安全意识以及交通安全素养，而这些正是影响行车安全的决定性因素。 汽车安全对于车辆来说分为主动安全和被动安全两大方面。主动安全就是尽量自如的操纵控制汽车。无论是直线上的制动与加速还是左右打方向都应该尽量平稳，不至于偏离既定的行进路线，而且不影响司机的视野与舒适性。这样的汽车，当然就有着比较高的避免事故能力，尤其在突发情况的条件下保证汽车安全。被动安全是指汽车在发生事故以后对车内乘员的保护，如今这一保护的概念以及延伸到车内外所有的人甚至物体。由于国际汽车界对于被动安全已经有着非常详细的测试细节的规定，所以在某种程度上，被动安全是可以量化的。 网上搜集 仅供参考目前学术不端检测系统比较完善，在撰写论文时一定要避免抄袭《科技传播》杂志 国家级科技学术期刊中英文目录知网万方全文收录编辑部直接收稿百度空间有期刊详细信息摘 要 本文论述了目前国内外汽车安全气囊控制的一些主要算法，并解释了该算法中的核心内容和研究特点。在结合传统方法的同时，提出了两种新的算法——数据融合控制算法和模式识别控制方法。 关键词 安全气囊；汽车碰撞；数据融合；模式识别1 引言 汽车安全气囊的应用拯救了许多乘员的生命。但随着汽车的应用越来越多，气囊错误弹出的情况也时有发生，这样反而会威胁到乘员的安全，所以必须提高安全气囊的控制性能。因此，我们也需要进一步研究气囊控制算法。 汽车安全气囊技术发展到今天，其优劣已经不在于是否能够判断发生碰撞和实现点火，现代的安全气囊控制的关键在于能够在最佳时间实现点火和对于非破坏性碰撞的抗干扰。只有实现最佳时间点火，才能够更好的保护驾驶员和乘客。 最佳时间的确定在于当汽车发生碰撞的过程中，乘员向前移动接触到气囊，此时气囊刚好达到最大体积，这样的保护效果最好。如果点火慢了，则乘员在接触气囊的时候，气囊还在膨胀，这样会对乘员造成额外的伤害。如果点火快了，乘员在接触到气囊的时候气囊已经可以萎缩，则气囊不能对乘员的碰撞起到最好的缓冲作用，也就不能很好的起到对乘员的保护作用。图1 气囊示意图 第二个是气囊的可靠性问题，也就是对于急刹车、过路坎和其他非破坏性碰撞时引起的冲击信号的抗干扰。汽车在颠簸路面上行驶或以很低速度的碰撞产生的加速度信号可能会令气囊误触发，一个好的控制系统应该能够很好的识别这些信号，从而在汽车产生非破坏性碰撞时不会使气囊系统误打开。 第三个就是气囊控制技术的基本指标，包括避免以下情况：①气囊可能在很低的车速时打开。车辆在很低车速行驶而发生碰撞事故时，只要驾驶员和乘员系上了安全带，是不需要气囊打开起保护作用的。这时气囊的打开造成了不必要的浪费。②当乘客偏离座位或座位上无人，气囊系统的启动不仅起不到应有的保护作用，还可能对乘客造成一定伤害[1]。2 安全气囊点火控制的几种算法 1) 加速度法 该算法是通过测量汽车碰撞时的加速度（减速度），当加速度超过预先设定的阈值就弹出安全气囊。 2) 速度变量法 该算法是通过对汽车加速度进行积分从而得到加速度变化量，当加速度变化量超过预先设定的阈值时就弹出安全气囊。 3) 加速度坡度法 该方法是对加速度进行求导得到加速度的变化量作为判断是否点火的指标。 4) 移动窗积分算法[2] 对加速度曲线在一定时间内进行积分，当积分值超过预先设置的阈值时，就发出点火信号。 1 移动窗积分算法 下面具体介绍一下移动窗积分算法，选定以下几个观察量作为气囊点火的条件指标。①汽车碰撞时的水平方向加速度（或减速度）ax。ax是直接反映碰撞激烈程度的信号，而且ax在最佳点火时刻的选取中起关键作用。②汽车碰撞时垂直方向的加速度ay，气囊控制系统加入ay对非碰撞信号能起到很大的抗干扰作用，当汽车发生正向碰撞时，ay与ax有很大的不一致性[3]；而当汽车受到路面干扰，例如汽车与较高的台阶直接相撞时，ay与ax有很大的一致性[3]，可以由此来判别干扰信号。结合这几个量，得出一个判断气囊点火的最佳指标。 需要采样一个时间段（从碰撞开始）ax的值，根据这一系列的值才能判断碰撞的激烈程度 气囊点火控制算法应在发生碰撞后20～30ms内做出点火判断，因为气囊膨胀到最大需要时间大概为30ms[4]，在碰撞初速度为4km/h时，人体向前移动5inch到达接触气囊的时间大概为70ms，则目标点火时刻为70－30＝40ms，所以气囊打开应该在碰撞后的40ms时刻，所以算法必须在20～30ms内做出点火决定。这样可以采样碰撞后的20个加速度值（频率是1kHZ）作为算法的输入值。而对于垂直方向也可以如此采样。则可得两组值：ax(1)，ax(2)……ax(20)；ay(1)，ay(2)……ay(20) 移动窗算法中对ax的处理为（1）式： (1)图2 移动窗口算法示意图 其中t为当前时刻，w为时间窗宽度（采样时间宽度），对ax(t)进行积分，得到指标S(t，w)，当S(t，w)超过预先设定值时，则发出点火信号。 写成离散形式，如式(2)： (2) n为当前时间点，k为采样点数，f为采样频率。 加上垂直加速度之后，可以提高对路面干扰的抗干扰能力[3]，形式如式(3)： (3) S(n，k，ρ)为双向合成积分量，n，f，k如上定义；ρ为合成因数，表征两个方向加速度在合成算法中的权重。这种算法主要是考虑了汽车碰撞时的加速度因素，当加速度的积分达到一定值的时候，表示汽车的碰撞剧烈程度也到达一定值，会给乘员带来一定伤害。而且这种算法对于判断最佳点火时刻也是很有优势的，经过实验，利用这种算法得出的点火时刻离汽车碰撞的最佳点火时刻（利用摄像得出）仅差几毫秒[2]，符合要求的精度。 但是这种算法也有其不足，例如没有考虑碰撞时的速度以及座位上有没有人的因素，这样当汽车低速运行的时候，还是有可能引起误触发。如果将速度和座位上是否有人的信号引入，则可以进一步减少误触发的机会。2 利用数据融合提出的改进算法 由上面的叙述中我们可以知道，移动窗积分算法对于气囊弹出与否进行判断主要是根据积分量S，现在我们对积分量进行一些改造，可以克服上述缺点。具体做法如下，加入以下几个观察量：（1）汽车碰撞时的水平方向速度v，v可以反映汽车碰撞时乘客的受伤害程度。v越大，乘客的动能就越大，碰撞时受到的伤害就越大。v是判断气囊是否应该打开的最直接的指标。（2）坐位上是否有乘员的信号[5]。坐位上无人时，当发生碰撞则可以不弹出气囊，这样做可以减少误触发的几率，同时避免对其他乘员的伤害。 引入函数，这个函数的波形为：图3 函数波形图 当v超过30km/h的时候，y的值就大于1；反之就小于1。现在普遍采用的标准是，安全带配合使用的气袋引爆车速一般为：低于20km/h正面撞击固定壁时，不应点爆。而在大于35km/h碰撞时，必须点爆。在20km/h和35km/h之间属于可爆可不爆的范围。所以我们取v0＝30km/h为标准点，这样结合上面的移动窗积分算法，提出新的S1，则S1为： (4) 这样当v>v0时，汽车点火引爆的灵敏度就比原来大了；而v汽车论文1500字
汽车安全的论文1500字