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汽车与我们的生活论文摘要

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汽车与我们的生活论文摘要

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With the entry of informative network times is comimg, people are not simply satisfied with Atuo as the means of walking replacement, but to expect it can be closely related life to work, just as we work in the office or at home while we take the Meanwhile, Auto electronic rapid developing is regarded as the revolution of Auto technology E-vehicle developing level is one of the key points to measure modern auto Followed the rapid development of comupter, telecommunication and integrated circuit technology, the typified digital field bus of field instrument and other related instruments widely used, and the complicated live link are replaced by simple live network link, the quality of signal transmission becomes much better than before, so that Auto gradually enters internet In reccent decade, customers have higher quality on comfort, security, eco-friendliness of A To meet these increasing demands, many electronic equipment controlled by computer is sharpely increasing in Auto, as a result of line connection becomes more difficult in Auto, especially in Besides, the quantity of electronic line point shows Inevitably it’ll has some troubles or blocks in So that many new model or high-level model auto is using network technology in the process of research to solve these This essay talks about how network is used in inner and outer auto, refering to the characteristic and standard of inner network used in A While the key point is to emphasise on the main features and using of controlling local area According to driving performance, auto electronic products could be classified as followings: one is Auto electronic control devices, including engine, chassis and body electronic The other is car electronic devices, including motor vehicle information systems, navigation systems, car audio and video entertainment systems, automotive communications systems, internet equipment

——题记步入花季,虽以成熟,但仍有暴风雨在等待,所受的挫折,必须承担回想往日,一切平坦顺利,无须烦恼但,梦归梦,始终得回到现实可以预测往后的挫折会更多,当然,也会更难承受,这仅仅是因为长大了山清和水秀,如此美景,然而,心中的直觉却让我选择了狂风和暴雨虽然不可思议,但总有它的乐趣相信吧,阳光总在风雨后,因为,没有人能随随便便成功成长是残酷的,前一回的内容历历在目,而后一章的消息,紧封不泻,我们无从知晓阳光下,小草挺拔而有生气,风雨中,也仍然不失风采,阳光重现时,掸掸灰尘,依旧神采飞扬新时代的花季,正如此,始终保持着顽强抵抗,不怕痛的精神成长道路上,摔跤是难免的,膝盖磕肿了,揉一揉,站起来继续走,不要怕,风雨中这点痛不算什么,擦干泪,至少我们还有梦成长在于挑战,柳暗过后的花明正是成功生命中的每一分钟都涌动着为理想全力以赴的血液道路还是脚步多,千万条路就有千万个脚印突然间,自我的观念发生改变,看待问题的角度也会发生变化,比如挫折在挫折中成长,在成长中成功,在成功中登上顶峰站在高山之巅,俯首下视,一个个的阶梯正是挫折!挫折见证,艰难与成功同在不要在意成就的大小,实现一个是一个,人生在世,目标如满天繁星,了解一个征服一个!挫折见证,苦难与快乐同在,事物的两面性难以一一呈现,但只关注一面是可怕的,在苦难中寻找乐趣,在挫折中体会真理,所有的迷团终将解开,浓雾渐渐淡去,远方的景色原来如此美丽

Society into the information network era, the requirements of the vehicle no longer be satisfied with a means of transport, but also want to live and work car is an extension of the scope, in the car like in their own office and home work and At the same time, the growing automotive electronics and also the rapid development of automotive technology was considered in the development process of a revolution of automotive electronics is a measure of the degree is seen as an important level of Hyundai Motor With computer technology, communication technology, the rapid development of integrated circuit technology in order to figure represented Fieldbus field instrument, equipment, a large number of applications, red tape has been the scene of a single simple connection of fieldbus networks in place of, the quality of signal transmission also greatly improved, cars have begun to enter the Internet A In the last decade, the users of motor vehicles for the comfort, safety and environmental requirements such as performance In order to meet these ever-increasing demand for computer-controlled vehicle electrical and electronic equipment increased dramatically, making vehicles (especially cars) the design of the layout of electrical circuits has become increasingly In addition, a variety of automotive electrical and electronic connector of the ensuing surge in the number of motor vehicles traveling on the course because of the failure point connector automotive electrical and electronic equipment on the issue of failure to perform its functions more and more To address these problems, many new models (especially the high-end models) the beginning of the development of the wider use of computer network In this paper, computer network technology in the automotive application of the basic principles of network technology on the inside and outside the vehicle, the introduction of the internal network, introduced the characteristics of automotive and automotive standards for the internal network, focuses on the control of the main local area network CAN characteristics and their Vehicle performance in accordance with the role of the impact of division of motor vehicle electronic products can be summarized as two types: one is the automotive electronic control devices, including the engine, chassis and body electronic One is car-car electronic devices, including motor vehicle information systems, navigation systems, car audio and video entertainment systems, automotive communications systems, Internet

汽车与我们的生活论文摘要英文

汽车,即本身具有动力得以驱动,不须依轨道或电力架设,得以机动行驶之车辆。广义来说,具有四轮行驶的车辆,普遍多称为汽车。虽然,长久以来学术各界对“谁是第一位汽车发明者”皆有不同的看法及论述,未有完全一致性的看法,但是,绝大部份学者皆将德国工程师卡尔·本茨视为第一位发明者。美国人亨利·福特首先大量生产平价汽车,是使汽车得以普及化的人。汽车(Car,卡尔·本茨发明)是一种现代交通工具,英文原译为“自动车”,在日本也称“自动车”(日本汉字中的汽车则是指我们所说的火车),其他文种也多称为“自动车”,只有在中国例外。由动力驱动,具有四个或四个以上车轮的非轨道承载的车辆,主要用于:——载运人员和/或货物(物品);——牵引载运货物(物品)的车辆或特殊用途的车辆;——专项作业。本术语还包括:a)与电力线相联的车辆,如无轨电车;b) 整车整备质量超过 400kg的不带驾驶室的三轮车辆;c) 整车整备质量超过 600kg的带驾驶室的三轮车辆。

Automobile's power, the fuel oil efficiency are appraise the automobile performance the important The power and the fuel economy quality, are decided to a great extent by vehicles' drivetrain reasonable match present paper key discussion fluid drive vehicles drivetrain's optimized Through analyzes the engine and the fluid strength bending moment joint work performance characteristic, proposed that determines the engine and the fluid strength bending moment joint work acceleration This article embarks from complete bikes's performance, according to the fluid drive vehicles' characteristic, proposes the fluid drive vehicles drivetrain optimization match evaluating In addition, (CAD takes using VB auxiliary) establishes the fluid strength bending moment and engine's optimized match system, and, in carries on the foundation which to the existing each achievement the induction summarizes, proposes own

The society entered the information network time, the people no longer satisfy to the automobile request one kind of riding instead of walking tool, hoped the automobile is the life and the operating region one kind extends, on automobile on elephant in own office and family same work and At the same time, the automobile computerization also day by day rapidly develops, was considered is in an automobile technological development advancement revolution, the automobile computerization degree is weighs by regarding as the modern automobile level the important But along with the computer technology, the communication technology, the integrated circuit technology rapid development, take the numeral field bus as representative's scene measuring appliance, the equipment massive applications, a tedious scene segment bed sheet succinct field bus network replaces, the signaling quality also greatly enhances, the automobile also starts to march into the network In the near ten years, the user regarding automobile comfortableness, the security as well as the environmental protection and so on each performance request enhances In order to meet the need which these increase day by day, on the automobile the computer controls the electronic electric appliance equipment sharp growth, causes the automobile (is specially passenger vehicle) designs the electric appliance line arrangement to be more and more In addition, because because on the automobile each kind of electronic electric appliance meets the point insertion quantity along with it sharp increase, in the automobile travel process meets the point insertion the breakdown to create on the automobile the electronic electric appliance equipment malfunction question to be more and more In order to solve the above problem, very many new vehicle types (are specially upscale vehicle type) in the development starts widely to apply the computer network This article introduced the computer network technology in the automobile the application basic principle, elaborated the networking in the automobile interior and exterior application situation, introduced the automobile interior network characteristic and the automobile interior network standard, with emphasis narrated the control confined network CAN principal characteristic and the According to the automobile driving quality function influence division, may the automobile electronic products induction be two kinds: One kind is the automobile electronic control, including engine, chassis, automobile body electronic One kind is the vehicle carries the automobile electronic installation, including the automobile information system, the guidance system, the automobile sound and the television entertainment system, the vehicle carries the communications system, the surfer equipment and so Keywords: automotive, computer networks, local area network control, network standards

How Manual Transmissions Work by Marshall Brain ­If you drive a stick-shift car, then you may have several questions floating in your ­How does the funny "H" pattern that I am moving this shift knob through have any relation to the gears inside the transmission? What is moving inside the transmission when I move the shifter? When I mess up and hear that horrible grinding sound, what is actually grinding? What would happen if I were to accidentally shift into reverse while I am speeding down the freeway? Would the entire transmission explode? In this article, we'll answer all of these questions and more as we explore the interior of a manual Cars need transmissions because of the physics of the gasoline First, any engine has a redline -- a maximum rpm value above which the engine cannot go without Second, if you have read How Horsepower Works, then you know that engines have narrow rpm ranges where horsepower and torque are at their For example, an engine might produce its maximum horsepower at 5,500 The transmission allows the gear ratio between the engine and the drive wheels to change as the car speeds up and slows You shift gears so the engine can stay below the redline and near the rpm band of its best Photo courtesy DaimlerChrysler Mercedes-Benz Actros, manual See more transmission Ideally, the transmission would be so flexible in its ratios that the engine could always run at its single, best-performance rpm That is the idea behind the continuously variable transmission (CVT) A CVT has a nearly infinite range of gear In the past, CVTs could not compete with four-speed and five-speed transmissions in terms of cost, size and reliability, so you didn't see them in production These days, improvements in design have made CVTs more The Toyota Prius is a hybrid car that uses a CVT The transmission is connected to the engine through the The input shaft of the transmission therefore turns at the same rpm as the engine

汽车与我们的生活论文摘要英语

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With the entry of informative network times is comimg, people are not simply satisfied with Atuo as the means of walking replacement, but to expect it can be closely related life to work, just as we work in the office or at home while we take the Meanwhile, Auto electronic rapid developing is regarded as the revolution of Auto technology E-vehicle developing level is one of the key points to measure modern auto Followed the rapid development of comupter, telecommunication and integrated circuit technology, the typified digital field bus of field instrument and other related instruments widely used, and the complicated live link are replaced by simple live network link, the quality of signal transmission becomes much better than before, so that Auto gradually enters internet In reccent decade, customers have higher quality on comfort, security, eco-friendliness of A To meet these increasing demands, many electronic equipment controlled by computer is sharpely increasing in Auto, as a result of line connection becomes more difficult in Auto, especially in Besides, the quantity of electronic line point shows Inevitably it’ll has some troubles or blocks in So that many new model or high-level model auto is using network technology in the process of research to solve these This essay talks about how network is used in inner and outer auto, refering to the characteristic and standard of inner network used in A While the key point is to emphasise on the main features and using of controlling local area According to driving performance, auto electronic products could be classified as followings: one is Auto electronic control devices, including engine, chassis and body electronic The other is car electronic devices, including motor vehicle information systems, navigation systems, car audio and video entertainment systems, automotive communications systems, internet equipment

你自己上网上搜一篇作文,然后再用在线翻译整成英文的不就OK了吗

Cars in America(美国的汽车)Cars in AmericaCars are an important part of lifein the United S The car made the UnitedStatesanationon Andit helped to make the United States what it is There are three main reasons why the car became so popular in the United S First of all the country is a huge one and Americans like to move around in The cars provide the most comfortable and cheapest form of The second reason that cars are popular is the fact that the United States never really developed an efficient and inexpensive form of public Long-distance trains have never been as common in the United States as they are in other parts of the Nowadays there is a good system of air service provided by But it is too expensive to be used The third reason is the most important one, The American spirit of independence is what really made cars Americans don't like to wait for a bus, or a train or even a They don't like to have to follow an exact And the freedom a car gives them is what Americans want most to The decrease of gas supplies has caused a big problem for A But the answer will not be a bigger system of public The real solution will have to be a new kind of car, one that does not use so much 美国的汽车汽车是美国生活的重要组成部分。汽车使得美国成为轮子上的国家,它也帮助美国成为现在的样子。汽车在美国如此盛行有三个主要原因。首先这个国家地域辽阔,而美国人喜欢在其间来回走动。汽车提供了最舒适最便宜的交通方式。汽车如此盛行的第二个原因是美国从未真正发展过有效廉价的公共交通这一事实。美国的长途火车从未像世界上其它地方那么普及。如今飞机提供了空中服务的良好体系。但是飞机太贵了,不能频繁使用。而第三个原因是最为重要的。美国人的独立精神是使得汽车盛行的真正原因。美国人不喜欢等公共汽车、火车甚至飞机。他们不喜欢必须遵循精确的时间表。汽车给予他们的自由正是美国人最想得到的。汽油供给的减少已经给美国人带来了巨大的问题。但答案不是发展更大型的公交体系。真正的解决方式必须是一种新型的汽车,那种不需要使用很多燃料的汽车。Car PollutionEach year there is an increasing number of cars on the roads as millions of new cars are One out of six Americans works at making cars, driving trucks, building roads or filling up Americans couldn't live without cars!Most Americans would find it hard to imagine life without a However, some have realized the serious problem of air pollution caused by The polluted air becomes poisonous and dangerous to One way to get rid of the polluted air is to make a car without But to build a clean car is easier said than Progress in this field is Another way is to replace car engines with something Inventors are now working on steam cars as well as electric Many makers believe that it will take years to develop a practical model for To prevent the world from being polluted by cars, we have to make some changes in our Americans, for example, have to cut down on the number of their total They are encouraged to use bicycles, which are thought to help keep the air But this change does not come A large number of workers may find themselves without jobs if a car factory cioses Thus the problem of air pollution would become less important than that of Although cars have led us to a better life, they have also brought us new 汽车污染上路的汽车数量逐年增长,同时,每年都会生产出几百万辆新车。在美国,每六个人中就有一个从事与汽车相关的工作:造车、开车、修路、加油等等。离开汽车,美国人无法生活!大部分美国人简直无法想象没有车的生活会是什么样子。但是一些人也已经意识到汽车造成的空气污染已成为严重的问题。被污染的空气具有毒性,并且危害健康。解决空气污染的方法之一就是制造无污染汽车。但是生产清洁汽车说来容易做来难。目前,这一领域的进展十分缓慢。另一个方法就是使用其他东西替代汽车发动机。发明家正在研制蒸汽汽车和电车。但是许多厂家认为我们可以使用的实用型汽车的诞生可能还需要几年时间。要想阻止全球化的汽车污染,我们需要对自己的生活方式做出适当的改变。例如,在美国,需要缩减汽车总量。鼓励人们使用有助空气清洁的自行车。但这种改变不能一蹴而就。一旦汽车工厂关闭,就会有大量工人失去工作。与失业相比,空气污染似乎就不再那么重要了。尽管汽车为我们带来了更加舒适的生活,同时,它也带来了新的问题。

汽车与我们的生活论文

创新是指以现有的思维模式提出有别于常规或常人思路的见解为导向,利用现有的知识和物质,在特定的环境中,本着理想化需要或为满足社会需求,而改进或创造新的事物、方法、元素、路径、环境,并能获得一定有益效果的行为。创新是以新思维、新发明和新描述为特征的一种概念化过程。创新是人类特有的认识能力和实践能力,是人类主观能动性的高级表现形式,是推动民族进步和社会发展的不竭动力。一个民族要想走在时代前列,就一刻也不能没有理论思维,一刻也不能停止理论创新。

提高了人们的生活效率;提高了人们的生活质量;加速了社会交流;加速提高了社会文明程度尾气改变环境速度改变距离虚荣改变人心男人改变女人车祸改变人生有车一族的朋友出门慢点开,喝酒不开车,最好别开车!呵呵

无人驾驶汽车最初会与人类驾驶的汽车共存。但无人驾驶汽车首先会在人口密集的城市地区占据主导地位——正是那些遭受汽车时代打击最为严重的地区。在本月于巴黎召开的Autonomy大会上,蔡斯表示,这是“城市从头来过的机会”。许多发达城市已经削减了汽车的角色。无人驾驶汽车将会加速这一过程。城市不希望所有人都拥有自己的无人驾驶汽车。那将会加剧拥堵,而且也没有必要。无人驾驶汽车是完美的廉价出租车,它可以把你送到公司,然后再去接其他人。如果你仍坚持开你自己的车,城市很可能会为这项特权向你收费:开车将成为一种奢侈,就像拥有和驾驶自己的飞机一样。无人驾驶汽车可以让城市得以将汽车数量削减90%左右,同时运输的人数不变。无人驾驶汽车将带给我们极大的益处:

汽车与我们的生活论文摘要怎么写

学术堂整理了一份汽车系毕业论文范文,供大家进行参考:  范文题目《浅谈混合动力汽车的检测与维修》  摘要:目前已研制成功并投入使用的混合动力电动汽车主要是内燃机与蓄电池混合的混合动力电动汽车,它被称为油电混合动力汽车。首先,随着汽车电控化程度的提高,特别是未来混合动力汽车、纯电动汽车以及燃料电池汽车的发展,汽车的主要故障将出现在电路方面,面对复杂、纷乱的汽车电路时,只有具备了过硬的理论知识后才有可能将它们理清楚、弄明白,才有可能进一步的形成正确的诊断思路,找到正确的维修方法。我们知道不同的混合动力系统其结构和工作原理各不相同,这就使得不同的混合动力汽车其检测与维修的方法也会有很大的差异。  关键词:混合动力汽车,检测,维修  混合动力电动汽车的英文是“Hybrid Electric Vehicle”,简称“HEV”。根据国际机电委员会下属的电力机动车技术委员会的建议,混合动力电动汽车是指有两种或两种以上的储能器、能源或转换器作驱动能源,至少有一种能提供电能的车辆称为混合动力电动汽车。目前已研制成功并投入使用的混合动力电动汽车主要是内燃机与蓄电池混合的混合动力电动汽车,它被称为油电混合动力汽车。本论文所述的混合动力汽车也只局限于这类油电混合动力汽车。  所谓油电混合动力电动汽车(以下简称混合动力汽车),是指采用传统的内燃机和电动机(电池) 做为动力源,通过使用热能和电力两套系统驱动汽车。混合动力汽车采用的内燃机既可是汽油机也可以是柴油机,而使用的电动系统包括高效强化的电动机、发电机和蓄电池。两套系统的联合使用使得内燃机、电动机都可在高效区经济内运行,输出功率相对稳定。燃油提供了车辆运行所需的大部分能量来源,而辅助动力单元即动力电池通过电机使车辆具有更好的动力性和经济性。  一、混合动力汽车的检测与维修概述  汽车维修工作主要分为保养、机械维修、电器及电控系统维修、钣金和喷漆这几个部分。对于混合动力汽车来说,它与传统的内燃机汽车的主要差别在于增加了一套电驱动系统,这套系统的增加使得原本就复杂的电控系统变得更加复杂,电器及电控系统的维修难度之大不言而喻。由于增加了一套电驱动系统并对原有内燃机汽车的结构作了相应的改造,这决定了混合动力汽车必将产生出新的特有的故障类型,原本适用于传统内燃机汽车的一些维修经验、诊断思路和检测方法在混合动力汽车上可能将不再适用,所以,作为一名维修人员如果墨守成规、依赖经验,不注重理论知识的学习和诊断思维的培养,将很快被淘汰。那么我们应该如何来面对接下来的挑战呢?  首先,随着汽车电控化程度的提高,特别是未来混合动力汽车、纯电动汽车以及燃料电池汽车的发展,汽车的主要故障将出现在电路方面,面对复杂、纷乱的汽车电路时,只有具备了过硬的理论知识后才有可能将它们理清楚、弄明白,才有可能进一步的形成正确的诊断思路,找到正确的维修方法。  其次,多观察、多比较。在掌握相关理论知识的基础上要回到实践当中来,多观察、多比较。仔细观察汽车的结构,认真的比较它与传统的内燃机汽车的异同点,将理论与实践紧密的连接起来。  再次,勤总结。混合动力汽车必然会出现不同于现有传统内燃机汽车的特有的故障类型,应该在维修实践中将其详细的记录下来并认真的分析和总结,日积月累便能形成一套适合于混合动力汽车的行之有效的维修方法。  二、混合动力汽车的检测与维修  我们知道不同的混合动力系统其结构和工作原理各不相同,这就使得不同的混合动力汽车其检测与维修的方法也会有很大的差异。本文以丰田普锐斯混合动力汽车为例简单的介绍一下与混合动力汽车的检测与维修相关的问题。  1、普锐斯混合动力汽车检测与维修注意事项  普锐斯采用的是高压电路,动力电池组的额定电压为6V,发电机和电动机发出(或使用)的电压为500V。在普锐斯的电路系统中,高压电路的线束和连接器都为橙色,而且蓄电池等高压零件都贴有“高压”的警示标志,注意!不要触碰这些配线。论文格式。在检修过程中一定要严格按照正确的操作步骤操作。在检修过程中(如安装或拆卸零部件、对车辆进行检查等)必须注意以下几点:  (1)对高压系统进行操作时首先应将车辆电源开关关闭;  (2)穿好绝缘手套(戴绝缘手套前一定要先检查手套,不能有破损,哪怕针眼大的也不行,不能有裂纹,不能有老化的迹象,也不能是湿的);  (3)将辅助蓄电池的负极电缆断开(在此之前应先查看故障码,有必要的化将故障码保存或记录下来,因为与传统内燃机汽车一样,断开蓄电池负极电缆故障码将被清除);  (4)拆下检修塞,并将检修塞放在衣袋里妥善保管,这样可以避免其他人员误将检修塞装回原处,造成意外;  (5)拆下检修塞后不要操作电源开关,否则可能损坏混合动力ECU;  (6)拆下检修塞后至少将车辆放置5分钟后再进行其他操作,因为至少需要5分钟的时间对变频器内的高压电容器进行放电;  (7)在进行高压系统的作业时,应在醒目的地方摆放警告标志,以提醒他人注意安全;  (8)不要随身携带任何金属物体或其他导电体,以免不小心掉落引起线路短路;  (9)拆下任何高压配线后应立刻用绝缘交代将其包好,保证其完全绝缘;  (10)一定要按规定扭矩将高压螺钉端子拧紧。扭矩过大或过小都有可能导致故障;  (11)完成对高压系统的操作后,在重新安装检修赛前,应再次确认在工作平台周围没有遗留任何零件或工具,并确认高压端子已拧紧,连接器已插好。论文格式。  2、普锐斯的基本检修程序  (1)车辆进入车间。  (2)分析各户所述的故障。  (3)将智能诊断仪II连接到车辆的诊断插座上。  (4)读取故障码和定格数据,并将其记录下来。如果出现与CAN通信系统有关的故障码则应首先检查并修复CAN通信。  (5)清除故障码。  (6)故障症状确认。若故障未出现则进行故障症状模拟;若故障出现则查看故障码及相关数据流以获取相关信息。  (7)进行基本检查,查阅相关资料。  (8)根据故障现象、故障码、相关数据流并结合其他的检测手段进行故障诊断,找出故障原因。  (9)排除故障。  (10)确认故障排除。  3、普锐斯混合动力汽车混合动力控制系统的检测与维修  (1)对混合动力汽车控制系统进行操作前必须弄清楚混合动力汽车控制系统的组成和工作原理并结合电路图和相关的维修资料严格按规范的操作步骤进行。  (2)普锐斯混合动力系统的相关检查  ①检查变频器  查看故障码;清除故障码;戴上绝缘手套;关闭电源开关;拆下检修塞;拆下变频器盖,断开端子A和B。  将电源开关拨到IG位置,此时会产生互锁开关系统的故障码;在线束侧用电压表测电压,同时用欧姆表测电阻。  ②检查转换器(戴上绝缘手套操作)  若混合动力系统警告灯、主警告灯和充电警告灯同时点亮,则检查故障码并进行相应的故障排除。  ③检查速度传感器  用欧姆表测量端子间的电阻,其值应符合标准值,否则更换变速驱动桥总成。  ④检查温度传感器  用欧姆表测量端子间的电阻,应符合标准值,否则更换变速驱动桥总成。  ⑤检查加速踏板位置信号  将电源开关拨到IG位置;用电压表测量混合动力车辆控制ECU连接器B中相应端子的电压,应符合标准值,否则更换加速踏板连杆总成。  4、普锐斯混合动力汽车电池系统的检测与维修  普锐斯混合动力汽车电池系统主要由以下几部分组成:动力电池组、12V辅助电池、电池ECU、冷却系统、电流传感器、检修塞系统主继电器等组成。  动力电池组:普锐斯采用的是镍-氢动力电池组,它具有高功率密度和常使用寿命的特点。该电池组由28个电池模块串联而成,每个模块由6个1V或2V的单节电池串联而成。所以整个电池组共168个单节电池,可以得到6V的高电压。论文格式。  电池ECU:电池ECU的功能是用来检测电池组的充电状态(SOC)、温度、电压、电流以及是否漏电,并将这些信息发送到HV ECU(混合动力ECU)。电池ECU还负责控制冷却风扇的工作,确保电池组处于正常的温度范围内。  电池组冷却系统:电池组冷却系统由冷却风扇,一个进气温度传感器和3个位于电池内的温度传感器以及通风管路组成。3个温度传感器和一个进气温度传感器随时检测蓄电池及进气口的进气温度,若温度升高到一定值,电池ECU将启动冷却风扇,直到温度下降到规定值,从而使电池组的温度始终保持在正常的范围内。  检修塞:检修塞位于电池组第19模块和第20模块中间,在检查或维修前拆下检修塞便可以切断电池组中部的高压电路,可以保证维修期间的人员安全。  系统主继电器(SMR):系统主继电器的作用是按照HV ECU的指令连接和断开到高压电路的动力。系统主继电器共由3个继电器组成,两个位于正极分别为SMR1、SMR2,一个位于负极SMR3。电路接通时,SMR1和SMR3工作,而后SMR2工作而SMR1关闭。  辅助蓄电池:普锐斯采用的是12V的免维护电池,它与传统的汽车用蓄电池类似,负极也是通过车身接地的。该电池对高压很敏感,对其充电时应将它从车上拆下,用丰田专用的充电机充电,普通充电器没有专用的电压控制功能,有可能毁坏电池。  参考文献  [1] 陈清泉,孙逢春 编译 混合电动车辆基础[M] 北京:北京理工大学出版社,  [2] 张金柱 混合动力汽车结构、原理与维修[M] 北京:化学工业出版社,  [3] 耿新 混合动力技术的原理和应用[J] 汽车维修与保养,  [4] Jon M 用于混合动力/电动汽车的可靠锂离子电池监视系统[J] CompoTechChina,2008(10)  [5] 陈宗璋,吴振军 电动汽车动力源类型[J] 大众英雄,2008,(3)

汽车本来是个钢铁的物件,是人给它赋予了一种影响生活方式的生命内涵。反过来这种内涵又作用于人类,拉近了人与车之间的距离,形成消费理念、生活情趣以及审美趋向等文化范畴,亦即汽车文化。在我的理解中,汽车文化包括三个方面的内容:汽车工业设计文化、汽车消费文化、汽车边缘文化。而无论从哪个方面来讲,人们心理的发展和变化都对了汽车文化的发展和变化起到了重要影响。汽车设计成果是汽车文化的核心体现。汽车工业设计有鲜明的时代特征,它反映出不同时代,不同地域,不同民族的物质生产水平和精神需求。工业设计本身就是文化的产物,体现商品社会中文化的价值取向。而社会群体的心理需求则会对工业设计产生导向作用。比如美国汽车设计多为自由、大气型。美国的汽车在二战之后突然大了起来,因为经历了二战的人们,精神上有死里逃生的感觉,思想上要铺张,要今朝有酒今朝醉,在这种心态畸变下诞生了宽大的美国汽车,折射出了二战之后人们那种绝地重生的感觉。再如,随着国内生活水平的提高,相当一部分消费者开始注重个人的感受而非他人的议论,2006年,两厢车终于迎来了“迟到的春天”。汽车可以深刻反映出一个国家工业的发展水平,同时它也是最能反映民族性格特色的产品。比如德国车,真的就能反映出德国人那种追求每一个螺丝钉都完美的较真性格;再如法国人是浪漫、不拘束的,所以他们造出的汽车有玻璃面积大等特点;而日本车则追求经济、精致,因此车型也绚丽新潮。美、日、德、法四辆车摆放在一起,性格迥然的区别一目了然。一个汽车设计,只有在符合时代主题、地域特色的前提下,和民族性格相链接,满足当代人们的群体精神需要,才可能称之为一个成功的汽车设计,才能被大众所认可和接受,最终成为经典之作!汽车消费文化中的影响因素又哪些呢?消费者的需要、动机以及影响他们购买、消费的原因等,也就是说要消费者需要什么、对什么事情比较敏感,哪些问题会引起他们的兴趣,哪些问题会使得他们置若罔闻,都是汽车消费文化中的影响因素。而广告,是传导汽车消费文化的主要载体。广告通过向消费者多次重复同样的内容和诉求,影响消费者对汽车品牌的态度和购买行为倾向,并利用大众流行的社会心理机制创造轰动效应,激发更多的消费者参与汽车购买。比如在今天,人们更加注重生活品质,汽车广告更加倾向于突出汽车的舒适性和时尚性,那么人们的汽车消费文化也就倾向于舒适性和时尚性。品牌文化也是汽车消费文化中的重要影响因素。形成了良好的品牌,就会对消费者的购买倾向产生导向般的影响,使消费者对品牌产生心理依赖,形成品牌忠诚。因此,品牌价值直接影响到汽车的经济价值。而文化的历史传承性对品牌的打造非常重要。欧洲车的品牌价值为什么要比日本高呢?像雷克萨斯,一直说自己是非常棒的豪华品牌,但是品牌价值始终没有奔驰和宝马高,因为奔驰和宝马的历史文化传承性更好。一个成功的汽车品牌更是需要年长日久的心血和资金才能打造出来的。欧洲车另一个很好的感觉就是品牌传承性非常高。把一代又一代传承的车型放到一起的时候,你明显就能看出他们积累出的精华都在一条线上。而日本车,花样翻新很快,但可能三代改款之后,你已经认不出这款车了。另外,一个汽车的品牌文化在研发生产、营销、服务等全系列活动中都要体现,而如果只用于营销,所谓的品牌文化就成了不能兑现的战术口号。此外,自主品牌是民族汽车文化的一个基础。没有真正属于自己的车型,中国就谈不上民族独具的汽车文化。而目前中国的汽车设计处在模仿和学习阶段,但将来肯定会向健康成熟的方向发展,品牌文化也会伴随着逐渐形成。除了汽车设计文化和消费文化外,汽车边缘文化也是汽车文化中不可忽略的一个组成部分。边缘文化可以从侧面反应一个时代或者一个地域的汽车行业的发展状况。所谓边缘文化,就是汽车同其他文化种类的结合,比如汽车摄影,是摄影的一个分支,并不是单独的一种文化门类。包括汽车会展、汽车运动、汽车报刊、汽车收藏、汽车模特、汽车俱乐部等等。而人们的个体心理差异则直接影响到其对某一个汽车边缘文化领域的关注程度。中国目前仍处于社会主义初级阶段,社会的主要矛盾仍然是日益增长的物质文化需要同落后的生产水平之间的矛盾。同时,在改革开放的历史洪流中,人们还不可避免的出现浮躁心理。在这种历史背景下,中国都还停留在汽车社会的初级阶段。在汽车设计文化上还没有自己设计的车型;在汽车消费文化上还有攀比心理,买车还有盲目性;汽车的边缘文化也才处于起步状态。但是,纵观中国汽车行业发展的短短50年所取得的辉煌成绩,我们仍然相信,随着中国的不断发展,在不久的将来,中国必定会形成属于自己的独特的汽车文化!

现在有些朋友总是想拥有一辆自己的汽车,觉得上了这么多年的班连个车都没混上实在是太失败了,于是这买车之想总萦绕心怀,甚至视为自己供职后的第一目标,也许我并不爱车并无此想法,但如果说没拥有自己的车就视为失败,窃以为实在是没有必要。而由此联想到汽车在我们生活中的作用,不免心生感慨,它已经与我们的生活联系得是如此紧密、不可或缺,而它带来的到底是什么也许并没有细细思量。 汽车从发明到现在确实给我们的生活带来了不少的便利,应该说还是一个质的变化,而由此产生的汽车文化在中国的发展和西方又有所不同,在西方人看来,人是在所有机器之前的,所以要给予最大的重视,而自行车是出现在汽车之前的也应先行。所以在西方的马路上常常会看到这样的景象,如果在过路口时有自行车,汽车会慢行等它先通过,换了是行人和自行车争行时,要先让行人先通过,更不用提行人与汽车了,那是更要先让着行人的。可在我们中国,汽车仿佛是有钱有权的一种象征,却可以视这些在西方通用的规则而不顾,对行人自行车抢行不说,还不耐烦地按着喇叭,横冲直撞简直就是大爷,我们只学来了人家的技术和照搬人家的交通规则,却没有学来人家的汽车文化,而缺少了文化的东西总是缺失点什么的。如果说汽车只是做为一种代步的工具,我们拥有它是为了生活的便利和提高工作效率,那么是没错的,要是想着有了车把它开在大街上也超越那些在路上卖力骑行的人,傲慢地按着喇叭催促走在前方八百米的行人,那就有点虚荣的味道,真把它和成功与否联系在一起就不是什么光荣的事情。 而在我们国家,人口众多,资源虽不少可平摊到每个人身上就少得可怜,不管是土地还是能源的状况都不容乐观,汽油有很大一部分信赖进口,油价的涨跌牵动着每个有车族的心。虽说近年开发了新的能源,比如车用乙醇,似乎前景一片美好,但问题还是不能解决,现在用的是玉米为原料造乙醇,美国现如今严加限制玉米的出口来卡我们的脖子,而做为一个人口大国,玉米也是重要的粮食来源,必须得有一定的储备,所以现在也叫停了这项工程。这条路走不通,还是有其它的新能源,但目前都处在不成熟阶段,短期内不能得到解决。就说有朝一日解决了能源,那么我们的交通状况呢,大家所熟悉的北京的五条环路上的超大露天停车场,许多城市的交通拥堵,中国人的耐心又尤其的差,拥堵时到处是心浮气躁的人,总想自己先走反而欲速而不达,更是乱成一锅粥。没有良好的秩序和驾驶习惯,就算修再宽的马路也是枉然。法制的不健全也为汽车在中国的发展蒙上一层阴影,考到驾照却车技很差的“马路杀手”,是谁把驾照发给了这些人。还有前阵报道的更令人寒心的,故意把被自己撞倒的人二次碾压至死的事故,都透露出我们的法制在某些地方是不是出了差错,以至于流传着撞残不如撞死这样的说法。 此外还有汽车尾气的污染,排放的有害物质可谓大气污染的“元凶”。汽车尾气最主要的危害是形成光化学烟雾。其对健康的危害主要表现为刺激眼睛,引起红眼病;刺激鼻、咽喉、气管和肺部,引起慢性呼吸系统疾病。光化学烟雾能使树木枯死,农作物大量减产;能降低大气的能见度,妨碍交通。汽车尾气中的二氧化硫和悬浮颗粒物,会增加慢性呼吸道疾病的发病率,损害肺功能。二氧化硫在大气中含量过高时,会随降水形成“酸雨”。还会使得肺癌的人数明显增加。离公路越近,公路上汽车流量越大,肺癌死亡率越高。汽车尾气中的铅化合物可随呼吸进入血液,并迅速地蓄积到人体的骨骼和牙齿中,它们干扰血红素的合成、侵袭红细胞,引起贫血;损害神经系统,严重时损害脑细胞,引起脑损伤。当儿童血中铅浓度达6~8ppm时,会影响儿童的生长和智力发育,甚至出现痴呆症状。铅还能透过母体进入胎盘,危及胎儿。 不管是出于环境还是交通的考虑,本人认为,私人买车,不仅养车的费用很贵,维护也是件头痛的事。我们还是选择更加环保的出行方式,比如说骑车,虽说累点但可以锻炼身体;乘坐公车,大力发展和完善公交系统,节省能源和道路资源 ;和别人拼车即方便还可以在路上找个伴我们生活在这个地球上,自身也是生物的一部分,做为一个个人,能为环保做一份贡献也是应该的,就算是我们自已不方便些,多留些绿色给下一代。而且成功的方式也不只体现在有没有车,这都是表面上的东西,本人以为成功是为这个世界创造和留下了些什么,而不是你自己拥有了些什么。说了这么多,也许有人会说都象你这样那么中国的汽车工业就别发展了,但一项产业的发展不能建立在给环境造成破坏,给生活带来更大的不便上。我们拥有汽车是为了更方便,而不是成为它的奴隶,还要受它的危害,如果真是那样的话还不如不拥有它的为好。汽车与我们的生活可谓是密不可分的,怎样使它发挥更好的作用而减少危害,不是一朝一夕就可以解决的,而我们只要人人努力,总会把生活过得更好,而不在于是否拥有自己的私车,我们只有脚踏实地,把身边的事做好,过好我们的每一天,生活意义不仅仅在于成功与否,更在于快乐与否!!

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