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农业领域的英文文献综述

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农业领域的英文文献综述

Figure 1 B/S structure information service platform user service application principle schematic drawing chart 2 website onstage function module chart chart 3 website backstage function module chart chart 4 website onstage page logical organization schematic drawing chart 5 website backstage page logical organization schematic drawing chart 2 manager entity E-R the chart chart 1 user entity E-R chart chart 3 data dictionary chart 4 onstage user operation flow chart chart 5 backstage managers operate the flow chartbased on the ASP agricultural technology information service platform design and the realization

分数呢?还是去上看看吧

The Industrialization of Agriculture:Policy, Research, and Education Needs DRIVING INDUSTRIALIZATION OF AGRICULTURE: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE GRAIN INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES Present Situation of the Industrialization and Development _science/071/pdfFarm Policy in an Industrialized Agriculture~jab/Library/M00-pdfAgriculture, and developmen on the Road to Industrialization更多:用google搜索industrialization agriculture filetype:pdf用google学术搜索:-CN&lr=

农业领域的英文文献

A framework of information technology-based agriculture information dissemination system to improve crop productivity 一种基于用于提高作物产量的农业信息传播系统的信息技术框架 CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL 88, NO 12, 25 JUNE 2005 当代科学,第88卷,第12号,2005年6月25日 P Krishna Reddy* and R Ankaiah 作者(印度)介绍 P Krishna Reddy is in the International Institute of Information Technology,Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 019, India; R Ankaiah is in the National Seed Project, Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural University, Hyderabad 500 030, I ~pkreddy/pkreddypapers/CurrentSpdf AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION AND DECISION SUPPORT BY SMS 基于SMS的农业信息和决策支持 Allan Leck Jensen, AllanLJensen@AgrSdk Iver Thysen, IThysen@AgrSdk Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Foulum, Denmark 丹麦国家农业研究院 A A warning system where up-to-date and local agricultural information is communicated by SMS is The system has two types of warnings: Push-type warnings are sent regularly or when certain criteria are met, as specified by the user, while pull-type warnings are sent on the user’s request by SMS A web-based DSS, which require data updated frequently by the user, has been enabled for operation by SMS Applying widely distributed and well-known technology, the SMS systems make information and decision support available to the farmer whenever he needs it and wherever he The paper describes the SMS systems and analyses the uptake by Nordic Journal of African Studies 15(2): 199–205 (2006) 非洲研究 Multilinguality of Farm Broadcast and Agricultural Information Access in Nigeria 尼日利亚的多种语言沟通的农场广播和农业信息获取 OLADIMEJI IDOWU OLADELE University of Ibadan, Nigeria ABSTRACT: This paper examines the effect of the multilingual farm broadcast on the access to agricultural information in N Farm broadcast programmes on radio and television were compiled and the language of presentation examined for each of the The diversity of the languages in Nigeria presupposes that for farmers to have access to agricultural information through the radio and television, the language of presentation has to be based on that of the The study recommends that information sources to farmers should explore multilingual sources to ensure farmers’ access to agricultural Keywords: Multilinguality, agricultural information access, Nigeria, farm broadcast -files/vol15num2/pdf 还有荷兰农业和乡村合作技术中心(CTA)关于非洲农业信息报告,237页。未附

Adjustment of agricultural structure, characteristics of the western region to speed up the development of agriculture  【Abstract】 implementing the western development strategy and strategic adjustment of agricultural structure for the development of agriculture with characteristics Samangan province have provided favorable opportunities and broader space, this article from the analysis of Gansu Province, the implementation of the importance of agriculture with characteristics and the main features of the market potential of agricultural products start to understand the characteristics of Gansu Province characteristics of agricultural production and put forward the implementation of special agriculture in Gansu Province of the countermeasures and   【Key words】 western characteristic agriculture  Gansu province is located in China's western region is a vast region, is included in the national development of the western region the concept of one of 12 provinces and municipalities and autonomous regions, serious soil erosion, land desertification, water shortages, destruction of vegetation, forest grassland degradation Gansu province is a major eco-environmental problems, industrial pollution in the city after-effects of economic Gansu Province, the fragile ecological environment will not only hinder further development of regional economy, but also the future of the living environment has become a major All this has its crux of the problem: the history of long-term low levels of productivity and ecological fragility of both cause and effect; "too much emphasis on food self-sufficiency" model of development led to forest destruction and soil erosion; economic construction does not follow the law of the ecological environment, ecological construction technology support the weak; institutional fragmentation, so that ecological protection and construction of the measures can hardly be Characteristics of agriculture refers to the unique resources, clear regional characteristics, a special product quality and specific consumer market of agricultural Gansu Province, a vast territory, light, heat, water, soil is rich in resources, species diversity, with the development of agriculture with characteristics and potential After years of development, characteristics of Gansu Province has been a foundation of Implementing the western development strategy and strategic adjustment of agricultural structure for the development of characteristic agriculture in Gansu Province provided favorable opportunities and broader At present, we should seize the opportunity, clear thinking, focus, work out measures to speed up the characteristics of agricultural development in Gansu Province  1, the development of Gansu Province, the importance of agriculture with characteristics  1 The development of characteristic agriculture is implementing the western development strategy will focus on the   Agriculture is the basis for developing the western region and an important Characteristics of agriculture is the focus of agricultural development in the western Characteristics through the development of agriculture, strengthening infrastructure construction, improve production conditions, enhance productive capacity, can further strengthen agriculture as the foundation of Gansu Province to speed up agricultural and rural economic development pace for the development of Gansu's economy and narrow the gap between east and west to create the   2 is the development of characteristic agriculture in Gansu Province strategic adjustment of agricultural structure of the main direction of   The use of Gansu Province, rich in agricultural resources, in line with local conditions and characteristics of agricultural and industrial development, nurturing characteristics with the western industrial belt of agricultural and industrial groups, agricultural resources can achieve a multi-level, multi-channel development and utilization to meet the diversification and high quality market demand is conducive to opening up new market space, Gansu Province, to promote the agricultural structure optimization and    Gansu, the main features of the development potential of agricultural products and market demand analysis  From the distribution of agricultural products and market demand, both in terms of Gansu Province, with resources and potential for development of agricultural resources are mainly concentrated in the food, medicinal herbs, fruit and livestock products   1, food  In 2002 the province's grain sown area of 3943 mu, 83 million tons grain Between regions in food production that there are clear regional differences, good natural conditions in the plain areas and to take intensive intensive methods of production inputs are also relatively large, thus the per capita grain output was significantly higher than other Per capita food expenditure from the situation, the year the total income per capita grain 92 kilograms, 24 kilograms of total Main per capita consumption of 45 kilograms of grain (including 89 kilograms of wheat, representing the main food consumed 37%), 75 kilograms of grain feed, 72 kilograms of seed Help Gansu food consumption is still in a state of equilibrium tightness, food as the mainstay of rural food consumption status has not been any big   With the gradual deepening of reform and opening-up and join the WTO, the current international market prices tend to decline, while China's grain production costs are generally upward The short term a significant increase in land productivity may be low, China's comparative advantage in grain production continued to In addition China's wheat import market of the United States and European Union countries in the Uruguay Round negotiations, reached an agreement to reduce subsidies, which means that China can no longer own the market of imports from these relatively low over the past price of wheat to China to take measures to raise the level of food self-sufficiency and reduce food As the grain in Gansu Province larger share of agricultural products, the impact of lower prices to become the province's agricultural prices decline in the overall level of the main   2, economic crops  In the economic crops, the potential for greater processing Chinese herbal medicines, medicinal herbs market in the country occupies a pivotal role, medicines rough year more than 11,000 tons, 3270 tons of proprietary Chinese Five Angelica is in Gansu Province is the largest varieties of medicinal herbs, over the years has been in a tight pin, and annual production of more than 4 thousand tons, the volume of 27,300 tons of goods, export volume of 1509 At present, the formation of their own as the mainstay of rural Danggui market Minxian Xiguan, Meichuan, Dangchang hada Shop, of the rationale for Sichuan, Zhangxian Chengguan, Ishikawa, Weiyuan Kawasaki, will be over These markets with other medicines markets outside the network for the promotion of medicines in circulation has played an important Changium Gansu Province is the second largest varieties of medicinal herbs, annual output of more than 14,000 tons, the volume of more than 13,000 tons of goods, with its output accounting for about 70 percent of national output, of which the principal export Radix Hedysari is unique to Chinese herbal medicines in Gansu, the main export to T Rhubarb and liquorice market demand, lack of sales production, prices, market   Traditional Chinese Medicine in Gansu Province is the main pharmaceutical products in 2002, the sown area of Gansu Province, 199 million mu of Chinese herbal medicines, the total output 305,800 tons, the annual industrial output value of Chinese medicine to 4 billion yuan, accounting for all the Chinese medicine industry to 40 Medicine more prominent structural contradictions in the economy, small and scattered industrial enterprises, commercial enterprises in Gansu medicine abuse is a significant Most of medicine resources on the supply of raw materials or primary products market, value-added processing and great Gansu medicine market capacity of 20 billion yuan, but in Gansu local market consumption of only 6 million yuan, the market   References:  1, "on the characteristics of the western region to speed up the views of agricultural development," the Ministry of Agriculture 12  2, Zhu Xing BAI "developing the western region - agriculture, rural areas and farmers," Economics and Management Press 7  3, reference is LiuXinmao weeks "loess ground green hope" Lanzhou University Press 1  中文大意如下  调整农业产业结构,加快西部地区特色农业的发展  【论文摘要】实施西部大开发战略和农业结构战略性调整,为发展甘省特色农业提供了有利的机遇和广阔的空间,本文从分析甘肃省实施特色农业的重要性和主要特色农产品的市场潜力入手,了解甘肃省特色农业的生产特点,提出了甘肃省实施特色农业的对策与建议。  【关键词】西部 特色农业  甘肃省位于中国的西部,是一片广阔的地域,是被国家划入西部大开发概念的12个省市自治区之一,严重的水土流失、土地荒漠化加剧、水资源短缺、植被破坏、森林草原退化是甘肃省面临的主要生态环境问题,工业污染成为城市发展经济的后遗症。甘肃省脆弱的生态环境不仅阻碍区域经济的进一步发展,而且已经成为未来生存环境的重大隐患。这一切问题都有其症结所在:历史上长期的生产力水平低下与生态脆弱互为因果;“过分强调粮食自给”的发展模式导致森林破坏和水土流失;经济建设不遵循生态环境规律,生态建设科技支撑能力薄弱;制度上条块分割,使生态环境保护和建设各项措施难以落实。特色农业是指具有独特的资源条件、明显的区域特征、特殊的产品品质和特定的消费市场的农业产业。甘肃省地域辽阔,光、热、水、土资源丰富,物种资源多样,具有发展特色农业的优势和潜力。经过多年的发展,甘肃省特色农业已有一定的基础。实施西部大开发战略和农业结构战略性调整,为发展甘肃省特色农业提供了有利的机遇和广阔的空间。当前,要抓住机遇,明确思路,突出重点,制定措施,加快甘肃省特色农业发展  1、发展甘肃省特色农业的重要性  1发展特色农业是实施西部大开发战略的重点任务。  农业是西部大开发的基础和重要组成部分。特色农业是西部农业开发的重点。通过发展特色农业,加强基础设施建设,改善生产条件,提高生产能力,可以进一步加强农业基础地位,加快甘肃省农业和农村经济发展步伐,为发展甘肃经济和缩小东西部差距创造条件。  2发展特色农业是甘肃省农业结构战略性调整的主攻方向。  利用甘肃省丰富的农业资源,因地制宜地发展特色农产品和产业,培育具有西部特色的农业产业带和产业群,可以实现农业资源多层次、多途径的开发利用,满足多样化、优质化的市场需求,有利于开辟新的市场空间,促进甘肃省农业结构的优化和升级。   甘肃主要特色农产品的开发潜力及市场需求分析  从农产品分布特点和市场需求两方面来看,甘肃省具有资源优势和开发潜力的农产品资源主要集中在粮食、药材、果品和畜产品上。  1、粮食作物  2002年全省粮食播种面积3943万亩,粮食总产量783万吨。区域之间在粮食生产上存在着明显的地区差异,平原地区自然条件好,并采取集约化的精耕细作方式,生产性投入也比较大,因而人均粮食产量明显高于其它地区。从人均粮食收支情况看,年内人均粮食收入合计92公斤,支出合计24公斤。人均主食用粮45公斤(其中小麦89公斤,占主食用粮的37%),饲料用粮75公斤,种籽用粮72公斤。说明甘肃粮食消费仍处于紧度平衡状态,粮食作为农村食品消费的主体地位没有什么大的变化。  随着改革开放的逐步深入及加入WTO,目前国际市场上粮价趋于下降,而我国粮食生产成本总体上则呈上升趋势。短期内土地生产率大幅度提高的可能不大,我国粮食生产的比较优势仍在下降。此外中国小麦进口市场的美国和欧盟各国在乌拉圭回合谈判中达成消减补贴的协议,这意味着中国己不可能再从这些市场上进口过去价格相对较低的小麦,促使中国采取措施提高粮食自给水平,减少粮食进口。由于粮食在甘肃省农产品中所占比重较大,其价格下降成为影响全省农产品价格总水平下降的主要因素。  2、经济作物  在经济作物中,中药材加工潜力较大,在全国药材市场中占有举足轻重的作用,药材年粗加工1.1万多吨,中成药3270吨。五种大宗地道中药材。当归是甘肃省药材的第一大品种,多年来一直处于紧销状态,年产量达84万多吨,商品量73万吨,出口量1509吨。目前己形成以当归为主体的农村市场有岷县西关、梅川,宕昌哈达铺、理川,漳县城关、石川,渭源会川等十多个。这些市场同省外其它药材市场形成了网络,对于促进药材流通起到了重要的作用。党参是甘肃省药材第二大品种,年产4万多吨,商品量3万多吨,其产量约占全国总产量的70%,其中纹当主要提供出口。红芪是甘肃特有的中药材,主要出口台湾。大黄和甘草市场需求量大,产不足销,价格上升,市场前景看好。  中药是甘肃省医药产品的主力,2002年甘肃省中药材播种面积199万亩,总产量58万吨,年中药工业产值达到4亿元,占到全部医药工业的40%。医药经济结构性矛盾比较突出,工业企业小而散、商业企业多而滥是甘肃医药的一个显著特征。大部分药材资源是以原材料或初级产品供应市场,加工增值潜力大。甘肃药材市场容量在20亿元以上,但甘肃本地产品市场的消费量只有6亿多元,市场需求量大。  参考文献:  1、《关于加快西部地区特色农业发展的意见》 农业部 12  2、朱文兴 白明 《西部大开发――农业、农村、农民》 经济管理出版社 7  3、刘兴茂 周述实 《黄土地上的绿色希望》 兰州大学出版社 1

中国大陆出版的农业类英文期刊有:Agricultural Sciences in ChinaPedosphereJournal of Forestry ResearchAgricultural Sciences in ChinaForestry Studies in ChinaRice ScienceJournal of Northeast Agricultural University(English Edition)Agricultural Science&TechnologyChinese Forestry Science and Technology

科学领域的文献综述

文献综述是对某一方面的专题搜集大量情报资料后经综合分析而写成的一种学术论文 它是科学文献的一种文献综述是反映当前某一领域中某分支学科或重要专题的最新进展学术见解和建议的它往往能反映出有关问题的新动态新趋势新水平新原理和新技术等等 要求同学们学写综述至少有以下好处:①通过搜集文献资料过程可进一步熟悉医学文献的查找方法和资料的积累方法,在查找的过程中同时也扩大了知识面,②查找文献资料写文献综述是临床科研选题及进行临床科研的第一步因此学习文献综述的撰写也是为今后科研活动打基础的过程,③通过综述的写作过程能提高归纳分析综合能力有利于独立工作能力和科研能力的提高,④文献综述选题范围广题目可大可小可难可易可根据自己的能力和兴趣自由选题 文献综述与"读书报告""文献复习""研究进展"等有相似的地方它们都是从某一方面的专题研究论文或报告中归纳出来的但是文献综述既不象"读书报告""文献复习"那样单纯把一级文献客观地归纳报告也不象"研究进展"那样只讲科学进程其特点是"综""综"是要求对文献资料进行综合分析归纳整理使材料更精练明确更有逻辑层次,"述"就是要求对综合整理后的文献进行比较专门的全面的深入的系统的论述总之文献综述是作者对某一方面问题的历史背景前人工作争论焦点研究现状和发展前景等内容进行评论的科学性论文 写文献综述一般经过以下几个阶段:即选题搜集阅读文献资料拟定提纲(包括归纳整理分析)和成文

要把握四点:一、文献综述不应是对已有文献的重复、罗列和一般性介绍,而应是对以往研究的优点、不足和贡献的批判性分析与评论。因此,文献综述应包括综合提炼和分析评论双重含义。二、文献综述要文字简洁,尽量避免大量引用原文,要用自己的语言把作者的观点说清楚,从原始文献中得出一般性结论。三、文献综述不是资料库,要紧紧围绕课题研究的“问题”,确保所述的已有研究成果与本课题研究直接相关,其内容是围绕课题紧密组织在一起,既能系统全面地反映研究对象的历史、现状和趋势,又能反映研究内容的各个方面。四、文献综述的综述要全面、准确、客观,用于评论的观点、论据最好来自一次文献,尽量避免使用别人对原始文献的解释或综述。

你的文献综述具体准备往哪个方向写,题目老师同意了没,具体有要求要求,需要多少字呢?你可以告诉我具体的排版格式要求,文献综述想写好,先要在图书馆找好相关资料,确定好题目与写作方向。老师同意后在下笔,还有什么不了解的可以直接问我,希望可以帮到你,祝写作过程顺利。第一:什么是文献综述;第二:为什么要写文献综述;(文献综述对我们有什么好处)第三:文献综述怎样写;(怎样才能写好文献综述)第四:写文献综述要注意哪些事项。一 什么是文献综述;具体地说,文献就是将知识、信息用文字、符号、图像、音频等记录在一定的物质载体上的结合体。由此定义我们可以看出,文献具有三个基本属性,即文献的知识性、记录性和物质性。它具有存贮知识、传递和交流信息的功能。 综述是作者在博览群书的基础上,综合地介绍和评述某学科领域国内外研究成果和发展趋势,并表明作者自己的观点,对今后的发展进行预测,对有关问题提出中肯意见或建议的论文。所谓的文献综述即是文献综合评述的简称,即在对某一方面的专题、资料全面搜集、阅读大量与你所研究的课题有关的研究文献的基础上,经过归纳整理、分析鉴别,对你所研究的问题(比如说学科或者是专题)在一定时期内已经取得的研究成果、存在的问题以及新的发展趋势等进行系统、全面的叙述和评论。它是一种学术论文,也是科学文献的一种。文献综述是反映当前某一领域中某分支学科或重要专题的最新进展、学术见解和建议的。它往往能反映出有关问题的新动态、新趋势、新水平、新原理和新技术等等。 总之,文献综述就是对文献的综合与评述,是作者对某一方面问题的历史背景、前人工作、争论焦点、研究现状和发展前景等内容进行评论的科学性论文。二:为什么要写文献综述;(文献综述对我们有什么好处)因为文献综述在科技论文和毕业论文、硕士、博士论文的协作中也占据着重要地位,它是论文中的一个重要章节。文献综述的好坏直接关系到论文的成功与否。写文献综述对我们有什么好处(1)有利于更新专业知识、扩大了知识面。文献综述能够反映当前某一领域或某一专题的演变规律、最新进展、学术见解和发展趋势,它的主题新颖、资料全面、内容丰富、信息浓缩。因此,不论是撰写还是阅读文献综述,都可以了解有关领域的新动态、新技术、新成果,不断更新知识,提高业务水平。通过搜集文献资料过程,可进一步熟悉科学文献的查找方法和资料的积累方法;在查找的过程中同时也进一步的扩大了自己的知识面(2)有利于选择科研方向。综述通过对新成果、新方法、新技术、新观点的综合分析和评述, 查找文献资料、写文献综述是科研选题及进行科研的第一步,能够帮助科技人员发现和选取新的科研课题,避免重复,因此写文献综述也是为今后科研活动打基础的过程。(3)有利于查阅相关资料。由于科学技术的迅速发展,每时每刻都有大量的文献产生,要全部阅读这些文献,时间和经历都是不够的,通过阅读综述,可以在较短的时间内了解有关领域的发展情况、发展趋势,节省大量的时间。总之这三个就有利于提高你的独立工作能力和科研能力。三、文献综述应该怎样写;(怎样才能写好文献综述)我们要写文献综述那么我们首先要准备材料和选题准备材料和选题材料的准备 收集的材料(主要是相关课题的最近3~5年的原始文献和自己岗位工作上的研究成果)往往是写好综述的关键,这与“巧妇难为无米之炊”是一个道理。这些材料的内容,作者应重点收集的是结合自己的专业、选择你自己熟悉的和喜爱的,不要盲目收集没用的材料。材料收集越多越好越新越好,最好是有专业学者最近所写的综述性文献。收集材料的方法和初步处理材料 首先是手工检索,即将自己阅读专业期刊上相关文献做成读书笔记卡片,日积月累;二是电脑检索,就是利用电脑联机检索,按主题词查找你需要的文献。在动手撰写综述时,假如资料不够的话还可以再寻找补充。一、选题和搜集阅读文献选定题目后,那么就要围绕题目进行搜集与文题有关的文献。搜集文献的方法很多。搜集文献要求越全越好,因此最常用的方法是用检索法。搜集好与文题有关的参考文献后,就要对这些参考文献进行阅读、归纳、整理,如何从这些文献中选出具有代表性、科学性和可行性大的单篇研究文献十分重要,从某种意义上讲,所阅读和选择的文献的质量高低,直接影响文献综述的水平。因此在阅读文献时,要写好“读书笔记”、“读书心得”和做好“文献摘录卡片”。用自己的语言写下阅读时得到的启示、体会和想法,将文献的精髓摘录下来,这样不仅为写综述时提供有用的资料,而且对于训练自己的表达能力,阅读水平都有好处,特别是将文献整理成文献摘录卡片,对写文献综述极为有利。 我们选好题搜集和查阅了大量文献后呢,就要开始写文献综述了二、格式与写法 文献综述的格式与一般研究性论文的格式有所不同。这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法和结果,而文献综述要求向读者介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以上方面的评述。因此文献综述的格式相对多样,但总的来说,一般都包含以下四部分:那就是:前言、主题、总结和参考文献。撰写文献综述时可按这四部分拟写提纲,再根据提纲来写。前言部分,主要是说明写作的目的,介绍有关的概念及定义以及综述的范围,扼要说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点,使读者对全文要叙述的问题有一个初步的轮廓。主题部分,是综述的主体,其写法多样,没有固定的格式。可按年代顺序综述,也可按不同的问题进行综述,还可按不同的观点进行比较综述,不管用那一种格式综述,都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、整理及分析比较,阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向,以及对这些问题的评述,主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述。 总结部分,与研究性论文的小结有些类似,将全文主题进行扼要总结,对所综述的主题有研究的作者,最好能提出自己的见解。参考文献虽然放在文末,但却是文献综述的重要组成部分。因为它不仅表示对被引用文献作者的尊重及引用文献的依据,而且为读者深入探讨有关问题提供了文献查找线索。因此,应认真对待。参考文献的编排应条目清楚,查找方便,内容准确无误。关于参考文献的使用方法,录著项目及格式与研究论文相同,不再重复。 四、注意事项⒈搜集文献应尽量全。掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提,否则,随便搜集一点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好多综述的,甚至写出的文章根本不成为综述。⒉注意引用文献的代表性、可读性和科学性。在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同,有的文献在可读性及科学性方面存在着差异,因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可读性和科学性较好的文献。 ⒊引用文献要忠实文献内容。由于文献综述有作者自己的评论分析,因此在撰写时应分清作者的观点和文献的内容,不能篡改文献的内容。⒋参考文献不能省略。有的科研论文可以将参考文献省略,但文献综述绝对不能省略,而且应是文中引用过的,能反映主题全貌的并且是作者直接阅读过的文献资料。 总之,一篇好的文献综述,应有较完整的文献资料,有评论分析,并能准确地反映主题内容。但是,大部分的人在写文献综述时往往容易犯错误:先写文章再写文献综述。之所以会犯这种错误,在于没有充分认识到文献综述的作用和意义,认为写文献综述只是形式而已,所以往往是先把文章写了,再综合文章中用到的一些参考文献的观点回过头来写文献综述。 文蔽综述的标题、结构与文章的标题、结构都是一样的。很多同学并没有掌握文献综述的写法,主观地认为文献综述就是对自己所写的文章的一个简要的介绍,因此,往往造成文献综述的标题结构与文章的标题结构一样。大量罗列堆砌文章。误以为文献综述的目的是显示对其他相关研究的了解程度,结果导致很多同学在写文献综述时不是以研究的问题为中心来展示,而是写成了读书心得清单。选择性地探讨文献。很多同学为了“证明”自己的研究是创新的研究,于是有意识地抛弃一些与之相关的文献,而不是系统化地回顾现有的研究文献,找出适合研究的问题或可预测的假设。如果是这样选择文献的话,那么文献综述不就成了写作者主观愿望的反映,成了一种机会性的回顾,这显然是不合理的。要注意的事项就是这么多,在这里我也相信只要大家作到了了我上所说的那些,那么你所写的文献综述一定是一篇好文章!!文献综述

文献综述是对某一方面的专题搜集大量情报资料后经综合分析而写成的一种学术论文,它是科学文献的一种。格式与写法文献综述的格式与一般研究性论文的格式有所不同。这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法和结果,特别是阳性结果,而文献综述要求向读者介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以上方面的评述。因此文献综述的格式相对多样,但总的来说,一般都包含以下四部分:即前言、主题、总结和参考文献。撰写文献综述时可按这四部分拟写提纲,在根据提纲进行撰写工。前言部分,主要是说明写作的目的,介绍有关的概念及定义以及综述的范围,扼要说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点,使读者对全文要叙述的问题有一个初步的轮廓。主题部分,是综述的主体,其写法多样,没有固定的格式。可按年代顺序综述,也可按不同的问题进行综述,还可按不同的观点进行比较综述,不管用那一种格式综述,都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、整理及分析比较,阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向,以及对这些问题的评述,主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述。总结部分,与研究性论文的小结有些类似,将全文主题进行扼要总结,对所综述的主题有研究的作者,最好能提出自己的见解。参考文献虽然放在文末,但却是文献综述的重要组成部分。因为它不仅表示对被引用文献作者的尊重及引用文献的依据,而且为读者深入探讨有关问题提供了文献查找线索。因此,应认真对待。参考文献的编排应条目清楚,查找方便,内容准确无误。关于参考文献的使用方法,录著项目及格式与研究论文相同,不再重复。

语言领域文献综述

论文文献综述怎么写

文献综述:“语文素养”内涵研究综述  “语文素养”内涵研究综述  摘要:“语文素养”是新一轮语文课程改革所提出的一个重要概念,其作为语文课程改革的目标与核心理念,挤兑了“语文能力”的核心地位。目前,人们对“语文素养”进行了多方面的探讨和研究。本文主要对人们探讨的焦点——“语文素养”的内涵的有关研究进行分析和归纳。  关键词:语文素养 内涵  2001年7月颁布的《全日制义务教育语文课程标准(实验稿)》第一次明确地使用了“语文素养”一词,把培养学生的语文素养置于四大基本理念之首,并明确指出:“九年义务教育阶段的语文课程,必须面向全体学生,使学生获得基本的语文素养”。[1] 于是,“语文素养”引起了人们广泛的关注。随着时间的推移,“语文素养”这个提法逐渐被越来越多的人所熟知,但是人们对这个词本身的理解不同,分歧很大,相关的争鸣和讨论不绝于耳。在这些争鸣和讨论中,“语文素养”的内涵是其探讨的焦点。鉴于此,本文试图对“语文素养”的内涵研究作贯通式的把握,希望能对“语文素养”的研究有所借鉴和帮助。  目前,关于“语文素养”的内涵主要有以下三种基本观点:  第一种观点从新课标的三个维度出发来理解“语文素养”的内涵。教育部基础教育司组织编写的《语文课程标准解读》从宏观方面把“语文素养”看作“知识与能力、过程与方法、情感态度与价值观”等三方面的内容。[2] 何惠、李东航认为“语文素养”应该包含以下三个方面的内容,一是知识和能力,包括:听说读写等言语焦急能力、语言的积累、语感能力等;二是过程与方法,包括:语文学习的方法、语文学习的习惯、思维能力和创新精神等;三是情感态度与价值观,包括:民族母语情结、审美情趣、文化品位、知识视野、学习态度、思想观念等。[3]  第二种观点认为“语文素养”是一个分层的完整结构。倪文锦主编的《小学语文新课程教学法》对语文素养作了深入的剖析,认为主要是由四个层次构成的:第一层次是显性言语行为(听、说、读、写),第二层次是支配言语行为的“智能因素”(语文知识、言语技能、语文情感和语文思维),第三层次是参与和支配这些行为的直接心理因素(语文动机、情感和态度、语文习惯和语文行为意志),第四层次是言语行为的内外背景(言语主体的思想品德修养、文化知识积累、智力水平、人格个性、语言环境)。[4] 彭小明认为可以把“语文素养”分为以下四个层面:①语文知识,包括语文陈述性知识(字、词、句、篇、语、修、辑、文)和程序性知识。②语文能力,包括语文基本能力听说读写和语文实用能力,如语感、自学、创新等能力。③语文心智,包括和语文有关的观察、记忆、注意、思维、联想、想象等智力因素和与语文有关的兴趣、情感、态度、习惯、意志、个性等非智力因素。④语文情意,包括与人的言语行为有关的知识时光视野、文化品位、审美情趣、心理素养和人格、品行、思想修养等方面。[5] 李山林将“语文素养”分为“学科素养”与“基础素养”两部分,有关语文学科的知识、技能、态度目标属于“学科素养”部分,而思维品质、知识视野思、思想观念、文化品位等属于“基础素养”部分。“学科素养”要以“基础素养”作为“基础”,语文“学科素养”是表现语文学科独特性的核心目标,是“语文素养”的显性标志,“基础素养”是基础教育各个门学科共同承担的目标。[6]  第三种观点从心理学的角度出发来理解“语文素养”的内涵。根据加涅学习结果分类理论,王小明把“语文素养”分成五类学习结果:言语信息(课文内容知识、语文知识和课文背景知识)、语文智慧技能(字词学习、句子学习和篇章学习)、语文认知策略(如SQ3R阅读策略)、语文动作技能(发音技能和动作技能)和语文情感与态度。[7]  综上所述,我们可以看到,人们通过多侧面、多角度、多学科研究,对语文素养内涵的挖掘渐趋深入。但同时,我们也注意到,当前对语文素养内涵的探讨更多停留于理解水平,离实践操作层面距离尚远。  参考文献:  [1]《全日制义务教育语文课程标准(实验稿)》,第1页,2001年7月,北京师范大学出版社  [2] 教育部基础教育司《全日制义务教育语文课程标准解读》,湖北教育出版社,35  [3] 何惠、李东航《浅谈语文素养的内涵及养成途径》,选自《琼州大学学报》2005年2月第1期  [4] 倪文锦《小学语文新课程教学法》,第18页,高等教育出版社,9  [5] 彭小明《语文素养论》,选自《兰州学刊》2004年第6期,总第141期  [6] 李山林《语文素养辩》,选自《语文建设》2004年第7—8期  [7] 王小明《语文素养的心理学观点》,选自《语文建设》3

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回答 您好鸭!很高兴能认识你并能为您解决问题,因为找资料和分析答案需要一定时间的请您耐心等待好吗,有答案我会第一时间给您回复的呢,希望您理解,请您稍等一会儿 文献综述是指作者在确定论文选题时,结合其他文献的观点、研究及发展的方向,最后提出自己独到的见解,还要根据自己对参考文献的认识,进行深入的、系统的、全面的论述和相应的评价。文献综述的字数也需要控制在合理的范围 第一,必须是最新几年的,第二,最具有代表性的。文献综述引用不需要太多,根据各学院要求与自己的论文要求所定,一般为13篇左右。给大家看一下大概框架。 结尾部分也是总结部分,它与研究性论文的小结有些类似,将全文主题进行扼要总结,提出自己的见解并对进一步的发展方向做出预测。 希望我的回答对您有所帮助,感谢您,祝您生活愉快!同时觉得回复很满意的话可以给个赞,谢谢亲! 提问 一般结尾是多少个字 回答 结尾尽量控制在150个字左右差不多了呢 提问 一般这种参考文献在哪里找啊? 回答 知乎,还有各大回答的平台,浏览器,百度都可以找到 呢 提问 好的 拜拜 更多10条 

农业领域的英文文献怎么写

Adjustment of agricultural structure, characteristics of the western region to speed up the development of agriculture  【Abstract】 implementing the western development strategy and strategic adjustment of agricultural structure for the development of agriculture with characteristics Samangan province have provided favorable opportunities and broader space, this article from the analysis of Gansu Province, the implementation of the importance of agriculture with characteristics and the main features of the market potential of agricultural products start to understand the characteristics of Gansu Province characteristics of agricultural production and put forward the implementation of special agriculture in Gansu Province of the countermeasures and   【Key words】 western characteristic agriculture  Gansu province is located in China's western region is a vast region, is included in the national development of the western region the concept of one of 12 provinces and municipalities and autonomous regions, serious soil erosion, land desertification, water shortages, destruction of vegetation, forest grassland degradation Gansu province is a major eco-environmental problems, industrial pollution in the city after-effects of economic Gansu Province, the fragile ecological environment will not only hinder further development of regional economy, but also the future of the living environment has become a major All this has its crux of the problem: the history of long-term low levels of productivity and ecological fragility of both cause and effect; "too much emphasis on food self-sufficiency" model of development led to forest destruction and soil erosion; economic construction does not follow the law of the ecological environment, ecological construction technology support the weak; institutional fragmentation, so that ecological protection and construction of the measures can hardly be Characteristics of agriculture refers to the unique resources, clear regional characteristics, a special product quality and specific consumer market of agricultural Gansu Province, a vast territory, light, heat, water, soil is rich in resources, species diversity, with the development of agriculture with characteristics and potential After years of development, characteristics of Gansu Province has been a foundation of Implementing the western development strategy and strategic adjustment of agricultural structure for the development of characteristic agriculture in Gansu Province provided favorable opportunities and broader At present, we should seize the opportunity, clear thinking, focus, work out measures to speed up the characteristics of agricultural development in Gansu Province  1, the development of Gansu Province, the importance of agriculture with characteristics  1 The development of characteristic agriculture is implementing the western development strategy will focus on the   Agriculture is the basis for developing the western region and an important Characteristics of agriculture is the focus of agricultural development in the western Characteristics through the development of agriculture, strengthening infrastructure construction, improve production conditions, enhance productive capacity, can further strengthen agriculture as the foundation of Gansu Province to speed up agricultural and rural economic development pace for the development of Gansu's economy and narrow the gap between east and west to create the   2 is the development of characteristic agriculture in Gansu Province strategic adjustment of agricultural structure of the main direction of   The use of Gansu Province, rich in agricultural resources, in line with local conditions and characteristics of agricultural and industrial development, nurturing characteristics with the western industrial belt of agricultural and industrial groups, agricultural resources can achieve a multi-level, multi-channel development and utilization to meet the diversification and high quality market demand is conducive to opening up new market space, Gansu Province, to promote the agricultural structure optimization and    Gansu, the main features of the development potential of agricultural products and market demand analysis  From the distribution of agricultural products and market demand, both in terms of Gansu Province, with resources and potential for development of agricultural resources are mainly concentrated in the food, medicinal herbs, fruit and livestock products   1, food  In 2002 the province's grain sown area of 3943 mu, 83 million tons grain Between regions in food production that there are clear regional differences, good natural conditions in the plain areas and to take intensive intensive methods of production inputs are also relatively large, thus the per capita grain output was significantly higher than other Per capita food expenditure from the situation, the year the total income per capita grain 92 kilograms, 24 kilograms of total Main per capita consumption of 45 kilograms of grain (including 89 kilograms of wheat, representing the main food consumed 37%), 75 kilograms of grain feed, 72 kilograms of seed Help Gansu food consumption is still in a state of equilibrium tightness, food as the mainstay of rural food consumption status has not been any big   With the gradual deepening of reform and opening-up and join the WTO, the current international market prices tend to decline, while China's grain production costs are generally upward The short term a significant increase in land productivity may be low, China's comparative advantage in grain production continued to In addition China's wheat import market of the United States and European Union countries in the Uruguay Round negotiations, reached an agreement to reduce subsidies, which means that China can no longer own the market of imports from these relatively low over the past price of wheat to China to take measures to raise the level of food self-sufficiency and reduce food As the grain in Gansu Province larger share of agricultural products, the impact of lower prices to become the province's agricultural prices decline in the overall level of the main   2, economic crops  In the economic crops, the potential for greater processing Chinese herbal medicines, medicinal herbs market in the country occupies a pivotal role, medicines rough year more than 11,000 tons, 3270 tons of proprietary Chinese Five Angelica is in Gansu Province is the largest varieties of medicinal herbs, over the years has been in a tight pin, and annual production of more than 4 thousand tons, the volume of 27,300 tons of goods, export volume of 1509 At present, the formation of their own as the mainstay of rural Danggui market Minxian Xiguan, Meichuan, Dangchang hada Shop, of the rationale for Sichuan, Zhangxian Chengguan, Ishikawa, Weiyuan Kawasaki, will be over These markets with other medicines markets outside the network for the promotion of medicines in circulation has played an important Changium Gansu Province is the second largest varieties of medicinal herbs, annual output of more than 14,000 tons, the volume of more than 13,000 tons of goods, with its output accounting for about 70 percent of national output, of which the principal export Radix Hedysari is unique to Chinese herbal medicines in Gansu, the main export to T Rhubarb and liquorice market demand, lack of sales production, prices, market   Traditional Chinese Medicine in Gansu Province is the main pharmaceutical products in 2002, the sown area of Gansu Province, 199 million mu of Chinese herbal medicines, the total output 305,800 tons, the annual industrial output value of Chinese medicine to 4 billion yuan, accounting for all the Chinese medicine industry to 40 Medicine more prominent structural contradictions in the economy, small and scattered industrial enterprises, commercial enterprises in Gansu medicine abuse is a significant Most of medicine resources on the supply of raw materials or primary products market, value-added processing and great Gansu medicine market capacity of 20 billion yuan, but in Gansu local market consumption of only 6 million yuan, the market   References:  1, "on the characteristics of the western region to speed up the views of agricultural development," the Ministry of Agriculture 12  2, Zhu Xing BAI "developing the western region - agriculture, rural areas and farmers," Economics and Management Press 7  3, reference is LiuXinmao weeks "loess ground green hope" Lanzhou University Press 1  中文大意如下  调整农业产业结构,加快西部地区特色农业的发展  【论文摘要】实施西部大开发战略和农业结构战略性调整,为发展甘省特色农业提供了有利的机遇和广阔的空间,本文从分析甘肃省实施特色农业的重要性和主要特色农产品的市场潜力入手,了解甘肃省特色农业的生产特点,提出了甘肃省实施特色农业的对策与建议。  【关键词】西部 特色农业  甘肃省位于中国的西部,是一片广阔的地域,是被国家划入西部大开发概念的12个省市自治区之一,严重的水土流失、土地荒漠化加剧、水资源短缺、植被破坏、森林草原退化是甘肃省面临的主要生态环境问题,工业污染成为城市发展经济的后遗症。甘肃省脆弱的生态环境不仅阻碍区域经济的进一步发展,而且已经成为未来生存环境的重大隐患。这一切问题都有其症结所在:历史上长期的生产力水平低下与生态脆弱互为因果;“过分强调粮食自给”的发展模式导致森林破坏和水土流失;经济建设不遵循生态环境规律,生态建设科技支撑能力薄弱;制度上条块分割,使生态环境保护和建设各项措施难以落实。特色农业是指具有独特的资源条件、明显的区域特征、特殊的产品品质和特定的消费市场的农业产业。甘肃省地域辽阔,光、热、水、土资源丰富,物种资源多样,具有发展特色农业的优势和潜力。经过多年的发展,甘肃省特色农业已有一定的基础。实施西部大开发战略和农业结构战略性调整,为发展甘肃省特色农业提供了有利的机遇和广阔的空间。当前,要抓住机遇,明确思路,突出重点,制定措施,加快甘肃省特色农业发展  1、发展甘肃省特色农业的重要性  1发展特色农业是实施西部大开发战略的重点任务。  农业是西部大开发的基础和重要组成部分。特色农业是西部农业开发的重点。通过发展特色农业,加强基础设施建设,改善生产条件,提高生产能力,可以进一步加强农业基础地位,加快甘肃省农业和农村经济发展步伐,为发展甘肃经济和缩小东西部差距创造条件。  2发展特色农业是甘肃省农业结构战略性调整的主攻方向。  利用甘肃省丰富的农业资源,因地制宜地发展特色农产品和产业,培育具有西部特色的农业产业带和产业群,可以实现农业资源多层次、多途径的开发利用,满足多样化、优质化的市场需求,有利于开辟新的市场空间,促进甘肃省农业结构的优化和升级。   甘肃主要特色农产品的开发潜力及市场需求分析  从农产品分布特点和市场需求两方面来看,甘肃省具有资源优势和开发潜力的农产品资源主要集中在粮食、药材、果品和畜产品上。  1、粮食作物  2002年全省粮食播种面积3943万亩,粮食总产量783万吨。区域之间在粮食生产上存在着明显的地区差异,平原地区自然条件好,并采取集约化的精耕细作方式,生产性投入也比较大,因而人均粮食产量明显高于其它地区。从人均粮食收支情况看,年内人均粮食收入合计92公斤,支出合计24公斤。人均主食用粮45公斤(其中小麦89公斤,占主食用粮的37%),饲料用粮75公斤,种籽用粮72公斤。说明甘肃粮食消费仍处于紧度平衡状态,粮食作为农村食品消费的主体地位没有什么大的变化。  随着改革开放的逐步深入及加入WTO,目前国际市场上粮价趋于下降,而我国粮食生产成本总体上则呈上升趋势。短期内土地生产率大幅度提高的可能不大,我国粮食生产的比较优势仍在下降。此外中国小麦进口市场的美国和欧盟各国在乌拉圭回合谈判中达成消减补贴的协议,这意味着中国己不可能再从这些市场上进口过去价格相对较低的小麦,促使中国采取措施提高粮食自给水平,减少粮食进口。由于粮食在甘肃省农产品中所占比重较大,其价格下降成为影响全省农产品价格总水平下降的主要因素。  2、经济作物  在经济作物中,中药材加工潜力较大,在全国药材市场中占有举足轻重的作用,药材年粗加工1.1万多吨,中成药3270吨。五种大宗地道中药材。当归是甘肃省药材的第一大品种,多年来一直处于紧销状态,年产量达84万多吨,商品量73万吨,出口量1509吨。目前己形成以当归为主体的农村市场有岷县西关、梅川,宕昌哈达铺、理川,漳县城关、石川,渭源会川等十多个。这些市场同省外其它药材市场形成了网络,对于促进药材流通起到了重要的作用。党参是甘肃省药材第二大品种,年产4万多吨,商品量3万多吨,其产量约占全国总产量的70%,其中纹当主要提供出口。红芪是甘肃特有的中药材,主要出口台湾。大黄和甘草市场需求量大,产不足销,价格上升,市场前景看好。  中药是甘肃省医药产品的主力,2002年甘肃省中药材播种面积199万亩,总产量58万吨,年中药工业产值达到4亿元,占到全部医药工业的40%。医药经济结构性矛盾比较突出,工业企业小而散、商业企业多而滥是甘肃医药的一个显著特征。大部分药材资源是以原材料或初级产品供应市场,加工增值潜力大。甘肃药材市场容量在20亿元以上,但甘肃本地产品市场的消费量只有6亿多元,市场需求量大。  参考文献:  1、《关于加快西部地区特色农业发展的意见》 农业部 12  2、朱文兴 白明 《西部大开发――农业、农村、农民》 经济管理出版社 7  3、刘兴茂 周述实 《黄土地上的绿色希望》 兰州大学出版社 1

A framework of information technology-based agriculture information dissemination system to improve crop productivity 一种基于用于提高作物产量的农业信息传播系统的信息技术框架 CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL 88, NO 12, 25 JUNE 2005 当代科学,第88卷,第12号,2005年6月25日 P Krishna Reddy* and R Ankaiah 作者(印度)介绍 P Krishna Reddy is in the International Institute of Information Technology,Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 019, India; R Ankaiah is in the National Seed Project, Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural University, Hyderabad 500 030, I ~pkreddy/pkreddypapers/CurrentSpdf AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION AND DECISION SUPPORT BY SMS 基于SMS的农业信息和决策支持 Allan Leck Jensen, AllanLJensen@AgrSdk Iver Thysen, IThysen@AgrSdk Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Foulum, Denmark 丹麦国家农业研究院 A A warning system where up-to-date and local agricultural information is communicated by SMS is The system has two types of warnings: Push-type warnings are sent regularly or when certain criteria are met, as specified by the user, while pull-type warnings are sent on the user’s request by SMS A web-based DSS, which require data updated frequently by the user, has been enabled for operation by SMS Applying widely distributed and well-known technology, the SMS systems make information and decision support available to the farmer whenever he needs it and wherever he The paper describes the SMS systems and analyses the uptake by Nordic Journal of African Studies 15(2): 199–205 (2006) 非洲研究 Multilinguality of Farm Broadcast and Agricultural Information Access in Nigeria 尼日利亚的多种语言沟通的农场广播和农业信息获取 OLADIMEJI IDOWU OLADELE University of Ibadan, Nigeria ABSTRACT: This paper examines the effect of the multilingual farm broadcast on the access to agricultural information in N Farm broadcast programmes on radio and television were compiled and the language of presentation examined for each of the The diversity of the languages in Nigeria presupposes that for farmers to have access to agricultural information through the radio and television, the language of presentation has to be based on that of the The study recommends that information sources to farmers should explore multilingual sources to ensure farmers’ access to agricultural Keywords: Multilinguality, agricultural information access, Nigeria, farm broadcast -files/vol15num2/pdf 还有荷兰农业和乡村合作技术中心(CTA)关于非洲农业信息报告,237页。未附

The Industrialization of Agriculture:Policy, Research, and Education Needs DRIVING INDUSTRIALIZATION OF AGRICULTURE: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE GRAIN INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES Present Situation of the Industrialization and Development _science/071/pdfFarm Policy in an Industrialized Agriculture~jab/Library/M00-pdfAgriculture, and developmen on the Road to Industrialization更多:用google搜索industrialization agriculture filetype:pdf用google学术搜索:-CN&lr=

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