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采矿工程参考文献怎么找

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采矿工程参考文献怎么找

毕业论文参考文献可以从图书馆或者中国知网上找。毕业论文指的是你在大学期间对你所学专业的现实或理论问题进行科学探索且是有一定意义的论文,一般大学生在大三下半学期就可以为毕业论文做准备了,因为大四的上半学期要准备实习,下半学期要准备毕业答辩,等大四再去慢慢准备毕业论文时间是很仓促的。毕业论文的撰写过程要求是相当高的,学生要在相关教师的指导下,选定要写的课题才行,这也是从总体上考察一名大学生大学四年的学习成果。毕业论文一般都包含以下部分:题目、署名、中文摘要、中文关键词、英文摘要、英文关键词(其中英文摘要和关键词要与中文摘要和关键词相对应)、引言(前言)、正文、参考文献、致谢辞和附录。其中对参考文献的要求和格式都特别严格,查找参考文献的过程也特别浪费时间,下面我将讲讲一些找参考文献的方法。 确定方向不管你要找什么类型的参考,首先都要确定你的毕业论文写作方向,然后根据根据你的毕业论文主题去寻找你所需要的参考文献。所以,定方向是至关重要的一步。找信息找信息这一步是最耗费心血也是工作量最大的一步了,因为就算你明确了你要找的参考文献目标,但是这一类的参考文献实在太多了,所以找起来也不方便。这些都是你要面临的挑战。找参考文献的话主要有两种方法:①图书馆。不过这个图书馆的范围就有点大了,你可以利用学校的图书馆,毕竟每一所高校的图书馆都提供了很多的资源供大家使用。同时要是学校图书馆的还是不能找到你所需的参考文献,你也可以去当地的图书馆,每一个县级以上的地区都设有它们专门的图书馆,你可以去看看。②网站信息。随着大数据时代的来临,我们查找资料也越来越方便了,只用动动手指就可以在网上查找到你所需要的资料。现在网上也有专门的网站为大家提供寻找参考文献的便利。比如中国知网和全国学术快报等。信息来源毕业论文的参考文献不仅仅是局限于一些专著,它还可以包括论文集、辞书、研究报告、期刊文章和报纸文章等。所以其实找毕业论文的参考文献其实有多种途径,能找的文献也很多,只是在找的过程中比较麻烦,还有就是一定不要抄袭,要是在毕业论文出现抄袭现象后果是很严重的。

参考文献找法如下:操作设备:戴尔电脑操作系统:win10操作软件:任意浏览器1、首先打开百度搜索栏,输入“知网”字样,点击知网官网。  2、进入知网官网以后,点击搜索栏右侧的“高级检索”选项,如图所示。3、在高级检索状态下,将检索结果选定在“外文文献”区域,比如这里的“light”和“agricultural”,然后检索。  4、在所有检索结果中,我们可以根据自己的需要点开文章的标题,查看文章的摘要,以作筛查。5、当我们看过摘要,确定要这篇文章的时候,就点击下方的“全文下载”按钮。  6、接着就会弹出一个全英文的界面,我们在文章标题右侧可以找到“DOWNLOADPDF”的字样,点击它。  7、这是浏览器就会打开这一篇文章的pdf文档,如果需要打印或者下载的话,点击右上角的打印或下载按钮即可。

写论文的时候,通常要求大家以后写十篇左右的参考文献。参考文献的要求应该和你写的题目有关。你写的是会计论文,后面的参考文献是体育论文,是完全不行的。下面和小编一起来了解论文怎么查参考文献? 论文参考文献通常需要10~15个左右,有些学校需要两个英文参考文献。参考文献通常有自己独特的格式,参考文献主要分为期刊和论文。许多学生不知道如何查看这些参考文献,其实并不难。最简单的方法就是直接从查重报告上抄下来。小编推荐的查重系统是Paperfree,将论文上传到该系统进行查重,通常等待15-30分钟左右,会有详细的查重报告。本查重报告将列出本文引用的一些参考文献,因此您只需将本查重报告上的一些参考文献原封不动地复制到您的论文中。这种查找参考文献的方法是最简单方便的,可以原封不动的复制,也可以保证参考文献的格式不会出错。 另一种方法是在早期写论文时阅读大量的参考文献,许多学生会记录这些参考文献的名称。您还可以阅读以前做的阅读笔记,并将这些参考文献摘录到论文中。

参考文献一般可以选择去当地的图书馆或者是档案馆来寻找,毕竟这两个地方相应的参考文献是最全的

采矿工程参考文献

Coal mine waste water treatment and reuse technology Comparative StudyDigest:Introduced the sewage and wastewater processing resources of the latest technologies and processes, analysis and comparison of the three kinds of process options to deal with coal mine waste water system investment and operating costs, and to explore the reverse osmosis water treatment technology in the coal mine waste water treatment application The technical and economic Coal mine waste water treatment and reuse of the consolidated operating costs for the :185-2 465 yuan / One membrane of the processing costs as low as: 185 yuan / Such prices on drought and water shortage in the Northwest region is very Of mine waste water recycling, not only can reduce the amount of wastewater discharge, but also can make water resource, it should be said, it is a method of water resources in the hope of regeneration, but also our country to achieve sustainable use of water resources in an effective way to Key words: reverse osmosis electroplating wastewater recycling。China's large population and uneven spatial and temporal distribution of freshwater resources, water resources and socio-economic development is not balanced; population growth has increased year after year the demand of water resources, industry's rapid development has become increasingly serious water pollution, thus creating a shortfall of water resources and water pollution are At present, China's prominent contradiction between water supply and demand, there are more than 300 cities short of water, of which there are 114 cities in serious water Water supply and demand in China in the 21st century the situation was very serious water crisis will become a question of resources in the most severe punishment of all To resolve this problem, in addition to the scientific management of water resources and optimizing the assigned amount, the high-tech means to bring into full play the role of the use of water resources is also very In recent years, China's annual volume of about 400-500 million sewage M3, treated emissions from only 15-25%, due to cross-flow of sewage everywhere, so that all our major sources of water produce different degrees of pollution, a serious deterioration of water environment 【4】 Therefore, to enhance wastewater treatment, so that not only the discharge standards but also to a large number of reuse, very necessary, which improve the water environment to ease the shortage of water resources, saving precious water resources are very Urban and industrial sewage has been the depth of treatment can be used for agricultural irrigation, industrial production, urban landscape, Urban Green, life miscellaneous, groundwater recharge, and additional surface water in such applications as 【8】Traditional water treatment technology can eliminate some air pollutants, the COD, BOD and heavy financial and other indicators of reduced pollutant emission standards, or miscellaneous safety standards, but can not completely eliminate the drainage contained in the solubility of trace Reverse osmosis membrane technology to thoroughly remove these pollutants to achieve the strict sense of the wastewater Traditional treatment processes and membrane technology integration can be sewage or waste water into a different water quality standards for reuse water, or make it loop back to use, this would ease the contradiction between supply and demand, but also reduce pollution, but also promote the development of environmental protection industry 【6】Sewage Wastewater Reuse Technology and Application OverviewThe serious deterioration of water environment quality and the rapid economic development, and urgently requires a corresponding resource of sewage waste water In this field of membrane separation technology occupies an important position and Membrane separation, as a high-tech in the last 40 years to develop quickly into the industrialization of the process of energy-efficient separation Than 40 years, electrodialysis, reverse osmosis, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, pervaporation, membrane contact and membrane reactions have been developed in energy, electronics, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, light industry, food and beverage industry and the daily life and environmental protection Dengjun wide range of applications received, resulting in significant economic and social The needs of the community to make membrane technology promised born, but also the needs of society to promote the rapid development of membrane technology to membrane technology innovation, technological progress, improve, and become a unit operation, to become integrated in the process of the key 【9】Continuous membrane filtration technologyHollow fiber membrane due to large surface area membrane modules of the loading density, so compact equipment; this film made by spinning, simple process, so production costs are generally lower than the other films: In the absence of support layer may reverse cleaning, exceptional stain resistance of some good cleaning agent on the oxidative tolerance to the emergence of a good film made in large-scale sewage treatment works, the application of hollow fiber membrane has a unique advantage 【7】CMF technology is the core of the high anti-pollution film, as well as compatible with membrane cleaning technology, which enables non-stop cleaning membrane cleaning, and thus to achieve a continuous treatment of liquid non-stop to ensure a continuous and efficient operation of CMF is currently mainly used in large-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant raw water the depth of the secondary settling tank treatment and reuse, desalination, or large-scale reverse osmosis pretreatment Surface water ground water purification, beverages, to clarify the Membrane bio-reactorMembrane bio-reactor is membrane separation technology and bio-technology combined with new Used in the field of sewage waste water treatment using membrane pieces for solid-liquid separation, sludge or impurities interception return to the bio-reactor, handling the drainage of water through the membrane to form a sewage treatment membrane bioreactor system, The role of membrane modules is equivalent to conventional biological wastewater treatment systems in the secondary sedimentation tank 【4】MBR used in the film are flat membrane, tubular membrane and hollow fiber membrane, is currently mainly based hollow fiber The MBR wastewater treatment, raw water sources have reached a very high water This method is not limited to domestic wastewater treatment, MBR technology is also widely used in dyeing wastewater, scouring wastewater, meat processing, sewage water treatment Another feature of MBR systems vary in size, the small device can be used for a family, large-scale installations daily processing capacity of up to tens of thousands of cubic Reverse Osmosis TechnologyReverse osmosis technology is the early 20th century, 60 developed a pressure-driven membrane separation The technology is from seawater, brackish water desalination and developed, often referred to as "desalination " As the reverse osmosis technology has no phase change, component-based, process simple and convenient operation, accounting for small size, less investment, low energy consumption advantages to develop very RO technology has been widely used in sea water, brackish water desalination, pure water, ultra-pure water preparation, chemical separation, concentration, purification, waste water resource and other Projects throughout the electric power, electronics, chemicals, light industry, coal, environmental protection, medicine, food and other Water resource is incremental development of freshwater resources and the protection of the environment a dual Inorganic series of wastewater treatment and seawater desalination of brackish water using the same equipment and have the more common process RO can waste in copper, lead, mercury, nickel, antimony, beryllium, arsenic, chromium, selenium, ammonium, zinc ion removal addition to 90-99%At present, the reverse osmosis technology in urban wastewater treatment, a number of industrial waste water treatment application of the depth has been a high degree of attention, including water reuse, wastewater treatment plant secondary effluent from the depth of treatment, after primary treatment of industrial waste water depth of processing system to take high-quality fresh Many water-scarce countries in the Middle East, in the extensive use of reverse osmosis desalination technology, the introduction of reverse osmosis technology technical processing secondary effluent, effluent quality up to TDS ≤ 80mg / L, the expansion of freshwater Such as the Middle East, Australia, Singapore and other countries are examples of major projects in this area 【9】Integrated membrane process wastewater treatment methodsIntegrated membrane process is ultrafiltration / microfiltration and reverse osmosis used in combination to form to meet the purpose of咱reuse wastewater treatment Ultrafiltration, microfiltration can be used as stand-alone high-level tertiary treatment method, is also an ideal pre-treatment process of reverse osmosis technology, anti-pollution ability, superior performance of ultrafiltration, microfiltration unit to replace the complex conventional treatment, and the water quality much higher than the three water indicators, not only can remove the sewage bacteria and suspended solids, the COD, BOD also have some effect but In ultrafiltration, microfiltration after the use of reverse osmosis membranes, its traditional pre-wash cycle from 3-4 weeks to process more than six months, the membrane can prolong life for years to reach - Membrane integrated wastewater reclamation process has the system is stable, maintaining a small area of small, less use of chemicals, processes and operation of a simple and low Conclusion Membrane Wastewater Treatment and Reuse of coal mine is technically entirely reliable, which has a successful With the rapid development of industry, water pollution, worsening water scarcity will become increasingly serious, industrial wastewater recycling will be referred to the From the environmental perspective, recycling of waste water re-use of mine has a very important environmental Of mine waste water recycling, not only can reduce the amount of wastewater discharge, but also can make water resource, it should be said, it is a method of water resources in the hope of regeneration, but also our country to achieve sustainable use of water resources in an effective way to Of membrane processes for coal mine wastewater and reuse, both technically and economically feasible, economic and environmental benefits are very ReferencesGang S Membrane water treatment technology and engineering examples 【M】 Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 256 ~ Healy I, Binchois The water and use the net Beijing: China Building a Board Association, 【3】 Bella G L Environmental engineer with the Beijing: China Building Industry Society out of plates, 【4】 High from K Membrane separation technology and water reuse 【m】 2003 Beijing Water Forum papers 【5】 Feng Zhang, Xu P Reverse osmosis, nanofiltration membrane and its application in wastewater treatment 【M】 Membrane Science and Technology ,2003,23:234-【6】 Mayao Guang, Ma B Wastewater utilization of agricultural Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 45 ~ 【7】 Yao Z Wastewater treatment and Gansu Water Conservancy and Hydropower : 56 ~ 【8】 LEI Le-cheng, , sewage back with new technology and engineering Beijing: Chemical Engineering Press, 2002:453 ~ 【9】 Zhang Bao Reverse osmosis water treatment application technology 【M】 Beijing: China Electric Power Press, 281 ~ 煤矿矿井废水处理回用工艺比较研究摘要:介绍了污水、废水处理资源化的最新技术和工艺,分析比较了三种工艺方案处理煤矿矿井废水的系统投资和运行成本,并探讨了反渗透水处理技术在煤矿矿井废水处理中应用的技术经济可行性煤矿矿井废水处理回用的综合运行费用为:185-465元/吨。其中膜法的处理费用最低为:185元/吨。这样的价格对干旱缺水的西北地区是很有吸引力的。对矿井废水进行回收再利用,不但可以减少废水排放量,又可以使废水资源化,应该说,它是一种水资源再生的希望方法,也是我国实现水资源可持续利用的有效途径之一。关键词:反渗透电镀废水处理回收利用我国人口众多,淡水资源时空分布不均匀,水资源和社会经济发展不均衡;人口的不断增长又使水资源需求量逐年上升,工业的快速发展使水污染愈加严重,因此造成水资源缺短和水环境污染现象日趋严重。目前,我国水资源供需矛盾比较突出,全国有300多个城市缺水,其中有114个城市严重缺水。21世纪我国水资源供需形势非常严重,水资源危机将成为所有资源问题中最为严惩的问题。要解决这一难题,除水资源的科学治理和优化配量之外,充分发挥高新科技手段在水资源利用中的作用也是十分关键的。近年来,我国每年排污水量约400-500亿M3,经处理后排放的仅15-25%,由于污水到处横流,使我国各大水源都产生不同程度的污染,水环境严重恶化【4】。所以,加强污水深度治理,使之不仅达标排放而且还可大量回用,非常必要,这对改善水环境、缓解水资源的不足,节约宝贵的水资源都是十分重要的。城市及工业污水经过深度处理后可用于农业浇灌、工业生产、城市景观、市政绿化、生活杂用、地下水回灌和补充地表水等方面的应用【8】。传统水处理技术能够消除部分污染物,将COD、BOD以及重金融等污染物指标降到安全排放标准或杂用标准,但无法完全消除排水中所含的微量溶解性污染物。采用反渗透膜技术可彻底去除这些污染物,实现严格意义下的污水再生。用传统处理工艺和膜技术集成,可将污水或废水变成不同水质标准的回用水,或使之循环回用,这样即缓解了供求矛盾,又减少了污染,还可促进环保产业的发展【6】。污水废水资源化技术及应用简介水环境质量的严重恶化和经济的高速发展,迫切要求有相应的污水废水资源化的技术。在这一领域中膜分离技术占有重要的位置和作用。膜分离作为一项高新技术在近40年来迅速发展成为产业化的高效节能分离技术过程。40多年,电渗析、反渗透、微滤、超滤、纳滤、渗透汽化,膜接触和膜反应过程相继发展起来,在能源、电子、石化、医药卫生、化工、轻工、食品、饮料行业和日常生活及环保领域等均获得广泛的应用,产生了显著的经济和社会效益。社会的需求使膜技术应允而生,也是社会的需求促使膜技术迅速发展,使膜技术不断创新、技术进步,完善,成为单元操作,成为集成过程中的关键【9】。连续膜过滤技术中空纤维膜由于比表面积大,膜组件的装填密度大,所以设备紧凑;这种膜因纺制而成,工艺简单,所以生产成本一般低于其它的膜:由于没有支撑层均可以反向清洗,非凡是一些耐污染性好,对氧化性清洗剂耐受性好的膜的出现,使得在大规模的污水处理工程中,中空纤维膜的应用有独特的优势【7】。CMF技术的核心是高抗污染膜以及与之相配合的膜清洗技术,可以实现对膜的不停机清洗清洗,从而做到对料液不间断连续处理,保证设备的连续高效运行。CMF目前主要用于大型城市污水处理厂二沉池生水的深度处理回用,海水淡化或大型反渗透系统的预处理。地表水地下水净化、饮料澄清除浊等。膜生物反应器膜生物反应器是膜分离技术和生物技术结合的新工艺。用在污水废水处理领域,利用膜件进行固液分离,截留的污泥或杂质回流至在生物反应器中,处理的清水透过膜排水,构成了污水处理的膜生物反应器系统,膜组件的作用相当于传统污水生物处理系统中的二沉池【4】。MBR中使用的膜有平板膜、管式膜和中空纤维膜,目前主要以中空纤维膜为主。生活污水经MBR处理后,生水水源已达到很高的水标准。此方法不仅限于处理生活污水,MBR技术也广泛地用于染色废水,洗毛废水、肉类加工污水等水处理系统。MBR系统的另一个特点是规模可大可小,小装置可用于一个家庭,大型装置日处理量可达数万立方米。反渗透技术反渗透技术是20世纪60年代初发展起来的以压力为驱动力的膜分离技术。该技术是从海水、苦咸水淡化而发展起来的,通常称为“淡化技术”。由于反渗透技术具有无相变,组件化、流程简单,操作方便,占面积小、投资少,耗能低等优点,发展十分迅速。RO技术已广泛用于海水、苦咸水淡化,纯水、超纯水制备,化工分离、浓缩、提纯,废水资源化等领域。工程遍布电力、电子、化工、轻工、煤炭、环保、医药、食品等行业。废水资源化是有开发增量淡水资源与保护环境双重目的。无机系列废水处理与海水苦咸水淡化采用同类装并具有较多共性工艺技术。RO可使废液中的铜、铅、汞、镍、锑、铍、砷、铬、硒、铵、锌等离子脱除除90-99%。目前,反渗透技术在城市污水深度处理,一些工业废水深度处理方面的应用受到了高度重视,包括中水回用,污水处理厂二级出水的深度处理,经初级处理后的工业废水深度处理制取优质淡水。中东不少缺水国家,在大量采用反渗透海水淡化技术的同时,引入反渗透技技术处理二级污水,出水水质可达TDS≤80mg/L,扩大了淡水资源。如中东地区、澳大利亚、新加坡等国都有这方面的大型工程实例【9】。集成膜过程污水深度处理方法集成膜过程是将超滤/微滤与反渗透结合使用,形成能够满足各咱回用目的的污水深度处理工艺。超滤、微滤可以作为独立的高级三级处理方法,也是反渗透过程理想的预处理工艺,抗污染能力强、性能优越的超滤、微滤单元代替了复杂的传统处理工艺,而且出水品质远高于三级出水指标,不但完全可以去除污水中的细菌和悬浮物,对COD、BOD也有一定的却除效果。在超滤、微滤之后使用的反渗透膜,其清洗周期由采用传统预处理工艺的3-4周增加到半年以上,膜寿命可延长到达-6年。膜集成污水再生工艺具有系统稳定、维护少、占地小、化学品用量少、流程简单和运行费用低等优点。结论煤矿矿井废水处理回用的综合运行费用为:185-465元/吨。其中膜法的处理费用最低为:185元/吨。这样的价格对干旱缺水的西北地区是很有吸引力的。用膜法处理煤矿矿井废水并回用在技术上是完全可靠的,国内外都有成功经验。随着工业的快速发展,水资源的污染日益严重,缺水现象会越来越严重,工业废水的回收利用将会提到议事日程。从环境保护方面讲,对矿井废水进行回收再利用具有非常重要的环境意义。对矿井废水进行回收再利用,不但可以减少废水排放量,又可以使废水资源化,应该说,它是一种水资源再生的希望方法,也是我国实现水资源可持续利用的有效途径之一。膜法处理煤矿矿井废水并回用,不但在技术上和经济上都是可行的,经济和环境效益都非常显著。参考文献邵刚膜法水处理技术及工程实例【M】北京:化学工业出版社,256~希利I,舒瓦乐水的再净与利用北京:中国建筑出板社,【3】贝拉G利普泰克环境工程师用册北京:中国建筑工业出板社,【4】高从锴膜分离技术与水资源再利用【m】2003北京水务论坛论文【5】张烽,徐平反渗透、纳滤膜及其在废水处理中的应用【M】膜科学与技术,2003,23:234-【6】马耀光,马柏林废水的农业资源化利用北京:化学工业出版社,45~【7】姚志春污水净化再利用甘肃水利水电:56~【8】雷乐成等,污水回用新技术及工程设计北京:化学工程出版社2002:453~【9】张葆宗反渗透水处理应用技术【M】北京:中国电力出版社,281~

文章标题:一般不超过20个汉字,必要时加副标题,并译成英文。作者姓名、工作单位:题目下面均应写作者姓名,姓名下面写单位名称(一、二级单位)、所在城市(不是省会的城市前必须加省名)、邮编,不同单位的多位作者应以序号分别列出上述信息。提要:用第三人称写法,不以“本文”、“作者”等作主语,应是一篇能客观反映文章核心观点和创新观点的表意明确、实在的小短文,切忌写成背景交代或“中心思想”,100-200字为宜。关键词:3-5个,以分号相隔,选择与文章核心内容相关的具有独立性的实在词。正文标题:内容应简洁、明了,层次不宜过多,层次序号为一、(一)、1、(1),层次少时可依次选序号。正文文字:一般不超过1万字,正文用小4号宋体,通栏排版。数字用法:执行GB/T15835-1995《出版物上数字用法的规定》,凡公元纪年、年代、年、月、日、时刻、各种记数与计量等均采用阿拉伯数字;夏历、清代及其以前纪年、星期几、数字作为语素构成的定型词、词组、惯用语、缩略语、临近两数字并列连用的概略语等用汉字数字。图表:文中尽量少用图表,必须使用时,应简洁、明了,少占篇幅,图表均采用黑色线条,分别用阿拉伯数字顺序编号,应有简明表题(表上)、图题(图下),表中数据应注明资料来源。注释:注释主要包括释义性注释和引文注释,集中列于文末参考文献之前。释义性注释是对论着正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明;引文注释包括各种不宜列入文后参考文献的引文和个别文后参考文献的节略形式,其序号为①②③……参考文献:参考文献是作者撰写论着时所引用的已公开发表的文献书目,是对引文作者、作品、出处、版本等情况的说明,文中用序号标出,详细引文情况按顺序排列文尾。以单字母方式标识以下各种参考文献类型:普通图书[M],会议论文[C],报纸文章[N],期刊文章[J],学位论文[D],报告[R],标准[S],专利〔P〕,汇编[G],档案[B],古籍[O],参考工具[K],其他未说明文献〔Z〕。基金项目:获得国家基金资助和省部级科研项目的文章请注明基金项目名称及编号,按项目证明文字材料标示清楚。作者简介:姓名(出生年-),性别,民族(汉族可省略),籍贯,现供职单位全称及职称、学位,研究方向。来稿请注明作者电话、E-mail,收刊人及详细地址、邮编。其他:请勿一稿两发,并请自留原稿,本刊概不退稿。 大型深埋有岩爆倾向矿床采场结构的优化研究优选法在采矿工程中的应用探讨爆炸应力波入射一定厚度结构面时透射系数分析钴结壳冲击破碎强度的试验研究无间柱连续采矿法的充填体可靠性研究(Ⅰ)Ag+在细菌浸出中的催化作用研究提高酒钢焙烧磁选精矿质量的试验研究新型抑制剂浮选分离黄铜矿和辉钼矿的研究广西平乐硅灰石矿石的可选性研究驯化氧化亚铁硫杆菌浸出废铜矿中铜的研究添加剂对氢氧化镍电位性能的影响乳胶基质在输送过程中管内压降的研究露天矿山排土场灾害分析与防治措施机械活化黄铁矿在非水溶液介质中的表面行为研究高磷鲕状赤铁矿还原焙烧同步脱磷工艺研究某矿山三种不同类型铁矿石选矿试验研究东川包子铺褐铁矿选矿试验研究复杂微细粒低品位硫回收试验研究某微细粒嵌布贫铁矿合理选矿工艺研究次氯酸钠-碘化物浸金的实验研究硫化法分离红土矿中镍铁的研究石煤提钒配煤焙烧试验研究

采矿参考文献

毕业设计(论文)是学生毕业前最后一个重要学习环节,是学习深化与升华的重要过程。它既是学生学习、研究与实践成果的全面总结,又是对学生素质与能力的一次全面检验,而且还是对学生的毕业资格及学位资格认证的重要依据。为了保证我校本科生毕业设计(论文)质量,特制定“同济大学本科生毕业设计(论文)撰写规范”。  一、毕业设计(论文)资料的组成  A.毕业设计(论文)任务书;B.毕业设计(论文)成绩评定书;C.毕业论文或毕业设计说明书(包括:封面、中外文摘要或设计总说明(包括关键词)、目录、正文、谢辞、参考文献、附录);D.译文及原文复印件;E.图纸、软盘等。  二、毕业设计(论文)资料的填写及有关资料的装订  毕业设计(论文)统一使用学校印制的毕业设计(论文)资料袋、毕业设计(论文)任务书、毕业设计(论文)成绩评定书、毕业设计(论文)封面、稿纸(在教务处网上下载用,学校统一纸面格式,使用A4打印纸)。  毕业设计(论文)资料按要求认真填写,字体要工整,卷面要整洁,手写一律用黑或蓝黑墨水;任务书由指导教师填写并签字,经院长(系主任)签字后发出。  毕业论文或设计说明书要按顺序装订:封面、中外文摘要或设计总说明(包括关键词)、目录、正文、谢辞、参考文献、附录装订在一起,然后与毕业设计(论文)任务书、毕业设计(论文)成绩评定书、译文及原文复印件(订在一起)、工程图纸(按国家标准折叠装订)、软盘等一起放入填写好的资料袋内交指导教师查收,经审阅评定后归档。  三、毕业设计说明书(论文)撰写的内容与要求  一份完整的毕业设计(论文)应包括以下几个方面:  1.标题  标题应该简短、明确、有概括性。标题字数要适当,不宜超过20个字,如果有些细节必须放进标题,可以分成主标题和副标题。  2.论文摘要或设计总说明  论文摘要以浓缩的形式概括研究课题的内容,中文摘要在300字左右,外文摘要以250个左右实词为宜,关键词一般以3~5个为妥。  设计总说明主要介绍设计任务来源、设计标准、设计原则及主要技术资料,中文字数要在1500~2000字以内,外文字数以1000个左右实词为宜,关键词一般以5个左右为妥。  3.目录  目录按三级标题编写(即:1……、1……、1……),要求标题层次清晰。目录中的标题应与正文中的标题一致,附录也应依次列入目录。  4.正文  毕业设计说明书(论文)正文包括绪论、正文主体与结论,其内容分别如下:  绪论应说明本课题的意义、目的、研究范围及要达到的技术要求;简述本课题在国内外的发展概况及存在的问题;说明本课题的指导思想;阐述本课题应解决的主要问题,在文字量上要比摘要多。   正文主体是对研究工作的详细表述,其内容包括:问题的提出,研究工作的基本前提、假设和条件;模型的建立,实验方案的拟定;基本概念和理论基础;设计计算的主要方法和内容;实验方法、内容及其分析;理论论证,理论在课题中的应用,课题得出的结果,以及对结果的讨论等。学生根据毕业设计(论文)课题的性质,一般仅涉及上述一部分内容。  结论是对整个研究工作进行归纳和综合而得出的总结,对所得结果与已有结果的比较和课题尚存在的问题,以及进一步开展研究的见解与建议。结论要写得概括、简短。   5.谢辞  谢辞应以简短的文字对在课题研究和设计说明书(论文)撰写过程中曾直接给予帮助的人员(例如指导教师、答疑教师及其他人员)表示自己的谢意,这不仅是一种礼貌,也是对他人劳动的尊重,是治学者应有的思想作风。  6.参考文献与附录  参考文献是毕业设计(论文)不可缺少的组成部分,它反映毕业设计(论文)的取材来源、材料的广博程度和材料的可靠程度,也是作者对他人知识成果的承认和尊重。一份完整的参考文献可向读者提供一份有价值的信息资料。一般做毕业设计(论文)的参考文献不宜过多,但应列入主要的文献可10篇以上,其中外文文献在2篇以上。  附录是对于一些不宜放在正文中,但有参考价值的内容,可编入毕业设计(论文)的附录中,例如公式的推演、编写的程序等;如果文章中引用的符号较多时,便于读者查阅,可以编写一个符号说明,注明符号代表的意义。一般附录的篇幅不宜过大,若附录篇幅超过正文,会让人产生头轻脚重的感觉。  四、毕业设计(论文)要求  我校毕业设计(论文)大致有设计类、理论研究类(理科)、实验研究类、计算机软件设计类、经济、管理及文科类、综合类等,具体要求如下:  1.设计类(包括机械、建筑、土建工程等):学生必须独立绘制完成一定数量的图纸,工程图除了用计算机绘图外必须要有1~2张(2号以上含2号图)是手工绘图;一份15000字以上的设计说明书(包括计算书、调研报告);参考文献不低于10篇,其中外文文献要在2篇以上。  2.理论研究类(理科):对该类课题工科学生一般不提倡,各院系要慎重选题,除非题目确实有实际意义。该毕业设计报告或论文字数要在20000字以上;根据课题提出问题、分析问题,提出方案、并进行建模、仿真和设计计算等;参考文献不低于15篇,其中外文文献要在4篇以上。  3.实验研究类:学生要独立完成一个完整的实验,取得足够的实验数据,实验要有探索性,而不是简单重复已有的工作;要完成15000字以上的论文,其包括文献综述,实验部分的讨论与结论等内容;参考文献不少于10篇,包括2篇以上外文文献。  4.计算机软件类:学生要独立完成一个软件或较大软件中的一个模块,要有足够的工作量;要写出10000字以上的软件说明书和论文;毕业设计(论文)中如涉及到有关电路方面的内容时,必须完成调试工作,要有完整的测试结果和给出各种参数指标;当涉及到有关计算机软件方面的内容时,要进行计算机演示程序运行和给出运行结果。  5.经济、管理及文科类:学生在教师的指导下完成开题报告;撰写一篇20000字以上的有一定水平的专题论文(外国语专业论文篇幅为5000个词以上。);参考文献不少于10篇,包括1-2篇外文文献。  6.综合类:综合类毕业设计(论文)要求至少包括以上三类内容,如有工程设计内容时,在图纸工作量上可酌情减少,完成10000字以上的论文,参考文献不少于10篇,包括2篇以上外文文献。  每位学生在完成毕业设计(论文)的同时要求:(1)翻译2万外文印刷字符或译出5000汉字以上的有关技术资料或专业文献(外语专业学生翻译6000~8000字符的专业外文文献或写出10000字符的外文文献的中文读书报告),内容要尽量结合课题(译文连同原文单独装订成册)。(2)使用计算机进行绘图,或进行数据采集、数据处理、数据分析,或进行文献检索、论文编辑等。  绘图是工程设计的基本训练,毕业设计中学生应用计算机绘图,但作为绘图基本训练可要求一定量的墨线和铅笔线图。毕业设计图纸应符合制图标准,学生应参照教务处2004年3月印制的《毕业设计制图规范》进行绘图。   五、毕业设计(论文)的写作细则  1.书写  毕业设计(论文)要用学校规定的文稿纸书写或打印(手写时必须用黑或蓝墨水),文稿纸背面不得书写正文和图表,正文中的任何部分不得写到文稿纸边框以外,文稿纸不得随意接长或截短。汉字必须使用国家公布的规范字。  2.标点符号  毕业设计(论文)中的标点符号应按新闻出版署公布的"标点符号用法"使用。  3.名词、名称  科学技术名词术语尽量采用全国自然科学名词审定委员会公布的规范词或国家标准、部标准中规定的名称,尚未统一规定或叫法有争议的名称术语,可采用惯用的名称。使用外文缩写代替某一名词术语时,首次出现时应在括号内注明其含义。外国人名一般采用英文原名,按名前姓后的原则书写。一般很熟知的外国人名(如牛顿、达尔文、马克思等)可按通常标准译法写译名。   4.量和单位  量和单位必须采用中华人民共和国的国家标准GB3100~GB3102-93,它是以国际单位制(SI)为基础的。非物理量的单位,如件、台、人、元等,可用汉字与符号构成组合形式的单位,例如件/台、元/km。  5.数字  毕业设计(论文)中的测量统计数据一律用阿拉伯数字,但在叙述不很大的数目时,一般不用阿拉伯数字,如"他发现两颗小行星"、"三力作用于一点",不宜写成"他发现2颗小行星"、"3力作用于1点"。大约的数字可以用中文数字,也可以用阿拉伯数字,如"约一百五十人",也可写成"约150人"。  6.标题层次  毕业设计(论文)的全部标题层次应有条不紊,整齐清晰。相同的层次应采用统一的表示体例,正文中各级标题下的内容应同各自的标题对应,不应有与标题无关的内容。  章节编号方法应采用分级阿拉伯数字编号方法,第一级为"1"、"2"、"3"等,第二级为"1"、"2"、"3"等,第三级为"1"、"2"、"3"等,但分级阿拉伯数字的编号一般不超过四级,两级之间用下角圆点隔开,每一级的末尾不加标点。  各层标题均单独占行书写。第一级标题居中书写;第二级标题序数顶格书写,后空一格接写标题,末尾不加标点;第三级和第四级标题均空两格书写序数,后空一格书写标题。第四级以下单独占行的标题顺序采用ABC…和两层,标题均空两格书写序数,后空一格写标题。正文中对总项包括的分项采用⑴、⑵、⑶…单独序号,对分项中的小项采用①、②、③…的序号或数字加半括号,括号后不再加其他标点。  7.注释  毕业设计(论文)中有个别名词或情况需要解释时,可加注说明,注释可用页末注(将注文放在加注页的下端)或篇末注(将全部注文集中在文章末尾),而不可行中注(夹在正文中的注)。注释只限于写在注释符号出现的同页,不得隔页。  8.公式  公式应居中书写,公式的编号用圆括号括起放在公式右边行末,公式和编号之间不加虚线。  9.表格  每个表格应有表序和表题,表序和表题应写在表格上放正中,表序后空一格书写表题。表格允许下页接写,表题可省略,表头应重复写,并在右上方写"续表××"。  10.插图  毕业设计的插图必须精心制作,线条粗细要合适,图面要整洁美观。每幅插图应有图序和图题,图序和图题应放在图位下方居中处。图应在描图纸或在白纸上用墨线绘成,也可以用计算机绘图。  11.参考文献  参考文献一律放在文后,参考文献的书写格式要按国家标准GB7714-87规定。参考文献按文中出现的先后统一用阿拉伯数字进行自然编号,一般序码宜用方括号括起,不用园括号括起。打字不易,如满意,望采纳。

Coal mine waste water treatment and reuse technology Comparative StudyDigest:Introduced the sewage and wastewater processing resources of the latest technologies and processes, analysis and comparison of the three kinds of process options to deal with coal mine waste water system investment and operating costs, and to explore the reverse osmosis water treatment technology in the coal mine waste water treatment application The technical and economic Coal mine waste water treatment and reuse of the consolidated operating costs for the :185-2 465 yuan / One membrane of the processing costs as low as: 185 yuan / Such prices on drought and water shortage in the Northwest region is very Of mine waste water recycling, not only can reduce the amount of wastewater discharge, but also can make water resource, it should be said, it is a method of water resources in the hope of regeneration, but also our country to achieve sustainable use of water resources in an effective way to Key words: reverse osmosis electroplating wastewater recycling。China's large population and uneven spatial and temporal distribution of freshwater resources, water resources and socio-economic development is not balanced; population growth has increased year after year the demand of water resources, industry's rapid development has become increasingly serious water pollution, thus creating a shortfall of water resources and water pollution are At present, China's prominent contradiction between water supply and demand, there are more than 300 cities short of water, of which there are 114 cities in serious water Water supply and demand in China in the 21st century the situation was very serious water crisis will become a question of resources in the most severe punishment of all To resolve this problem, in addition to the scientific management of water resources and optimizing the assigned amount, the high-tech means to bring into full play the role of the use of water resources is also very In recent years, China's annual volume of about 400-500 million sewage M3, treated emissions from only 15-25%, due to cross-flow of sewage everywhere, so that all our major sources of water produce different degrees of pollution, a serious deterioration of water environment 【4】 Therefore, to enhance wastewater treatment, so that not only the discharge standards but also to a large number of reuse, very necessary, which improve the water environment to ease the shortage of water resources, saving precious water resources are very Urban and industrial sewage has been the depth of treatment can be used for agricultural irrigation, industrial production, urban landscape, Urban Green, life miscellaneous, groundwater recharge, and additional surface water in such applications as 【8】Traditional water treatment technology can eliminate some air pollutants, the COD, BOD and heavy financial and other indicators of reduced pollutant emission standards, or miscellaneous safety standards, but can not completely eliminate the drainage contained in the solubility of trace Reverse osmosis membrane technology to thoroughly remove these pollutants to achieve the strict sense of the wastewater Traditional treatment processes and membrane technology integration can be sewage or waste water into a different water quality standards for reuse water, or make it loop back to use, this would ease the contradiction between supply and demand, but also reduce pollution, but also promote the development of environmental protection industry 【6】Sewage Wastewater Reuse Technology and Application OverviewThe serious deterioration of water environment quality and the rapid economic development, and urgently requires a corresponding resource of sewage waste water In this field of membrane separation technology occupies an important position and Membrane separation, as a high-tech in the last 40 years to develop quickly into the industrialization of the process of energy-efficient separation Than 40 years, electrodialysis, reverse osmosis, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, pervaporation, membrane contact and membrane reactions have been developed in energy, electronics, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, light industry, food and beverage industry and the daily life and environmental protection Dengjun wide range of applications received, resulting in significant economic and social The needs of the community to make membrane technology promised born, but also the needs of society to promote the rapid development of membrane technology to membrane technology innovation, technological progress, improve, and become a unit operation, to become integrated in the process of the key 【9】Continuous membrane filtration technologyHollow fiber membrane due to large surface area membrane modules of the loading density, so compact equipment; this film made by spinning, simple process, so production costs are generally lower than the other films: In the absence of support layer may reverse cleaning, exceptional stain resistance of some good cleaning agent on the oxidative tolerance to the emergence of a good film made in large-scale sewage treatment works, the application of hollow fiber membrane has a unique advantage 【7】CMF technology is the core of the high anti-pollution film, as well as compatible with membrane cleaning technology, which enables non-stop cleaning membrane cleaning, and thus to achieve a continuous treatment of liquid non-stop to ensure a continuous and efficient operation of CMF is currently mainly used in large-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant raw water the depth of the secondary settling tank treatment and reuse, desalination, or large-scale reverse osmosis pretreatment Surface water ground water purification, beverages, to clarify the Membrane bio-reactorMembrane bio-reactor is membrane separation technology and bio-technology combined with new Used in the field of sewage waste water treatment using membrane pieces for solid-liquid separation, sludge or impurities interception return to the bio-reactor, handling the drainage of water through the membrane to form a sewage treatment membrane bioreactor system, The role of membrane modules is equivalent to conventional biological wastewater treatment systems in the secondary sedimentation tank 【4】MBR used in the film are flat membrane, tubular membrane and hollow fiber membrane, is currently mainly based hollow fiber The MBR wastewater treatment, raw water sources have reached a very high water This method is not limited to domestic wastewater treatment, MBR technology is also widely used in dyeing wastewater, scouring wastewater, meat processing, sewage water treatment Another feature of MBR systems vary in size, the small device can be used for a family, large-scale installations daily processing capacity of up to tens of thousands of cubic Reverse Osmosis TechnologyReverse osmosis technology is the early 20th century, 60 developed a pressure-driven membrane separation The technology is from seawater, brackish water desalination and developed, often referred to as "desalination " As the reverse osmosis technology has no phase change, component-based, process simple and convenient operation, accounting for small size, less investment, low energy consumption advantages to develop very RO technology has been widely used in sea water, brackish water desalination, pure water, ultra-pure water preparation, chemical separation, concentration, purification, waste water resource and other Projects throughout the electric power, electronics, chemicals, light industry, coal, environmental protection, medicine, food and other Water resource is incremental development of freshwater resources and the protection of the environment a dual Inorganic series of wastewater treatment and seawater desalination of brackish water using the same equipment and have the more common process RO can waste in copper, lead, mercury, nickel, antimony, beryllium, arsenic, chromium, selenium, ammonium, zinc ion removal addition to 90-99%At present, the reverse osmosis technology in urban wastewater treatment, a number of industrial waste water treatment application of the depth has been a high degree of attention, including water reuse, wastewater treatment plant secondary effluent from the depth of treatment, after primary treatment of industrial waste water depth of processing system to take high-quality fresh Many water-scarce countries in the Middle East, in the extensive use of reverse osmosis desalination technology, the introduction of reverse osmosis technology technical processing secondary effluent, effluent quality up to TDS ≤ 80mg / L, the expansion of freshwater Such as the Middle East, Australia, Singapore and other countries are examples of major projects in this area 【9】Integrated membrane process wastewater treatment methodsIntegrated membrane process is ultrafiltration / microfiltration and reverse osmosis used in combination to form to meet the purpose of咱reuse wastewater treatment Ultrafiltration, microfiltration can be used as stand-alone high-level tertiary treatment method, is also an ideal pre-treatment process of reverse osmosis technology, anti-pollution ability, superior performance of ultrafiltration, microfiltration unit to replace the complex conventional treatment, and the water quality much higher than the three water indicators, not only can remove the sewage bacteria and suspended solids, the COD, BOD also have some effect but In ultrafiltration, microfiltration after the use of reverse osmosis membranes, its traditional pre-wash cycle from 3-4 weeks to process more than six months, the membrane can prolong life for years to reach - Membrane integrated wastewater reclamation process has the system is stable, maintaining a small area of small, less use of chemicals, processes and operation of a simple and low Conclusion Membrane Wastewater Treatment and Reuse of coal mine is technically entirely reliable, which has a successful With the rapid development of industry, water pollution, worsening water scarcity will become increasingly serious, industrial wastewater recycling will be referred to the From the environmental perspective, recycling of waste water re-use of mine has a very important environmental Of mine waste water recycling, not only can reduce the amount of wastewater discharge, but also can make water resource, it should be said, it is a method of water resources in the hope of regeneration, but also our country to achieve sustainable use of water resources in an effective way to Of membrane processes for coal mine wastewater and reuse, both technically and economically feasible, economic and environmental benefits are very ReferencesGang S Membrane water treatment technology and engineering examples 【M】 Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 256 ~ Healy I, Binchois The water and use the net Beijing: China Building a Board Association, 【3】 Bella G L Environmental engineer with the Beijing: China Building Industry Society out of plates, 【4】 High from K Membrane separation technology and water reuse 【m】 2003 Beijing Water Forum papers 【5】 Feng Zhang, Xu P Reverse osmosis, nanofiltration membrane and its application in wastewater treatment 【M】 Membrane Science and Technology ,2003,23:234-【6】 Mayao Guang, Ma B Wastewater utilization of agricultural Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 45 ~ 【7】 Yao Z Wastewater treatment and Gansu Water Conservancy and Hydropower : 56 ~ 【8】 LEI Le-cheng, , sewage back with new technology and engineering Beijing: Chemical Engineering Press, 2002:453 ~ 【9】 Zhang Bao Reverse osmosis water treatment application technology 【M】 Beijing: China Electric Power Press, 281 ~ 煤矿矿井废水处理回用工艺比较研究摘要:介绍了污水、废水处理资源化的最新技术和工艺,分析比较了三种工艺方案处理煤矿矿井废水的系统投资和运行成本,并探讨了反渗透水处理技术在煤矿矿井废水处理中应用的技术经济可行性煤矿矿井废水处理回用的综合运行费用为:185-465元/吨。其中膜法的处理费用最低为:185元/吨。这样的价格对干旱缺水的西北地区是很有吸引力的。对矿井废水进行回收再利用,不但可以减少废水排放量,又可以使废水资源化,应该说,它是一种水资源再生的希望方法,也是我国实现水资源可持续利用的有效途径之一。关键词:反渗透电镀废水处理回收利用我国人口众多,淡水资源时空分布不均匀,水资源和社会经济发展不均衡;人口的不断增长又使水资源需求量逐年上升,工业的快速发展使水污染愈加严重,因此造成水资源缺短和水环境污染现象日趋严重。目前,我国水资源供需矛盾比较突出,全国有300多个城市缺水,其中有114个城市严重缺水。21世纪我国水资源供需形势非常严重,水资源危机将成为所有资源问题中最为严惩的问题。要解决这一难题,除水资源的科学治理和优化配量之外,充分发挥高新科技手段在水资源利用中的作用也是十分关键的。近年来,我国每年排污水量约400-500亿M3,经处理后排放的仅15-25%,由于污水到处横流,使我国各大水源都产生不同程度的污染,水环境严重恶化【4】。所以,加强污水深度治理,使之不仅达标排放而且还可大量回用,非常必要,这对改善水环境、缓解水资源的不足,节约宝贵的水资源都是十分重要的。城市及工业污水经过深度处理后可用于农业浇灌、工业生产、城市景观、市政绿化、生活杂用、地下水回灌和补充地表水等方面的应用【8】。传统水处理技术能够消除部分污染物,将COD、BOD以及重金融等污染物指标降到安全排放标准或杂用标准,但无法完全消除排水中所含的微量溶解性污染物。采用反渗透膜技术可彻底去除这些污染物,实现严格意义下的污水再生。用传统处理工艺和膜技术集成,可将污水或废水变成不同水质标准的回用水,或使之循环回用,这样即缓解了供求矛盾,又减少了污染,还可促进环保产业的发展【6】。污水废水资源化技术及应用简介水环境质量的严重恶化和经济的高速发展,迫切要求有相应的污水废水资源化的技术。在这一领域中膜分离技术占有重要的位置和作用。膜分离作为一项高新技术在近40年来迅速发展成为产业化的高效节能分离技术过程。40多年,电渗析、反渗透、微滤、超滤、纳滤、渗透汽化,膜接触和膜反应过程相继发展起来,在能源、电子、石化、医药卫生、化工、轻工、食品、饮料行业和日常生活及环保领域等均获得广泛的应用,产生了显著的经济和社会效益。社会的需求使膜技术应允而生,也是社会的需求促使膜技术迅速发展,使膜技术不断创新、技术进步,完善,成为单元操作,成为集成过程中的关键【9】。连续膜过滤技术中空纤维膜由于比表面积大,膜组件的装填密度大,所以设备紧凑;这种膜因纺制而成,工艺简单,所以生产成本一般低于其它的膜:由于没有支撑层均可以反向清洗,非凡是一些耐污染性好,对氧化性清洗剂耐受性好的膜的出现,使得在大规模的污水处理工程中,中空纤维膜的应用有独特的优势【7】。CMF技术的核心是高抗污染膜以及与之相配合的膜清洗技术,可以实现对膜的不停机清洗清洗,从而做到对料液不间断连续处理,保证设备的连续高效运行。CMF目前主要用于大型城市污水处理厂二沉池生水的深度处理回用,海水淡化或大型反渗透系统的预处理。地表水地下水净化、饮料澄清除浊等。膜生物反应器膜生物反应器是膜分离技术和生物技术结合的新工艺。用在污水废水处理领域,利用膜件进行固液分离,截留的污泥或杂质回流至在生物反应器中,处理的清水透过膜排水,构成了污水处理的膜生物反应器系统,膜组件的作用相当于传统污水生物处理系统中的二沉池【4】。MBR中使用的膜有平板膜、管式膜和中空纤维膜,目前主要以中空纤维膜为主。生活污水经MBR处理后,生水水源已达到很高的水标准。此方法不仅限于处理生活污水,MBR技术也广泛地用于染色废水,洗毛废水、肉类加工污水等水处理系统。MBR系统的另一个特点是规模可大可小,小装置可用于一个家庭,大型装置日处理量可达数万立方米。反渗透技术反渗透技术是20世纪60年代初发展起来的以压力为驱动力的膜分离技术。该技术是从海水、苦咸水淡化而发展起来的,通常称为“淡化技术”。由于反渗透技术具有无相变,组件化、流程简单,操作方便,占面积小、投资少,耗能低等优点,发展十分迅速。RO技术已广泛用于海水、苦咸水淡化,纯水、超纯水制备,化工分离、浓缩、提纯,废水资源化等领域。工程遍布电力、电子、化工、轻工、煤炭、环保、医药、食品等行业。废水资源化是有开发增量淡水资源与保护环境双重目的。无机系列废水处理与海水苦咸水淡化采用同类装并具有较多共性工艺技术。RO可使废液中的铜、铅、汞、镍、锑、铍、砷、铬、硒、铵、锌等离子脱除除90-99%。目前,反渗透技术在城市污水深度处理,一些工业废水深度处理方面的应用受到了高度重视,包括中水回用,污水处理厂二级出水的深度处理,经初级处理后的工业废水深度处理制取优质淡水。中东不少缺水国家,在大量采用反渗透海水淡化技术的同时,引入反渗透技技术处理二级污水,出水水质可达TDS≤80mg/L,扩大了淡水资源。如中东地区、澳大利亚、新加坡等国都有这方面的大型工程实例【9】。集成膜过程污水深度处理方法集成膜过程是将超滤/微滤与反渗透结合使用,形成能够满足各咱回用目的的污水深度处理工艺。超滤、微滤可以作为独立的高级三级处理方法,也是反渗透过程理想的预处理工艺,抗污染能力强、性能优越的超滤、微滤单元代替了复杂的传统处理工艺,而且出水品质远高于三级出水指标,不但完全可以去除污水中的细菌和悬浮物,对COD、BOD也有一定的却除效果。在超滤、微滤之后使用的反渗透膜,其清洗周期由采用传统预处理工艺的3-4周增加到半年以上,膜寿命可延长到达-6年。膜集成污水再生工艺具有系统稳定、维护少、占地小、化学品用量少、流程简单和运行费用低等优点。结论煤矿矿井废水处理回用的综合运行费用为:185-465元/吨。其中膜法的处理费用最低为:185元/吨。这样的价格对干旱缺水的西北地区是很有吸引力的。用膜法处理煤矿矿井废水并回用在技术上是完全可靠的,国内外都有成功经验。随着工业的快速发展,水资源的污染日益严重,缺水现象会越来越严重,工业废水的回收利用将会提到议事日程。从环境保护方面讲,对矿井废水进行回收再利用具有非常重要的环境意义。对矿井废水进行回收再利用,不但可以减少废水排放量,又可以使废水资源化,应该说,它是一种水资源再生的希望方法,也是我国实现水资源可持续利用的有效途径之一。膜法处理煤矿矿井废水并回用,不但在技术上和经济上都是可行的,经济和环境效益都非常显著。参考文献邵刚膜法水处理技术及工程实例【M】北京:化学工业出版社,256~希利I,舒瓦乐水的再净与利用北京:中国建筑出板社,【3】贝拉G利普泰克环境工程师用册北京:中国建筑工业出板社,【4】高从锴膜分离技术与水资源再利用【m】2003北京水务论坛论文【5】张烽,徐平反渗透、纳滤膜及其在废水处理中的应用【M】膜科学与技术,2003,23:234-【6】马耀光,马柏林废水的农业资源化利用北京:化学工业出版社,45~【7】姚志春污水净化再利用甘肃水利水电:56~【8】雷乐成等,污水回用新技术及工程设计北京:化学工程出版社2002:453~【9】张葆宗反渗透水处理应用技术【M】北京:中国电力出版社,281~

超越批准的矿区范围采矿的,责令退回本矿区范围内开采、赔偿损失,没收越界开采的矿产品和违法所得,可以并处罚款;拒不退回本矿区范围内开采,造成矿产资源破坏的,吊销采矿许可证,依照刑法第一百五十六条的规定对直接责任人员追究刑事责任。 参考文献: 中华人民共和国矿产资源法满意请采纳

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毕业设计参考文献可以到中国知网查找。进入知网搜索栏输入关键词,相关的文献将自动筛选出。选择需要下载的文献,点击“导出”,点击“复制到粘贴板”,粘贴到word上即可。扩展资料毕业设计参考文献可以到中国知网查找。毕业设计(graduationproject)是指工、农、林科高等学校和中等专业学校学生毕业前夕总结性的独立作业。是实践性教学最后一个环节。旨在培养学生综合运用所学理论、知识和技能解决实际问题的能力。在教师指导下,学生就选定的课题进行工程设计和研究,包括设计、计算、绘图、工艺技术、经济论证以及合理化建议等,最后提交一份报告。应尽量选与生产、科学研究任务结合的现实题目,亦可做假拟的题目。学生只有在完成教学计划所规定的理论课程、课程设计与实习,经考试、考查及格后始可进行。是评定毕业成绩的重要依据,学生通过毕业设计答辩,成绩评定及格才能毕业。

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论文参考文献:1、传统参考文献的查找方式就是通过图书馆,图书馆图书是查找传统参考文献的主要途径,而且相对其他方式来说,具有方便实惠的优点。2、通过中国知网,中国知网(CNKI)是比较权威的网络文献来源,大多数高校都有和中国知网的合作,所以在学校可以享受免费下载文献的待遇,其他方式部分文献是需要收费的。而且查找起来十分方便,在中国知网官网的分类目录或者检索区域输入文献标题,就可以了。3、通过维普期刊,在维普期刊中使用高级检索,可以十分精确查找到所需文章。4、通过万方数据库,检索方法就是点击首页然后搜索旁边的高级检索,进入检索区域就好。5、通过百度学术,检索方法也是大同小异,搜索栏输入名称即可。6、其他文献来源:以上是常用的查文献途径,如果一些专业性比较强的可以通过这些途径检索:①开世览文;②超星图书;③E线图情;④读秀中文;⑤百链云;⑥全球索索等。文献类型期刊类,用[J]表示,一般篇幅不长,大概2000字左右,内容教浅,但是可以了解你的课题研究情况。博硕士论文,用[D]代表,这些论文一般3万字起,对于本科生来说可以参考博硕士论文,借鉴他们章节的布局方式以及排版,可以给自己的论文一些基础思路。书籍,用[M]代表,指书籍专著,大家可以根据论文研究需要去参考相应的书籍。报纸类文献资料,[N]表示。报告类文献资料,[R]表示。

根据你的主题、关键词中文文献可以去知网、万方、维普、百度学术查找相关文献,这些数据库还可以导出参考文献。外文文献可以去谷歌学术、Wiley、ScienceDirect、PubMed、springer、Web of Science这些库中检索。

花时间寻找专业资源,为你的主题提供有效的研究和洞察。尝试使用至少五个源来更改您的信息。不要只依赖1-2个来源。寻找实证研究。在可能的情况下,寻找同行评审的实证研究。这些文章或书籍是由您感兴趣的领域的专家撰写的,他们的工作已被同一领域的其他专家阅读和保证。这些信息可以在科学期刊或在线搜索中找到。去图书馆。去当地的图书馆或大学图书馆。看上去很老套,图书馆里到处都是有用的研究资料,从书到报纸,到杂志,再到期刊。不要害怕向图书管理员寻求帮助-他们受过研究培训,并且知道你的主题的所有内容都在哪里。看看互联网。使用搜索引擎和挑选前三个结果并不一定是最好的方法;用批判性思维彻底阅读每个来源,并确定它是否合法。网站、博客和在线论坛不需要只发布事实,所以确保你找到的信息是可信的。尝试更改搜索查询以查找主题的不同搜索结果。如果什么都没有出现,可能只是你的搜索查询与大多数关于你主题的文章的标题不匹配。使用学术数据库。有专门的搜索引擎和学术数据库,可以通过成千上万的同行评议或科学出版的杂志、杂志和书籍进行搜索。虽然其中许多需要付费会员才能使用它们,但如果你是这所大学的学生,你可以通过你的大学会员资格免费获得。大多数学术数据库可以通过提供多个仅包含单一类型资源的搜索查询框和文件(例如,期刊文章或报纸)来查询非常特定的信息。利用这种能力,通过使用尽可能多的查询框来请求特定的信息。

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