Countermeasure Against Regenerative and Forced Chatter of Flexible Workpieces in Milling Processs Using Bi－directional Excitation

0 Introduction

Chatter is an undesired instability phenomenon that occurs during the machining process which drastically reduces machining efficiency，limits obtaining the required surface quality and adversely affects tool life.Since the late 1950s，prediction of chatter has been a main research interest.Tobias［1］introduced the″stability lobes diagram （SLD）″，where the axial depth of cut is plotted against the spindle speed，representing the threshold of the chatter，or the stability limit.The concept was to predict the two optimal parameters of stable machining in advance，to achieve the maximum″material removal rate（MRR）″.In 1995，Altintas et al.［2］proposed a semi－analytical frequency domain method for the prediction of chatter in milling，which for most cases is a fast estimation.

Prior investigations［3，4］ mainly focused on chatter suppression of the tool，instead of the workpiece，as chatter easily occurs on the tool when manufacturing sufficiently stiff workpieces.However，recently，manufacture of lighter and more flexible components is in high demand，especially by the aeronautical and aerospace industries.Machining of such components and thinwalled structures such as turbine blades and impellers generally causes chatter in the workpiece instead of the tool.These flexible workpieces typ－ically have lower stability limits（resulting in lower MRR），which makes it difficult to avoid chatter only by using SLDs.Therefore，it is necessary to take countermeasures against the chatter of the workpiece and consequently increase the stability limit.

1)偏转角小于15°时，等效处理在30～100 m距离范围内对横向偏移的影响小于0.03 m，且对距离不敏感，并且横向偏移量偏差随偏转角度α增大而增大。

There are several chatter suppression approaches for machining of flexible workpieces.There are passive strategies［3－6］such as application of a variable helix tool［7］and a variable pitch cutter［8］，tuned mass dampers［9］.However，in the case of machining of thin－walled flexible workpieces，vibrational characteristics can rapidly vary with material removal from the workpiece.Therefore，active strategies［10－13］are more popular and industrially appealing approaches for machining of flexible workpieces［14］.Prior work［15－17］by Sallese et al.has investigated chatter suppression by implementing an actuation stage（also referred to as an″active workpiece holder（AWH）″or″active fixture holder（AFH）″）controlled by piezoelectric actuators.The investigations were mainly focused on tool chatter.

婴戏图，以表现童真为主要目的，描绘儿童游戏的画作。可分为以描绘儿童自己玩耍之情景的“婴戏”和以描绘成人逗引儿童嬉戏之场景的“戏婴”两大类。婴戏图，始于唐，盛于宋，既是对儿童日常生活的记载，也承载了人类对未来生活的祈福之意，更表达了作者的精神追求。

For the signal processing and control purposes，the CompactRIO platform by National Instruments with a maximum clock speed of 400 MHz and powered by an onboard field programming gate array（FPGA）was utilized along with the I/O modules（NI 9411，NI 9263）.A laser proximity sensor（Keyence LV－N10）was implemented at the tool holder to estimate the starting angle of immersion，using the rotational pulse signal input.A tri－axial accelerometer（Ono－Sokki NP3572，maximum measurable acceleration＝4 000m/s2）was fixed to the stage and two single－axial accelerometers （Ono－Sokki NP2106，maximum measurable acceleration＝100 000m/s2）were fixed to the jig located just below the workpiece as shown in Fig.9.The data acquisition was performed by using the FFT Analyzer（Ono－Sokki DS－3200）with an integrated 24bit resolution A/D converter.

注水指示曲线为折线形，在注水井井底压力为60MPa时出现拐点。如果注水压力继续增加，吸水量大量增加，这种曲线明显具有裂缝吸水特征。产生这种情况的可能原因是，注水压力增加时油层产生微小裂缝，使油层吸水量增大。所以注水井井底压力的上限以60MPa为最佳。高于地层破裂压力注水时地层压力水平大幅度提高，油井没有出现暴性水淹主要原因是地层压力还没有达到极限。这说明高压注水［3］在一定的时间范围内可行。

The regenerative and forced chatter suppression of flexible workpieces by exciting the workpiece in two orthogonal directions with the application of AWH focus on the up－cut milling process as chatter vibration can be easily arisen.Although，the vibrational characteristics can vary due to the material removal from the workpiece，the present investigation was conducted where the change of the vibrational characteristics is negligible.The method can be applied even when the vibrational characteristics are changing，if the vibrational characteristics can be identified and consequently optimizing the excitation parameters in real time.Additionally，the results are compared with the conventional one－directional excitation method reported by the authors［18］.Our findings suggest that the proposed excitation method has a remarkable vibration reduction effect for both the regenerative chatter and forced chatter vibrations.

1 The Proposed Excitation Method

In this section，AWH which is designed to execute bi－directional excitations，is briefly explained.In the analysis，the workpiece，AWH system，is modelled as a lumped－mass model.Consequently，the governing equations of motion required for the numerical simulations are derived.Further，the modal parameters are identified and the proposed excitation method is described.

1.1 Active workpiece holder design

Fig.7shows the vibration displacements of the cross－feed direction and their Fourier spectrafor a chatter occurring condition at the local minima and local maxima.The results obtained by the proposed bi－directional excitation method（Blue）are compared with the conventional onedirectional（i.e.feed direction only）excitation method （Red）［18］.It can be evaluated that the proposed method has a better suppression effect for the local minima of the stability lobe.Furthermore，significantly larger suppression can be observed at the local maxima of the stability lobe，where the forced vibrations acting on the workpiece are dominant.The proposed method has a significant impact on not only regenerative chatter but also the forced vibration suppression which results in a major amplitude reduction （Figs.7（c，d））.The proposed bi－directional excitation method provides chatter－free machining conditions for both Case－A and Case－B.Although，the same periodic excitation force is applied in the feed direction，the axial depth of cut for the local maxima is two times that of local minima，implying twice MRR in the proposed method for the local maxima.

Fig.1 Active workpiece holder［20］

The stage is made from stainless steel（SUS304）.Figs.2 （a，b）show the dominant modes for the AWH by FEM analysis.We obtained 1 024Hz along the feed direction（xdirection）and 779Hz along the cross－feed direction（y direction），as the dominant modes without the workpiece mounted.

Fig.2 Dominant modes obtained by FEM analysis for the AWH

Two ring stack piezo actuators （NAC2125－H14）are mounted to the AWH.Our calculations predict that each piezoelectric actuator can produce about 10μm strain at the maximum allowable voltage 150Vgenerated by the piezo drivers（Mess－Tek M26107）.

改革开放四十年来，在中国新大学运动发展过程中产生的这些问题，既需要在“内涵”建设、“新大学”精神和学校定位三个“术”的方面下功夫，同时也需要在“道”的层面对新大学进行深层次的反思。

The AWH fixed to the machining center（Hitachi－Seiki VK45）is shown in Fig.3.The workpiece was intentionally made more flexible than the designed AWH in the cross－feed direction by mounting the workpiece on two leaf springs.Thus，the chatter vibration occurs easily.The end mill（OSG EDS6）with a diameter of 6 mm，2flutes and a helix angle of 30°was utilized.Free－cutting brass C3713Pwas used as the workpiece material for easy identification of the chatter marks.

Fig.3 AWH with workpiece fixed to the machining center

1.2 Equation of motion

The workpiece－AWH system can be modelled as two degrees of freedom subsystems in each direction（i.e.feed direction xand cross－feed direction y）as shown in Fig.4.For the sake of simplicity，the AWH is assumed to be a lumped mass system.The AWH is capable of producing movements in xand y directions independently.Thus，the equations of motion can be derived as

where

Fig.4 Simplified model of the workpiece－AWH model

where fe，Ae，ψare the excitation frequency，the excitation amplitude，phase shift in the feed direction，respectively.Kgainis a multiplier.Moreover，in the experiments we adjusted the gain by applying a voltage 100Vcloser to the maximum operable values，due to the amplitude limitations of the piezoelectric actuators.Here，the effect of the phase difference of the sinusoidal signal in the feed direction，ψis not investigated and set to zero.

1.3 Hammering test

Hammering test on a workpiece mounted on the AWH was performed to identify the modal parameters of the system.The AWH was fixed to the machining table of the machining center.Then，the frequency response functions of the stage and the workpiece were obtained.Finally，curve fitting was performed using Matlab.Consequently，the modal parameters were identified（Table 1）.Additionally，the hammering test was performed for the tool and the first mode natural frequency of the tool was obtained as 11.27kHz.Thus，the vibrations in the tool can be assumed to be negligible.

Table 1 Identified modal parameters by the hammering test

Parameter Value mxs/kg 1.730 mxw/kg 0.159 mys/kg 0.934 myw/kg 0.214 ωxs/（rad·s－1） 2π×963 ωxw/（rad·s－1） 2π×1 334 ωys/（rad·s－1） 2π×940 ωyw/（rad·s－1） 2π×420 ζxs/% 0.73 ζxw/% 2.11 ζys/% 0.35 ζyw/% 1.37

1.4 Excitation method

Fig.9shows a schematic representation of the experiment apparatus.

其中：努赛尔数： 为平均壁面热通量，de为当量直径，λ为导热系数，Tw为平均壁面温度，Tf为流体平均温度。

where

燃气炉分为餐厅内布线和使用一次性炉子两种形式。有关业内人士介绍，我国消防部门已经明令禁止使用可重复充气的“小煤气罐”作为火锅燃具。目前，国家允许的方式只有前期布线至每张桌子的方式，或者封闭的一次性使用的符合国家认证的燃气炉。

Here，the modal mass，the modal damping coefficient and the modal stiffness are denoted by m，c，k，respectively.Additionally，the subscript notations″xs，xw，ys，yw″imply the x direction of the stage （AWH），x direction of the workpiece，ydirection of the stage（AWH），ydirection of the workpiece，respectively.Fexand Feyare the external excitation forces and Fx，Fy are the cutting forces in x and y directions，respectively.Further，xs，xware the coordinates of the stage and workpiece in x direction，and ys，yware the coordinates of the stage and workpiece in y direction，respectively.

(3)对于悬浮液中煤泥含量高的问题，采取如下技改措施：在介耗稳定的前提下，加大分流量，确保分选悬浮液中煤泥含量在55%左右；连续少量添加介质，稳定分流量、入洗量和喷水量等。技改后，稳定了重介质分选悬浮液，矸石中混煤损失控制在2%以下，洗混煤中精煤损失控制在6%以下。

The coefficients in Eq.（4），Kt，Kr，ap，st are the cutting coefficients in the tangential and the radial directions［2］，axial depth of cut，feed rate，respectively.Further，g（·）is a unit step function to evaluate whether the jth cutting edge is engaged with the workpiece or not，γ（·）is a unit step function which determines the air cutting of the tool，andφjrepresents the angle of immersion of the tooth j.In this study，a new parameterαis introduced.It denotes the phase shift between the cutting force and the actuation force.

We investigated how the suppression effect deviates with this parameter，and explained it in Chapter 2.Referring to the prior work［15］，the actuation frequency （fe）for the feed direction is determined by

where ftprepresents the tooth passing frequency.However，in this paper，the optimal actuation frequency is selected to be the closest value to the natural frequency of the stage and it is considered to be independent of the number of flutes of the tool.

2 Numerical Simulation Results

2.1 Time history analysis without excitation

The numerical simulations were performed with excitation for both the local minima of SLD（Case－A），where the regenerative chatter is dominant（Figs.7（a，b））and the local maxima of SLD（Case－B）where the forced chatter is dominant（Figs.7（c，d））.The parameters used for the simulation are listed in Table 2.

The stability limit was determined by identifying the chatter frequency component of the Fourier spectrum and using a dedicated algorithm（Fig.5）.The machining process is a linear system for any chatter－free cutting condition.Therefore，unless chatter vibration occurs，the dominant peak of the Fourier spectrum shows a linear increment for any linear increment of the axial depth，at any given spindle speed.Time history analysis is performed for depth of cut at ith step，ai.Then，FFT is performed for the time history displacement data and the dominant peak Piis obtained.Consequently，the parametersΔ2，1，Δ1，0 are calculated （i.e.Δ2，1 ＝Pi－2 － Pi－1，Δ1，0 ＝Pi－1－Pi）for i＞2.IfΔ2，1，Δ1，0are within a preset tolerance range，the system is assumed to be linear.The critical axial depth of cut alimis defined as the first axial depth of cut value，which goes beyond the tolerance range.In this paper，the tolerance range was set to±1%.This stability criterion procedure was performed with an increment of an axial depth of cut，Δa＝0.02mm and over the spindle speed range of 1 400—2 600r/min with an increment of 10r/min.The numerical simulations were validated by comparing the results with the zeroth order approximation（ZOA）method proposed by Altintas et al.［2，22］and the cutting tests without the excitation.Fig.6 shows an excellent agreement with ZOA method and the cutting tests.

Fig.5 Flowchart for the algorithm used in determining stability limit from time history analysis

Nonetheless，the stability lobe diagram obtained by the numerical solutions are deviated at some spindle speed domains，due to the resonance caused by forced chatter.

充分利用南北方气候、人文等方面得天独厚的地域差异，注重体现水景设计的典型地域因素和特色功能需求.结冰期是北方地区水景设计必须考虑的因素，将水景形态做成动静结合，既可以释放水的流动之美，结冰期还可以绽放水景的静态之美[17].另外，流动的水体具有实现自我净化、防止水质恶化的作用.因此，动静结合的水体形态不但具有美学意义，也符合北方地区的生态需求[18].

Fig.6 Stability lobe diagram comparison without excitation for 1 400—2 600r/min

2.2 Time history analysis with excitation

Time history analysis was performed for the equations of motion using Runge－Kutta method［21］.The multiple regenerative effect［18］count was taken up to 4counts.The simulations are performed with 1 000intervals per tooth passing period （i.e.1 000 NΩ/π；whereΩ denotes the spindle speed in rad/s and Ndenotes the number of flutes）.

Fig.7 Simulation results

The literature reports different mechanical designs for the AWH design which allow two directional excitations［19］.The monolithic nested architecture designed with flexure hinges as shown in Fig.1（a）is more appealing，because it theoretically allows the AWH to have decoupled motion in two orthogonal directions［17］.A thin layer of thickness of 1mm was removed from the backside of the AWH as shown in Fig.1（b），permitting the intermediate stages of the AWH to move freely without any Frictional interference.Hereinafter，we set the coordinate system，such that xrepresents the feed direction and y represents the cross－feed direction.

Table 2 Parameters used for numerical simulations

Parameter Case－A Case－B Spindle speed/（r·min－1） 1 900 2 040 Axial depth of cut ap/mm 1.0 2.0 Radial depth of cut rd/mm 1.5 1.5 Excitation frequency fe/Hz 982 986 Amplitude Ae/N 240 240 Gain Kgain 20 20

Further，the vibration amplitude suppression can be verified by the Fourier spectra（Figs.7（b，d））.The amplitudes without the excitation（Black），have been reduced by one－directional excitation method （Red）and significantly reduced by the proposed bi－directional excitation method（Blue）.

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2.3 Effect of phase shift

The phase shiftαin Eq.（4）between the cutting force and excitation force in the cross－feed direction can significantly affect the suppression effect，especially for the local maxima.Thus，the relationship between the phase shift and the displacement has been numerically investigated for the local maxima （Fig.8）.The minimum and maximum values（Blue）and the root mean square values（Red）of the displacement in the cross－feed direction，the maximum peak value（Yellow）of the Fourier spectrum of the cross－feed directional displacement after the bi－directional excitation method applied was computed numerically.The aforementioned numerical results were normalized by the displacements without the excitation and plotted over the normalized phase shift，which is the phase shift，αnormalized by the pitch angle（i.e.pitch angle for 2flute end－mill is 180°）.The analysis was performed for each 2.5°over one complete pitch angle.

Fig.8 Relationship between the normalized phase shift and the displacement normalized by displacements without excitation for Case B

The minimum displacement/amplitude or the maximum suppression effect has been achieved at phase shifts，α＝0°andα＝180°.Fig.8shows that the normalized displacements vary over the phase shift.The proposed method has improved suppression effect for the phase shifts where the normalized displacement is less than 1.

3 Experimental Apparatus and Experimental Results

The cutting forces（Fx，Fy）in Eq.（1）are estimated by considering multi－regenerative effect and air－cutting conditions by a tool run－out［18］.In this subsection，the external forced excitations（Fex，Fey）are mathematically expressed.In the feed direction，the workpiece is subject to sinusoidal periodic force in order to disrupt the regenerative effect［18］.The intermittent cutting forces acting on the workpiece causes forced chatter，thus resulting in resonance.It is necessary to minimize not only the regenerative chatter but also the forced chatter.Thus，to minimize forced chatter effect，an excitation force with the magnitude of the estimated cutting force（Fsy）is applied in the opposite direction of the cross－feed direction （i.e.y direction）.It should be noted that this cutting force is merely an estimation，assuming the chip generation is purely by the static chip thickness and the dynamic chip thickness is neglected

Further，the resonance due to the intermittent cutting forces acting on the workpiece，can easily cause forced chatter on the workpiece.Therefore，countermeasures should be taken to suppress not only the regenerative chatter，but also the forced chatter.

本试验复合酶由溢多利酶制剂公司技术研发部提供，主要由木聚糖酶、β-葡聚糖酶等组成，其中复合酶A中木聚糖酶和β-葡聚糖酶的酶活力分别为15 000 U/g和2 000 U/g；复合酶B中木聚糖酶和β-葡聚糖酶的酶活力分别为10 000 U/g和1 000 U/g。

Fig.9 Schematic representation of the experiment apparatus

Fig.10shows the experimental data for the local minima（1 900r/min）where the axial depth of cut is 2.2mm.Figs.10（a，c）show the time－history for the one－directional and the proposed bidirectional excitation methods，respectively.Similarly，Figs.10（b，d）show the Fourier spectra for the one－directional and the proposed bi－directional excitation methods，respectively.The proposed bi－directional excitation method （Blue）demonstrates larger suppression effect compared to the one－directional method（Red）in the local minima even at an axial depth of cut which is larger than critical depth of cut.

It can be seen before the excitation for both one－directional and the bi－directional excitation methods had similar dominant peak amplitude of nearly 60μm at 387—389Hz.With one－dimensional method，the peak was reduced to 25μm，on the other hand，for the bi－directional excitation method，the dominant peak appears at 382Hz which is about 5μm.It should be noted that the 982Hz （i.e.63.3Hz×15.5）was the excitation frequency for the feed direction.

Fig.10 Experimental results for local－minima（1 900r/min，ap＝ 2.2mm）

Next，in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the forced chatter suppression at the local maxima，axial depth of cut was set to 1.2mm，slightly above from the critical depth of cut at 2 040r/min.Fig.11shows experiment data for the local maxima，where the forced chatter is dominant.The subfigure notations，（a），（b），（c），（d）are similar to those of Fig.10.For both cases，it can be observed that the dominant frequency，410Hz is the forced chatter component which represents the natural frequency of the workpiece.The frequency component of 376Hz is the regenerative chatter frequency.The optimum excitation frequency in the feed direction 986Hz（i.e.14.5×68.0Hz ）can be seen in Fig.11.

Fig.11 Experimental results for local－minima（2 040r/min，ap＝ 1.2mm）

Although，significant suppression of the vibration amplitudes （Figs.11（a，c））in the time history results was not visible，the Fourier spectrum for the proposed bi－directional excitation method （Fig.11（d））shows a larger suppression effect for the dominant peak at 410Hz，than the Fourier spectrum for the one－directional excitation method（Fig.11（b））.Our results suggest 20.7%reduction of the dominant peak for the one－directional excitation method and 47.3%of reduc－tion of the dominant peak for the proposed bi－directional excitation method.

In the analysis，phase shiftαwas set to zero.However，in the experiment，the phase shiftα could not be zero due to the estimation error of the starting angle of the cutting edge immersion estimated by using the rotational pulse signal.The deviation of the phase shiftαcan affect suppression effect significantly，as explained in Fig.8.Thus，the experimental accuracy depends on the accuracy of the phase shift estimation.

4 Conclusions

The effectiveness of the regenerative and the forced chatter suppression using bi－directional external excitations applied to the workpiece is investigated.The proposed method is effective for the local minima of the stability lobe，where the regenerative chatter is dominant.Furthermore，the numerical simulations showed a remarkable vibrational amplitude reduction for the local maxima of the stability lobe，where the forced chatter is dominant.Our experiment results also confirmed of a qualitative agreement with the simulation results.

Future work is recognized as achieving higher excitation amplitudes by modifying the AWH.Additionally，it is necessary to perform wider range of experimental investigations for different combinations of spindle speeds and axial depth of cuts，including end－mills with higher number of flutes，for further validation.

观察组与对照组术后6个月的血清TNF‐α值均显著低于术前（P＜0.05）；且观察组显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）。见表4。

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI（No.JP15K05856）.

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