Effect of Mineral and Vitamin Supplementation on Performance and Haemotological Values in Broilers

Introduction

Cost of the feed covers about 70% of the total cost of production in most poultry production enterprises.Hence, a slight fluctuation in the feed cost can affect the total cost of operation.The composition of major animal protein ingredients is too variable to be dependable.So, use of plant proteins in diet formulation is inevitable.However, formulating diets using sole plant protein ingredients are not probably possible because most of the plant proteins are deficient in minerals and vitamins needed for proper broiler growth (Han et al., 1992).

Minerals and vitamins play vital role in broiler production in relation to their health and subsequent quality meat production, vitamins are nutrients that regulate the biochemical reactions by which energy and protein are used for health, growth,feed conversion meat and egg production.Without vitamins these biochemical reactions will not occur and the nutrients present in feed will not be properly utilized.Among organic compounds, vitamins have special function, and are mandatory in small amounts in the diet to maintain body physiological function,development of body structure and body growth.

Vitamins help in metabolism, nutrient utilization and prevent clinical deficiencies.Under commercial conditions, dietary nutrients are considered adequate when economic parameters, such as growth and reproduction are adequately taken care.Through research into the biological mechanisms of vitamin action, it has now been established that substantially higher intake of some vitamins may significantly influence the immune process in chickens (Siddique,2004).

Vitamins and minerals are made of two different compounds, vitamins are produced from plants and animals and minerals come from the soil and water.Calcium and other minerals are required in larger amount for normal growth and health status of animals; meanwhile, other trace elements chromium,copper, iodine, iron, selenium and zinc are required in small amount each day to animals.Hence, vitamins and minerals support normal growth and development,help cell for their proper function and boost the immune system (McMullin, 2009).

通过以上比较可以看出，市辖区在带动县域经济发展时，各项指标的驱动力相差不大，其耦合关联度基本上在0.5以上，具有较高的关联性。县域经济指标对城市经济发展有明显差异，它们的促进作用差距较大，其中第二产业与市辖区经济指标的平均总和关联度仅有0.17。

The highest feed intake (4 234.61 g · b-1) was recorded in group A (control) given no mineral and vitamin supplementation, while the lowest feed consumption(4 028.38 g · b-1) was recorded for broilers of group B given mineral and vitamin supplementation for whole experimental period of 6 weeks (Table 1, Fig.1).Similarly, the highest water intake (9 882.11 L · b-1)was recorded in group C, given mineral and vitamin supplementation for first 4 weeks, while the lowest water intake (9 295.55 L · b-1) was recorded for broilers group B given mineral and vitamin supplementation for the whole experimental period of 6 weeks.

Materials and Methods

Preparation of animals

论证会议后的报告修改工作不重视，一些论证企业,在论证会议结束后认为专家组基本同意报告书内容后,不重视修改工作，反复修改，延长论证周期，降低工作效率又影响论证报告书质量。

A total of 120-day-old broilers were kept on floor housing system to investigate the productive and hematological changes in broilers by combined feed supplementation of minerals and vitamins.Hubbard broiler chick breeds were housed at the Poultry Experiment Station, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam.

Immediately after arrival, chicks were weighted for observation on initial body weight.Four different groups viz A, B, C and D were arranged randomly,each group comprised of 30 chicks.All the chicks were reared up to 42 days on commercial feed.One drinker and one feeder were provided to each group of broiler.The 24 h lighting was provided throughout the trail.Two inches litter was spread in each group.

Initial brooding temperature was 32℃ and final temperature was 21℃ N.D, I.B.D and H.P.S vaccines were administered as recommended by Pakistan Poultry Association.The commercial crumble feed was given to all the experimental birds.Feed and water offered on daily basis and refusal was recorded in morning and evening with daily basis.

Treatment of animals

A commercial product "Aquavit Electrolyte" was used as source of vitamin and mineral supplementation at the rate of 5 g · 10 L-1 of water.The chicks in group A were kept as the control (without mineral and vitamin supplementation), group B was treated with Aquavit Electrolytes (Vit.A 12 MIU, Vit.D3 2 IU,Vit.E 4 000 IU, Vit.K3 4 000 mg, Vit.B2 3 000 mg,Vit.C 5 000 mg, calcium pantothenate 1 000 mg,folic acid 500 mg, biotin 10 mg, potassium 4 000 mg,copper 15 mg, sodium 1 000 mg and chlorine 2 000 mg)at the rate of 5 g · 10 L-1 water for in group C first 4 weeks, and group D lasted 2 weeks (4 to 6 weeks of experiment).Daily feed and water intake, mortality and weekly live body weight were recorded.At the end of trail hematological values, carcass and organs weight were recorded and economics were calculated.

The live body weight was the highest 2 360.90 g · b-1 in group B broilers given mineral and vitamin supplementation for 6 weeks, while the lowest live body weight(2 068.90 g · b-1) was recorded in the control group, where mineral and vitamin was not supplemented.The feed efficiency was better (1.71) in group B broilers, while the lowest feed conversion ratio of 2.05 was recorded in the control group.The carcass weight and dressing percentage was markedly the highest (1 656 g · b-1)and (63.02 %) in group B, while the minimum carcass weight and dressing percentage of 1 528.8 g · b-1 and(60.51%) was recorded in group D (Table 2, Fig.2).

Economics

Hematological values and mortality

Results

Feed and water consumption

Although dietary vitamin and mineral requirements for birds have been periodically reestablished (NRC,1984), some aspects of these requirements are continuously questioned.The requirements are normally determined in young birds by using highly purified diets and in thermo neutral conditions; however, the actual requirement can be quite different in poultry production systems, as the birds are subjected to stressful situations that can be avoided during experimental trials.Rutz et al.(1999) reported the effect of vitamin or mineral withdrawal during the finisher period on the performance of broiler chickens.Considering the above hypothesis, an experiment was conducted to determine the productive and hematological changes in broilers by combined feed supplementation of minerals and vitamins.

Table 1　Average feed and water consumption of broilers as in fluenced by various regimes of mineral and vitamin supplementation

Parameter Group A B C D Feed intake (g · b-1)　4 234.61　4 028.38　4 169.32　4 181.87 Water intake (L · b-1)　9 668.88　9 295.55　9 882.11　9 402.86

Fig.1　Average feed (g) and water (mL) consumption of broilers as influenced by various regimes of mineral and vitamin supplementation

Live body weight, feed conversion ratio,carcass weight and dressing percentage

Statistical analysis

Organ weight

首先，需要对训练数据进行处理。我们收集到的训练图片有0～9，A～Z（O和I除外），每一个字符都有25张图片。

All the A, B, C and D groups were sold at 144.823,165.263, 157.871 and 151.018 Rs · b-1, against the total production cost of 104.749, 109.986, 109.32 and 106.728 Rs · b-1, generating the net profit of 40.0739,55.2773, 48.5512 and 44.29 Rs · b-1, respectively.

透水混凝土的蜂窝状结构和不同粒级的碎石基层，形成能储存水的蓄水结构直到水渗透到土壤中。使用透水混凝土路面，就不需要再安装雨水管道，不需要再安装大型蓄水、过滤系统，比起传统的排水沟和排水管道将大大的节约成本，提高土地利用率。同时透水混凝土路面后期维护费用少。因其功能性强、不易阻塞、容易清理，长时间（6～8年）内无需返修；对比透水砖路面易破损断裂难维护，砖之间的缝隙容易生杂草，短时间（1～2年）需重新更换。

4.选拔任用机制的问题。竞争性选拔干部作为一种新的制度，由于推行时间不长，选拔机制还不够完善。一是在公选程序的设置上，面试或演讲环节对那些平时不善言辞、埋头工作的同志来说显得不利，容易打击他们的工作积极性；二是以实绩定取舍的导向还没有形成具体的标准要求，面试、演讲时的印象分，人情分不可避免地存在。三是竞争性选拔干部成本较高，公选干部从开始筹备到工作结束，往往需要花费企业大量时间、人力、物力和财力，在一定的程度上制约了这项制度的经常性运用。

Haemoglobin level in blood was significantly higher(12.23 g · dL-1) in broiler group B, where minerals and vitamins were supplemented throughout the experimental period of 42 days, while the lowest haemoglobin level in blood count of 7.60 g · dL-1 was determined in group D, where mineral and vitamin supplementation was given only for last 2 weeks.White blood cell (WBC) level in blood was significantly higher i.e.89.83 (×106 µL) in group B,where minerals and vitamins were supplemented throughout experimental period of 6 weeks, while the lowest WBC level in blood count of 77.47 (×106 µL)was determined in group A, where the minerals and vitamins were not supplemented throughout experimental period of 6 weeks.Red blood cell (RBC) level in blood was relatively higher i.e.2.58 (×106 µL)in group B, while the lowest RBC level in blood count of 1.40 (×106 µL) was determined in group D.Mortality was relatively higher (20.00%) in group A (control),where mineral and vitamin supplementation was not given, while the lowest mortality of 8.00% was seen in group B where the mineral and vitamin supplementation was given for 6 weeks (Table 4, Fig.4).

Table 2　Live body weight, feed conversion ratio, carcass weight and dressing percentage of broilers as in fluenced by various regimes of mineral and vitamin supplementation

Parameter Group A B C D Live body weight (g · b-1)　2 068.90　2 360.90　2 255.30 　2 157.40 FCR (g · b-1)　2.05　1.71　1.85　1.94 Carcass weight (g · b-1)　1 550　1 656　1 552　1 528.80 Dressing (%)　61.24　63.02　62.60　60.51

Fig.2　Live body weight, feed conversion ratio, carcass weight and dressing percentage of broilers as influenced by various regimes of mineral and vitamin supplementation

Table 3　Weight of organs of broilers as influenced by various regimes of mineral and vitamin supplementation

Parameter (g · b-1)Group A B C D Liver　51.94　48.70　51.94　48.70 Heart　15.13　13.16　11.72　11.50 Gizzard　32.98　37.48　37.62　33.35 Spleen　3.48　3.28　3.06　2.82

Fig.3　Weight of visceral organs as influenced by various regimes of mineral and vitamin supplementation

Table 4　Average RBC, WBC, haemoglobin level and mortality of broilers as influenced by various regimes of mineral and vitamin supplementation

Parameter Group A B C D RBC (×106 µL)　1.85　2.58　2.45 　1.40 WBC (×106 µL)　77.47　89.83　81.63　78.13 Hb (g · dL-1)　9.20　12.23　10.87　7.60 Mortality (%)　20.00　8.00　13.00　16.00

Fig.4　Average RBC, WBC, haemoglobin level and mortality of broilers as influenced by various regimes of mineral and vitamin supplementation

The data thus collected were tabulated, fed to the computer using Statistix Ver.8, Statistical Computer Package under General Linear Model and analyzed for significance of differences between treatment means through analysis of variance technique; while LSD test was perform to compare the means for significance of differences between the means of broiler groups.

The weight of heart of randomly selected slaughtered broilers after 6 weeks was higher in groups A, B, C and D, and was 15.13, 13.16, 11.72 and 11.50 g · b-1,weight of gizzard was 32.98, 37.48, 37.62 and 33.35,weight of liver was 51.94, 48.70, 51.94 and 48.70 g · b-1 and spleen weight was 3.48, 3.28, 3.06 and 2.82 g · b-1,respectively (Table 3, Fig.3).

It was observed that supplementation of minerals and vitamins for whole experimental period of 42 days(group B) was remarkably more beneficial as compared to split supplementation for certain periods of the breeding and growth periods of broilers (Table 5, Fig.5).

氢气不仅可以直接与自由基发生中和反应，还可以间接地作用于机体的抗氧化系统，例如增加抗氧化酶的活性，保护机体免遭氧化应激带来的损伤。氢气通过直接或间接的途径发挥其选择性抗氧化作用，清除体内有害的自由基继而减轻机体损伤，这是目前公认的氢气发挥治疗作用的最主要形式。

推动AEOI在全球实施的组织者要采取建设性行动，继续推进全球金融账户涉税信息透明度建设，在有效和广泛落实执行AEOI方面取得新进展。要重点推动所有尚未承诺采纳AEOI的相关国家，特别是离岸金融中心，尽快做出承诺，最迟在2018年前实施AEOI的，签署并批准加入《多边税收行政互助公约》，有效、广泛落实AEOI。要制定核准识别金融账户涉税信息透明度不合作辖区的客观标准，鼓励尚未签署多边税收征管互助公约的国家签署该条约，惩罚金融账户涉税信息透明度不合作的黑名单，以打击国际金融避税和洗钱活动，共同应对国际金融税收遵从的挑战。

Table 5　Economics of experimental broiler production

Parameter　A　B　C　D Day old chick cost (Rs · b-1)　22　22　22　22 Feed consumed　4.23　4.02　4.16　4.18 Rate of feed per kg　15　15　15　15

Continued

Parameter　A　B　C　D Feed cost (Rs · b-1)　63.45　60.3　62.4　62.7 Supplementation cost (Rs · b-1)　0　8.33　5.55　2.77 Medication (Rs · b-1)　6.8　6.8　6.8　6.8 Litter cost (Rs · b-1)　2.1　2.1　2.1　2.1 Lime stone cost (Rs · b-1)　1.5　1.5　1.5　1.5 Labor cost (Rs · b-1)　20.83　20.83　20.83　20.83 Miscellaneous expenditure (Rs · b-1)　10　10　10　10 Total expenditure (Rs · b-1)　104.749　109.986　109.32　106.728 Final live body weight (kg · b-1)　2.06　2.36　2.25　2.15 Marketing (Rs · kg-1)　70　70　70　70 Income (Rs · b-1)　144.823　165.263　157.871　151.018 Net profit/Loss (Rs · b-1)　40.0739　55.2773　48.5512　44.29

Fig.5　Economics for experimental broiler production

Discussion

The findings from the present study indicated that feed intake of broilers in groups A, B, C and D was 4 234.61,4 028.38, 4 169.32 and 4 181.87 g · b-1; water intake was 9 668.88, 9 295.55, 9 882.11 and 9 402.86 L · b-1;live body weight was 2 068.90, 2 360.90, 2 255.30 and 2 157.40 g · b-1, respectively.Similarly, Santin et al.(2002) and Jafari et al.(2005) reported that high levels of minerals and vitamins significantly increased feed intake of the chicks and suggested that the use of low levels of vitamins in broiler production did not influence the broiler performance.The ratio of feed conversion in broilers of groups A, B, C and D was 2.05, 1.71, 1.85 and 1.94, respectively.These results are partially supported by Toghyani et al.(2006) who found considerable improvement in feed conversion efficiency of broilers when broilers were given minerals and vitamins as supplementation with their routine feed.Similarly, carcass weight in groups A,B, C and D was 1 550, 1 656, 1 552 and 1 528.8 g · b-1,which resulted average dressing percentage of 61.24%,63.02%, 62.60% and 60.51%, respectively.The present results are well in line with those of Jafari et al.(2005) who reported that feed conversion ratio was considerably improved with supplementation of minerals and vitamins in broiler feed.The weight of heart of randomly selected slaughtered broilers after 6 weeks were higher in groups A, B, C and D, and was 15.13, 13.16, 11.72 and 11.50 g · b-1, weight of gizzard 32.98, 37.48, 37.62 and 33.35, weight of liver 51.94, 48.70, 51.94 and 48.70 g · b-1 and spleen weight 3.48, 3.28, 3.06 and 2.82 g · b-1, respectively.These results are in concurrence with those of Tortuero et al.(2003) who reported that there had been no effect of mineral and vitamin supplementation on weight of gizzard, liver, spleen, heart or pancreas or on length of intestine.In our study, there was no linear effect of minerals and vitamins on edible and non-edible internal organs of experimental broilers.Average mortality in groups A, B, C and D was 6, 2, 4 and 5 resulting 20.00%, 8.00%, 13.00% and 16.00%mortality rate, respectively.The haemoglobin level in blood of broilers of groups A, B, C and D was 9.20,12.23, 10.87 and 7.60 g · dL-1, WBC level was 77.47,89.83, 81.63 and 78.13 (×106 µL); RBC level was 1.85,2.58, 2.45 and 1.40 (×106 µL), respectively.These findings were further confirmed by Memon (2006),who reported that mineral and vitamin supplementation to broiler feed caused improvement in haemoglobin level in blood, increased counts of RBC and WBC.

Conculusions

The present investigations showed that mineral and vitamin supplementation in drinking water over full rearing period influenced better feed conversion ratio and performance of boiler chicken.

The experiments were conducted at Poultry Experiment Station, Sindh Agricultural University Tando Jam.

Conflict of interest

Authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

综上所述，任务的定价与任务位置聚类中心越近，价格越低；而相对中心越远，价格越高．同时任务价格对任务的执行情况有直接影响，任务价格越高，任务分布越密集的地点，任务完成度就越高．任务未完成应该是该任务价格较低，或该任务所在地点任务点密度较低所导致的．

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